Das L3S ist ein Forschungszentrum für grundlagen- und anwendungsorientierte Forschung im Bereich Digitale Transformation sowie Data- und Web-Science. L3S-Forscher entwickeln zukunftsweisende Methoden und Informationstechnologien für intelligente, zuverlässige und verantwortungsvolle Systeme, welche zur Gestaltung der digitalen Transformation und zur nachhaltigen Innovation beitragen. Der Wissentransfer in Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft bildet einen zentralen Baustein der Aktivitäten des L3S.

Das L3S erforscht die Auswirkungen des digitalen Wandels, um aus den Erkenntnissen Handlungsoptionen, -empfehlungen sowie Innovationsstrategien für die Wirtschaft, die Politik und Gesellschaft herzuleiten. Durch Forschung, Entwicklung und Beratung trägt das L3S gemeinsam mit seinen Partnern zur digitalen Transformation insbesondere in den Bereichen Mobilität, Gesundheit, Produktion und Bildung bei.

Das L3S ist eine gemeinsame Einrichtung der Leibniz Universität Hannover und der Technischen Universität Braunschweig mit rund 150 Wissenschaftlern aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen an Universitäten und einem Leibniz-Institut (der TIB). Das aktuelle jährliche Drittmittelvolumen des L3S beträgt etwa 6 Mio. Euro, Niedersachsen fördert das L3S zusätzlich mit jährlich etwa 2 Mio. Euro. Das L3S wurde 2011 und 2014 vom Wissenschaftsrat als exzellente Einrichtung evaluiert, führend im Bereich Web Science.

• Buy Social Security Number SSN. SSN, Buy Social Security Number (https://bestsmmsolution.com/product/buy-social-security-number ssn/, ed.) (2024).
• Best Home Builder In Canberra | Independent Building Solutions Solutions, Independent Building (2024).
• Change in saproxylic beetle, fungi and bacteria assemblages along horizontal and vertical gradients of sun-exposure in forest. Hagge, Jonas; Müller, Jörg; Bässler, Claus; Brandl, Roland; Schuldt, Andreas; Thorn, Simon; Seibold, Sebastian (2024). 291 110493.
• Tree Service in Prince George, BC. Bitner, Jonathan (2024).
• Augmenting Frontline Service Employee Onboarding via Hybrid Intelligence: Examining the Effects of Different Degrees of Human-GenAI Interaction. Reinhard, Philipp; Neis, Nicolas; Kolb, Lisa; Wischer, Dennis; Li, Mahei Manhai; Winkelmann, Axel; Teuteberg, Frank; Lechner, Ulrike; Leimeister, Jan Marco M. Y. Mandviwalla, M. Söllner, T. Tuunanen (eds.) (2024).

  High turnover rates within help desks, caused by excessive workloads, make the efficient onboarding of novices a persistent and recurring challenge. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) possesses the potential to augment novice frontline service employees (FSE) during their onboarding phase. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to design the interaction of FSE and GenAI. Thus, following design science research (DSR), we propose a conversational (co-)agent that leverages the capabilities of large language models and the concept of hybrid intelligence to augment novice FSE. To examine the interaction between novices and GenAI given various task difficulties, we derive and instantiate two hybrid intelligence meta-designs - a supporter that provides recommendations and a collaborator that allows for prompting the coagent. The results from an online experiment with 75 laypeople show that novices interact with GenAI more frequently and show a higher engagement, especially in difficult tasks. Overall, we uncover a paradox: Despite an increased interaction and a greater time investment, FSEs experience a lower perceived workload with a GenAI-based collaborator. From that, we derive implications for designing employee-facing co-agents in customer services.
• LET EMPLOYEES TRAIN THEIR OWN CHATBOTS: DESIGN OF GENERATIVE AI-ENABLED DELEGATION SYSTEMS. Reinhard, Philipp; Li, Mahei Manhai; Peters, Christoph; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2024).

  While chatbots can be implemented with very little effort, scaling and maintaining chatbots remains a challenge. This is crucial in knowledge-intensive customer service like IT support, where domain knowledge must stay current with the evolving IT landscape. Following design science research, we derive design principles for a generative AI (GPT4) enabled textual training data creation and curation system (T²C²) as part of a new class of systems – bot delegation systems. For the design of T²C², chatbot and domain expert viewpoints are integrated. We evaluate two instances of T²C², each with distinct degrees of human-ai delegation where employees act both as creators and curators of training data. The paper’s theoretical contribution is two-fold: (1) we present a novel kernel theory that represents the material characteristics of bot delegation systems by contextualizing the IS delegation framework to the self-determination theory; (2) the design and evaluation of T²C² as the built-and-evaluated artifact.
• Species Diversity and Habitat Fragmentation Per Se: The Influence of Local Extinctions and Species Clustering. Hovestadt, Thomas; Poethke, Hans-Joachim; Müller, Jörg; Mitesser, Oliver (2024). 000–000.
• covXtreme : MATLAB software for non-stationary penalised piecewise constant marginal and conditional extreme value models. Towe, Ross; Ross, Emma; Randell, David; Jonathan, Philip (2024). 177 106035.

  The covXtreme software provides functionality for estimation of marginal and conditional extreme value models, non-stationary with respect to covariates, and environmental design contours. Generalised Pareto (GP) marginal models of peaks over threshold are estimated, using a piecewise-constant representation for the variation of GP threshold and scale parameters on the (potentially multidimensional) covariate domain of interest. The conditional variation of one or more associated variates, given a large value of a single conditioning variate, is described using the conditional extremes model of Heffernan and Tawn (2004), the slope term of which is also assumed to vary in a piecewise constant manner with covariates. Optimal smoothness of marginal and conditional extreme value model parameters with respect to covariates is estimated using cross-validated roughness-penalised maximum likelihood estimation. Uncertainties in model parameter estimates due to marginal and conditional extreme value threshold choice, and sample size, are quantified using a bootstrap resampling scheme. Estimates of environmental contours using various schemes, including the direct sampling approach of Huseby et al. 2013, are calculated by simulation or numerical integration under fitted models. The software was developed in MATLAB for metocean applications, but is applicable generally to multivariate samples of peaks over threshold data. The software and case study data can be downloaded from GitHub, with an accompanying user guide.
• Chebifier: Automating semantic classification in ChEBI to accelerate data-driven discovery. Glauer, Martin; Neuhaus, Fabian; Flügel, Simon; Wosny, Marie; Mossakowski, Till; Memariani, Adel; Schwerdt, Johannes; Hastings, Janna (2024). to appear.
• Autonomous VR Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders Using Conversational AI—Ethical and Technical Implications and Preliminary Results. Obremski, David; Wienrich, Carolin (2024). 12(4)

  The need for psychotherapy is very high and the lack of care causes a lot of suffering and high costs. This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to creating an AI-guided exposure therapy for fear of heights in virtual reality (VR). First, ethical principles for the use of conversational AI in psychotherapy were translated into technical requirements and made measurable. Based on this, an autonomous virtual reality exposure therapy was iteratively developed with a therapist. The feasibility and implementation of the ethical principles were tested with a patient. The patient was very satisfied with the VR setup. The AI therapist was also rated positively, although there is still room for improvement regarding conversational skills. Overall, the paper shows how AI can contribute responsibly to improving the psycho-therapeutic supply. It also provides guidelines that make ethical principles tangible and measurable for developers.
• Assessing experimental silvicultural treatments enhancing structural complexity in a central European forest – BEAST time‐series analysis based on Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2. Kacic, Patrick; Gessner, Ursula; Holzwarth, Stefanie; Thonfeld, Frank; Kuenzer, Claudia (2024).
• Transect walks and malaise traps differ in temperature sensitivity but reveal consistent drivers of pollinator richness. Kerner, Janika M.; König, Sebastian; Maihoff, Fabienne; Bofinger, Lukas; Sauer, Nikki; Ssymank, Axel; Väth, Peter; Classen, Alice (2024).

  Abstract While transect walks have long been the preferred monitoring method for many flying insect taxa, malaise traps combined with DNA metabarcoding have gained growing prominence. However, it remains unclear whether both methods reveal comparable species richness and the same ecological drivers along environmental gradients. We selected three groups of pollinators (wild bees, hoverflies and butterflies) and one group of herbivores (grasshoppers) as functionally important and conservation-relevant model groups, comparing results of both methods along an elevational gradient in the German Alps. Across the study region, both methods detected a similarly high species richness of pollinators with ~50% overlap of species pools, but transect walks revealed more species per site, especially in higher elevations and under low temperatures. Body size spectra differed between methods, with on average more large butterfly and more small bee species in transect walks. Nevertheless, temperature and flower richness were consistent drivers of pollinator richness, independent of the sampling method. Grasshopper richness from transect walks was considerably higher than from malaise traps. Both methods identified temperature and only malaise traps also identified management as drivers of grasshopper richness. We conclude that malaise traps are principally suitable substitutes for the more time-consuming pollinator transect walks. However, the effectiveness of these passive traps is more susceptible to changes in sampling temperature, and in some pollinator groups, body size classes are presented differently, which is important to consider during analyses. For grasshoppers, transect walks appear to be more suitable to assess species richness, as considerably more species can be monitored.
• High visual salience of alert signals can lead to a counterintuitive increase of reaction times. Einhäuser, Wolfgang; Neubert, Christiane R.; Grimm, Sabine; Bendixen, Alexandra (2024). 14 8858.

  It is often assumed that rendering an alert signal more salient yields faster responses to this alert. Yet, there might be a trade-off between attracting attention and distracting from task execution. Here we tested this in four behavioral experiments with eye-tracking using an abstract alert-signal paradigm. Participants performed a visual discrimination task (primary task) while occasional alert signals occurred in the visual periphery accompanied by a congruently lateralized tone. Participants had to respond to the alert before proceeding with the primary task. When visual salience (contrast) or auditory salience (tone intensity) of the alert were increased, participants directed their gaze to the alert more quickly. This confirms that more salient alerts attract attention more efficiently. Increasing auditory salience yielded quicker responses for the alert and primary tasks, apparently confirming faster responses altogether. However, increasing visual salience did not yield similar benefits: instead, it increased the time between fixating the alert and responding, as high-salience alerts interfered with alert-task execution. Such task interference by high-salience alert-signals counteracts their more efficient attentional guidance. The design of alert signals must be adapted to a ``sweet spot'' that optimizes this stimulus-dependent trade-off between maximally rapid attentional orienting and minimal task interference.
• EFFECTS OF GEOMETRY INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN GEOMETRY IN WUKARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, TARABA STATE, NIGERIA. |, Faith Adeyinka Fabarebo (2023). 4(11) 1–10.

  The purpose of this study was to use Geometry Interactive software (GIS) to ascertain students’ geometry interest at senior secondary school one (SS1). Quasi-experimental design of non-randomized pre-test post-test control group design was utilized. The research was carried out in Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State with a population of 1,003 senior secondary one students. From this, 68 students were sampled from two schools out of nine governments owned senior secondary schools. The research instrument was Geometry Interest Inventory (GII). The reliability of the instruments was 0.72. Four research questions were asked and answered with means and standard deviations while the four hypotheses formulated were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The study found among others that students taught using Geometry Interactive Software (GIS) improved in their interest in geometry more than those taught geometry using conventional strategy. Recommendations such as incorporating Interactive Software (IS) among instructional strategies for teaching mathematical concepts as well as encouraging Proprietors of schools to purchase interactive software for their students in the schools were made among others.
• Step by step: small tasks to contribute to the SGDs in the CIEDA Library. Cuesta, David Mercadal (2023). 3(2) 19–20.

  The Centro Internacional de Estudios de Derecho Ambiental (CIEDA-CIEMAT) is a research centre for Environmental Law, part of the Research Centre in Energy, Environment, and Technology (CIEMAT). It is situated in Soria (Castille and Leon, Spain), known for its' beautiful natural landscapes, but also one of the most sparsely populated regions, making this centre vital for rural areas communities.
• A Study on Effectiveness of Orientation Process at Sign Ware Technologies. |, Mohamed Sulaiman. J | P. Sudha | V. Pradeep | (2023). 4(11) 15–34.

  The goal of every company's orientation programme should be to help new hires feel at home and ready to contribute as quickly as feasible. Fast and efficient results can be achieved by including this procedure into the organization's larger training plans and making sure it receives adequate attention and management. Human resource management (HRM) begins with the orientation of new hires. It includes introducing the new hires to the company's culture and their coworkers for the first time. This study, titled "A Study on Effectiveness of Orientation Process", attempts to understand the importance and the effectiveness of the orientation process in Sign Ware Technologies. The purpose of this study is to examine how employees at Sign Ware Technologies felt about the company's orientation programme. To further explore the connection between orientation input and perception of employee output, this research is also helpful. For this study, we use a questionnaire to gather information from participants. For the purpose of this research, 100 workers will serve as the sample. This project is statistically analysed using simple percentages, one-way ANOVA, and correlation. We suggest an orientation period of two to five days for new hires. During employee orientation, the first stop is always Human Resources, where the new hires are greeted by the designated host who shows them around the office and introduces them to everyone. Appropriate recommendations have been made to the management based on the other findings.
• Methods of Determining Points with Rational Coordinate to Line. |, Abjalilov Sanakul Xujamovich | Abjalilov Botir Xujamovich | Berdiyeva Ibodat (2023). 4(11) 35–38.

  The article discusses the definition of rational coordinate points related to a curve in a plane, as well as their applications in number theory and other areas of mathematics.
• Analysis of mobile applications created to assess the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Mukhriddin Arabboev, Shohruh Begmatov | Mokhirjon Rikhsivoev | Khurshid Aliyarov | Saidakmal Saydiakbarov | Zukhriddin Khamidjonov | Sardor Vakhkhobov | Khabibullo Nosirov | (2023). 4(11) 39–49.

  In today’s world, the fields of application of digital technologies are expanding day by day. One of the areas where modern technologies are widely and effectively used is the healthcare sector. In the field of healthcare, mobile technologies are becoming increasingly important in keeping patients under continuous monitoring and preventing the risk of the development of disease. This paper reviews mobile applications developed by researchers around the world on diabetes, one of the most common serious diseases in the world, including gestational diabetes. Commercially available mobile applications for gestational diabetes development risk assessment were also analyzed.
• «ПЛЮСЫ» И «МИНУСЫ» ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ. |, Даулетьяров К.Ж. (2023). 4(11) 50–54.

  В статье рассматриваются вопросы использования информационно-коммуникационных технологий, их место и роль в системе образования, положительные и негативные моменты и последствия их использования.
• REINVENTING ENTERPRISE DATA ARCHIVING FOR THE DIGITAL ERA. v Smirnov |, Sergi (2023). 4(11) 55–60.

  This paper examines next generation approaches to transform enterprise data archiving methodologies for the burgeoning digital age. We analyze the limitations of traditional archiving and the innovations needed to effectively manage massive growth in enterprise data volumes. Detailed sections are included covering the following aspects:• The exponential growth in enterprise data and ensuing archiving challenges• Intelligent policy-based automation to enable smarter archiving.• Cloud-native architectures for highly scalable archives• Persistent metadata synchronization for greater archived data utility • Comparison of on-premises, cloud, and hybrid archiving models• Archiving best practices related to security, retention, discovery etc. • Case studies of real-world archiving implementations• Recommendations for a modern holistic enterprise archiving strategyAdvanced data archiving techniques such as machine learning policies, cloud repositories, active metadata, and unified cross-platform access are imperative today to control data sprawl, accelerate insights, and ensure regulatory compliance. By reimagining archiving for the digital age, enterprises can cost-efficiently extract maximum value from data while minimizing risks.
• Machine for the Transformation of Recycled Paper Based on the Internet of Things. |, R. Regin | S. Suman Rajest | Shynu T | Steffi. R (2023). 4(11) 61–80.

  Instead of spending money on new paper, there is a practical solution: recycling. Most discarded papers end up in landfills or in the hands of street merchants. Many large machines exist now to recycle paper, but the price tag on a compact unit is likely to be too high for most people. Therefore, the issues can be completely eliminated by developing a simple and inexpensive machine. With the aid of such a recycling machine, we will be able to make noncomplex, basic, and inexpensive papers that the institution can reuse rather than always buying. The necessary parts of the machine's design will be assembled beforehand. The project will figure out how to standardise and organise the resulting papers into a complete one after making the necessary tweaks. Getting high-quality paper and then using a cutting machine to shape it into the final product is currently priority number one. It will be easy enough for a human to design and build the machine, putting the emphasis on current job prospects. The machine was built primarily in accordance with Industry 4.0 standards. Papers will be recycled in an automated system using an application from a grinder to a cutter to produce fine paper in the correct dimensions. Here, the user can remotely switch on the machine from any part of the world over the internet. The Internet of Things also enables remote alterations to paper length and quantity.
• ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE AND DIDACTIC COMPLEXES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS. kizi | Shokirova Durdona Shuxrat kizi |, Ashurova Dilfuza Nabiyevna | Ubaydullayeva Sabina Shavkat (2023). 4(11) 11–14.

  This article shows that information technology, in particular innovative program and didactic complex, is an important tool to improve the efficiency of the educational process in secondary schools, and relevant recommendations are presented.
• 8th IFLA Green Library Award winners share their stories. Jaramillo, Andrés Felipe Corrales; Penzo, Marta (2023). 3(2) 8–12.

  This award included two categories - The best green library award and best green library project. Below are stories from this years winners or links to the winners. The Best Green Library Award Winner: Columbian Biblioteca EPM, Cucuta. The Best Green Library Project Winner: West Vancouver Memorial Library, BC, Canada: Climate Writer in Residence at the West Vancouver Memorial Library: A Novel Solution.
• Designing An Intellectual System Of Forming Scientific Indicator Ratings In Higher Education. |, Tursinxanov N. | Pardayev M. (2023). 4(12) 81–84.

  The rapid development of information technology and the ever-increasing flow of information, require process control without taking into account the human factor. At the same time, the organization of the management of processes without the human factor in the studying process serves to improve the quality of education. Therefore, it is important to determine the rating of professors and teachers in higher education institutions and to develop an automated system for evaluating the rating of these institutions based on the rating. In this work, the functions, models, and database structure of the system for the formation of rankings based on the scientific activity of professors and teachers and the determination of potential changes based on prediction data are developed.
• ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF TRAFFIC FLOW ENTERING THE HISTORICAL CITY OF KHIVA. |, Abrorbek Kutliev | Kuvvat Usmanov (2023). 4(11) 85–92.

  In this article, the speed of traffic of motor vehicles entering the historical city of Khiva from 4 national highways during peak hours of the day has been experimentally studied. Based on the obtained results, the average annual daily traffic speeds were determined, and the average annual daily traffic speeds in the next 10 years were predicted using mathematical formulas, and proposals and recommendations were developed to improve the traffic flow.
• DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF THE STREET-ROAD NETWORK OF THE CITY OF KHIVA. |, Abrorbek Kutliev | Kuvvat Usmanov (2023). 4(11) 93–98.

  In this article, the determination of the density of the street-road network of the city of Khiva is carried out using mathematical models, and zoning models of the density of the street-road network in the neighborhood section of the city are developed, and suggestions and recommendations are presented to improve the efficiency of the density of the city's street-road network.
• HISTORY OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS. |, Jabbarov Anvar Egamovich (2023). 4(11) 99–102.

  The science that studies the laws of beauty and artistic creativity, in relation to objects of technical form, is called technical aesthetics. One of the elements of technical aesthetics can be considered technical drawing. People have used technical drawing for a long time and in a variety of its forms. Most often, technical drawing is used when creating new objects. A new idea that is being born in a person's mind, an unexpectedly new image of an object that has arisen, require immediate fixation, and the simplest, most convenient and fastest form of fixation of creative thought turns out to be drawing.
• METHODS OF DEVELOPING INITIAL MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS IN EARLY GRADES. qizi |, Toshboyeva Saidakhon Rakhmonberdiyevna | Rasulova Surayyo Komiljon (2023). 4(12) 103–107.

  The article discusses the methods and importance of developing initial mathematical concepts in early grades, as well as the contemporary role and significance of technological advancements in shaping mathematical concepts.
• ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В НАЛОГОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УЗБЕКИСТАН. |, Ачилов Салохиддин Саломович (2023). 4(11) 108–120.

  Внедрения современной цифровые технологии в сфере государственную налоговую систему является одним из эффективных способов управления. Решение проблемы качества внедрения цифровые технологии требует комплексного подхода управления объектами налоговых структур, а также максимального выполнение принципы и правил услуг от надзорных органов и субъектов предпринимательство. Рассматривается один из новых и нестандартных подходов, к решению актуальной проблемы оценка качества внедрения цифровых технологии в налоговой системе, связанной с экспертной оценкой. В результате создается удобства и прозрачность о предоставляемых отчетах налогоплательщиков, путем предоставления широкого спектра современных и комфортных интерактивных государственных услуг. Новый подход является актуальной и важной для совершенствования системы управления налоговыми поступлениями в бюджет и других обязательных платежей, а также для создания рыночного экономического механизма оценки качества оказываемых интерактивных услуг органами государственной налоговой системы Республике Узбекистан.
• APPLYING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF UZBEKISTAN. Erkin, Abdusattorov (2023). 4(12) 121–131.

  The article discusses the perspectives of applying strategic management methods in the management of higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Uzbekistan. The author examines current trends in the higher education market, problems of the internal environment of the sector and challenges of the external environment, as well as existing problems in the activities of HEIs in the country. The objective need to introduce strategic management in universities is justified. As a result of the study, a strategic management model and a sample strategic plan for HEIs in Uzbekistan are developed.
• STATE FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY. |, Alisher Bakberganovich Sherov (2023). 4(11) 132–136.

  As we all know, the role of the education system, especially the higher education system, is important in the development of the country. Therefore, all developed countries pay great attention to the organization of a high-quality and effective education system in the country. In addition, in recent years, a number of measures have been implemented in our country, additional conditions have been created by the state, and large amounts of funds have been spent from the state budget. This article compares the funds allocated by the state to the education system of Uzbekistan and developed countries, in particular to the higher education system, their share in the total state budget and the country's gross domestic product. Scientific conclusions and recommendations were developed by the author according to the research results.
• Press release, Wicklow County Council: Inaugural Reading Goals Ambassador ceremony at Greystones Municipal District. Costello, Catherine (2023). 3(2) 25–26.

  Eight students from Greystones schools who read over 20 books as part of a special reading project were rewarded at a special ceremony in the Greystones Municipal District offices on Tuesday last (Sept 26th). The students were taking part in the inaugural ``Reading Goals'' book club, a specialised children's book club that read books connected to the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The book club is based in Greystones Library. The club was established in February 2021 and coincided with ``Ireland Reads'', an initiative of the Government of Ireland, supported by public libraries.
• MATHEMATICS TEACHERS AND JOB PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOLS. |, Dr. Onoge Honmane | Joel Olusegun Ajinuhi (2023). 4(11) 137–142.

  This paper looked at the concept of mathematics teacher and functions of mathematic teachers in the schools. The paper also looks at mathematics teacher job performance in the school and the factors that can enhance mathematics teacher’s job performance in the schools. Secondary data were used in the paper. The data were collected from print and online publications. The paper concluded that adequate funding, supervision, training, conducive working environment, motivation and provision of instructional materials are factors that enhances job performance of mathematics.
• Utilizing outdoor spaces at a public library: A sustainability success story. Griffin, Daisy (2023). 3(2) 23–25.

  Connecting with nature and getting time outside is known to benefit both mental and physical health, acting to reduce depression, anxiety, and stress levels. In urban areas, however, there can be limited opportunities for exposure to natural elements such as plants, native animals, and sunshine. For this reason, providing inviting outdoor areas with lush vegetation at libraries and other public institutions can increase community well-being (White et al, 2013). If done well, these nature areas can also make a library space more eco-friendly and improve sustainability. Programs held in open air areas are also less likely to spread contagions among attendees and can extend programming space as Auburn Public Library in Auburn, AL has found. In this article, we'll highlight some of the successes of utilizing outdoor space at Auburn Public Library, an urban library in Auburn, AL, USA.
• Best practices in sustainability at the Luca Pacioli Library, Italy. Maddaluno, Paola (2023). 3(2) 21–22.

  The Luca Pacioli library of the State General Accounting Department (RGS) is part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) founded in 1869, one of the oldest state institutions located in Rome, Italy. During the social distancing mandate caused by the Covid health crisis, the library connected with its users, predominantly approx. 6000 dependents of the Ministry, through the creation of videos featuring presentations of free access electronic volumes and some physical volumes from its own collection. Including interviews with the authors, the videos aimed to promote staff professional development and learning despite the lack of physical access to the library.
• Promoting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Library Subject Guides. Kıraç, Suna (2023). 3(2) 20–21.

  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have become a focal point of global efforts to address pressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and environmental sustainability. Koç University (Turkey) Suna Kiraç Library Sustainability Committee is actively continuing its work to raise awareness and promote the 17 SDGs set by the United Nations. Following our successful Textbook Swap1 campaign, we are taking SDG awareness to the next level by creating a dedicated Subject Guide.
• qgam: Bayesian Nonparametric Quantile Regression Modeling in R. Fasiolo, Matteo; Wood, Simon N.; Zaffran, Margaux; Nedellec, Raphaël; Goude, Yannig (2021). 100(9)
• Seo. Ahmed (2020).
• A. Ali (2020).
• Ss. Ali (Ww, ed.) (2020).
• Lipo Battery. Battery, Lipo (L. Battery, ed.) (2010).
• cancer or mesothelioma. Braverman, Daniel (2010).
• Comparison Between the Strain Indicator HRV of a Head Based Virtual Retinal Display and LC-Head Mounted Displays for Augmented Reality. Oehme, O.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. (2003). 9(4) 419–430.

  Augmented Reality uses Head Mounted Displays (HMD) to overlay the real word with additional virtual information. Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD), a new display technology, no longer requires Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). VRD technology addresses the retina directly with a single laser stream of pixels. There are no studies on the user's informational strain in this new VRD technology. Various papers have shown that Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a valid indicator for the user's informational strain. An empirical test revealed no difference in the user's HRV between VRD technology and LCD technology. Consequently, there seems to be a comparable user informational strain regarding the display types.
• Vernetzung arbeitswissenschaftlicher Hochschullehre - Das E-Learning-Kooperationsprojekt Integral II. Schmidt, L.; Rötting, M. H. Strasser, K. Kluth, H. Rausch, H. Bubb (eds.) (2003). 1085–1088.

  This contribution deals with the development of the web-based multimedia learning system "Integral II" in the domain of university education. In a German-wide network fifteen participating research institutes and academic chairs construct e-learning modules for the application field of industrial engineering and ergonomics. These modules are used as supplement in lectures and exercises and in individual learning situations. An overview to the project is given in this article as well as results from the requirements analysis and their consequences for the e-learning approach.
• Useful Knowledge Representations for Computer Supported Engineering Design. Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. M. Khalid, L. T. Yong, L. N. Kion (eds.) (2003). 346–353 *** Best Paper Award ***.

  The focus of this contribution is on how to structure and represent engineering design knowledge for the design engineer's cognitive tasks, corresponding to an intuitive way of thinking as well as to conscious systematic design methods without limiting human problem solving. To derive detailed requirements on a useful knowledge representation for computer-aided engineering design, generalized operations of human problem solving and information processing can be specified for design problem solving. In an analytical research approach, eight main models of knowledge representation were compared concerning their utility to support human problem solving in engineering design. According to the results of this analysis, an example application is illustrated.
• Webbasiertes Hochschul-E-Learning - Deutschlandweite Kooperation in der Arbeitswissenschaft. Schmidt, L. U. Beck, W. Sommer (eds.) (2003). 201–206.

  Im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Projektes "Integral II" entwickeln, erproben und evaluieren 15 Hochschulpartner aus ganz Deutschland ein webbasiertes, multimediales Lehrsystem zur interdiziplinären Vermittlung von arbeitswissenschaftlichen Lehrinhalten, schwerpunktmäßig in den Ingenieur-, Geistes- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, aber auch für die Bereiche Design, Architektur, Informatik und verschiedene Naturwissenschaften. Auf Basis einer umfassenden Anforderungsanalyse wurden didaktische Gestaltungsempfehlungen für die einzelnen Lernmodule und die Lernumgebung sowie technische, softwareergonomische und Usability-Empfehlungen entwickelt. Die als Kooperationspartner eingebundenen Institute und die Projektpartner erstellen entsprechend ihrer Kompetenz jeweils zu einem oder mehreren Teilgebieten der Arbeitswissenschaft multimediale Module und setzen das System mit allen Inhalten in ihrer Hochschullehre ein. Dabei reichen die Anwendungsszenarien vom mediengestützten Selbstlernen (individuell oder in der Gruppe) über virtuelle Seminare und Tutorien bis hin zum Teleteaching in einer rein virtuellen Vorlesung und zielen dementsprechend auf die Förderung von Fach-, Methoden-, Sozial- und Lernkompetenz der studentischen Nutzer.
• Vernetzung arbeitswissenschaftlicher Hochschullehre - Das E-Learning-Kooperationsprojekt Integral II. Schmidt, L. (2003). 53(5) 318–319.

  An vielen Stellen wird schon heute die klassische arbeitswissenschaftliche Präsenzlehre an den Hochschulen mit multimedialen und computerunterstützten Elementen ergänzt, um Sachverhalte und Prozesse mit Hilfe Neuer Medien besser veranschaulichen zu können. Um darüber hinaus auch die direkte Interaktion der Studierenden mit dem Lerngegenstand zu ermöglichen und in einem anwendungsorientierten Zusammenhang ihre Problemlösefähigkeit zu fördern, setzen neue Angebote auch auf andere Formen des Lernens, von virtuellen Tutorien über telekooperative Seminargruppen bis hin zum medienunterstützen Selbstlernen. Die Entwicklung, Erprobung und Evaluation solcher neuen Lernangebote verfolgen derzeit 15 Hochschulpartner aus ganz Deutschland, indem sie im Rahmen des vom BMBF-geförderten Kooperationsprojektes "Integral II" ein webbasiertes, multimediales Lehrsystem zur interdiziplinären Vermittlung von arbeitswissenschaftlichen Lerninhalten aufbauen, schwerpunktmäßig in den Ingenieur-, Geistes- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, aber auch für die Bereiche Design, Architektur, Informatik und verschiedene Naturwissenschaften. Auf Basis einer umfassenden Anforderungsanalyse konnten für die einzelnen Lernmodule vier didaktische Kernszenarien abgegrenzt werden. Die technischen Rahmenbedingungen wurden erhoben und über die Open-Source-Lernplattform ILIAS umgesetzt sowie für alle beteiligten Partner softwareergonomische und Usability-Empfehlungen entwickelt. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden von den Projektpartnern entsprechend ihrer Kompetenz jeweils zu einem oder mehreren Teilgebieten der Arbeitswissenschaft multimediale Module entwickelt, die im Wintersemester 2002/2003 einer ersten Evaluation im Lehrkontext unterzogen werden. Durch die große Zahl der Projektpartner beim Aufbau dieses Lehrsystems konnte innerhalb kurzer Zeit ein sehr umfangreiches Angebot an Inhalten und Fallstudien bereitgestellt werden, das in unterschiedlicher Zusammenstellung und angepasst an die spezifischen Lehrsituationen der einzelnen Hochschulen genutzt werden kann. Neben der eigentlichen Entwicklung des Lehrsystems und der Erstellung der Lerninhalte spielt im Projekt auch die wissenschaftliche Entwicklung und Erprobung des Meta-Konzeptes zur Entwicklung, zum Aufbau, zur Pflege und Vermarktung des multimedialen Lernsystems eine Rolle. Über die Projektlaufzeit hinaus sollen in einem Open-Source-Ansatz auch neue Partner eingebunden sowie die Pflege und Weiterentwicklung des verteilten internetbasierten Lehr-/Lernsystems gewährleistet werden. In diesem Beitrag wird die multimediale Lehr-/Lernplattform "Integral II" vorgestellt und ein Überblick über die einzelnen E-Learning-Module der Projektpartner gegeben.
• Stress mit Geräten. Schmidt, L. (2003).

  Personen sprechen nicht nur mit anderen Personen, sondern gelegentlich auch mit sich selbst, und einige Personen sprechen mit technischen Geräten. Die Umfrage einer US-amerikani-schen Versicherungsgesellschaft (Progressive, 2000) ergab, daß 32% der Befragten ihrem Auto einen Namen gaben und 12% der Befragten ihrem Auto ein Geschenk zum Valentinstag machen würden. Warum betrachten Personen technische Geräte als menschlich, wann tun sie dies und wie nehmen sie ihre eigenen Dialoge und die Dialoge anderer Personen mit technischen Geräten wahr: dies waren - unter anderem - die Fragen, die wir erörtern wollten. Die Behandlung nicht-menschlicher Objekte wie Menschen ist unter dem Begriff Anthropomorphismus bekannt. Ein kurzer Überblick über die gegenwärtige Forschung geht dem Bericht über die Ergebnisse voraus. Basierend auf der gegenwärtigen Forschung und eigenen Erfahrungen formulierten wir einige Fragen bezüglich der Interaktion von Personen mit technischen Geräten. Ein Fragebogen schien die angemessenste Methode zu sein. Wir erwarteten, daß sowohl die Persönlichkeitsstruktur als auch die technische Kompetenz der Befragten von Relevanz sein würden. Daher wurde neben dem NEO-FFI (McCrae \& Costa, 1987) zur Erfassung von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften auch ein Fragenblock bezüglich der selbst eingeschätzten technischen Kompetenz verwendet. Die Ergebnisse und Konsequenzen dieser Studie werden abschließend im Rahmen von Streß am Arbeitsplatz diskutiert.
• Development of an Intuitive User Interface for an Augmented Reality Welding Application. Park, M.; Balazs, B.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. Luczak, K. J. Zink (eds.) (2003). 495–500.

  In this paper the development of a intuitive user interface for augmented reality welding application is described. The new interface will provide a better view of the welders work environment as well as some supporting information, such as overlaid CAD graphics, important parameters of the welding machine etc. The development of the graphical user interface has been an iterative process and has undergone different phases, e.g. testing prototypes with end-users. In this paper a usability test is described, which was carried out in order to check different types of supporting tools for easier navigation through the menu.
• Untersuchung des Einflusses der Augendominanz auf die Informationsentnahme mit einem Head-Mounted Display in einer Augmented-Reality-Umgebung. Oehme, O.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. Strasser, K. Kluth, H. Rausch, H. Bubb (eds.) (2003). 311–314.

  Augmented Reality - a new kind of machine interaction - uses so-called Head-Mounted Displays (HMD) to overlay the real world with virtual information. The use of monocular HMDs opens the user the possibility to use it on the left or on the right eye. HMD manufacturers recommend to use these on the dominant eye. According to this recommendation the influence of the dominant eye has been evaluated in an experiment.
• ARVIKA. Oehme, O.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Schmidt, L. (2003).

  Augmented Reality (AR) bezeichnet die Anreicherung der realen Welt mit zusätzlichen virtuellen Informationen, die im Kontext zur betrachteten Realität stehen. Bei AR handelt es sich jedoch um eine recht junge und komplexe Technologie, bei der die Lösung der technologischen Fragestellungen oftmals im Vordergrund stand. Evaluationen erster AR-Prototypen im industriellen Bereich, bei denen schlecht gestaltete Benutzungsschnittstellen bis hin zur Nichtausführbarkeit der Arbeitsaufgabe führten, unterstrichen die Notwendigkeit einer ergonomischen Gestaltung der Mensch-Rechner-Schnittstelle, damit ein späterer Einsatz im Produktivbereich ermöglicht werden kann. Die Gestaltung einer ergonomischen Benutzungsoberfläche für AR ist jedoch insofern schwierig, als ein Paradigmenwechsel vom Arbeitssystem "Bildschirmarbeitsplatz", dem während der gesamten Arbeitszeit die ungeteilte Aufmerksamkeit gilt, zu einem Unterstützungssystem für ein anderes Arbeitssystem stattfindet, in welches sich das AR-System lediglich als Arbeitsmittel zur Aufgabenbewältigung einordnen muss. Ziel dieses Teilvorhabens war deshalb die benutzerzentrierte Gestaltung von Augmented-Reality-Systemen in Entwicklung, Produktion und Service mit Hilfe arbeitswissenschaftlicher Methoden. Auf diese Weise wurde sichergestellt, dass die entwickelten und prototypisch umgesetzten AR-Systeme den Anforderungen von Mitarbeitern und Arbeitsprozessen entsprechen, die Benutzungsschnittstellen software- und hardware-ergonomisch gestaltet wurden, durch AR-Funktionalitäten Verbesserungen der Arbeitsorganisation in den genannten Anwendungsfeldern ermöglicht werden. Darüber hinaus wurden in diversen Evaluationen der entwickelten Prototypen die wirtschaftlichen Effekte belegt. Letztendlich wurde eine webbasierte, multimediale Lehreinheit als innovatives Trainingsverfahren geplant und realisiert, die für die inner- und überbetriebliche Aus- und Fortbildung genutzt werden kann.
• Vergleichende Untersuchung alternativer Gestaltungsmerkmale für eine Augmented-Reality-Unterstützung in der manuellen Montage. Wiedenmaier, S.; Oehme, O.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. Strasser, K. Kluth, H. Rausch, H. Bubb (eds.) (2003). 307–310.

  Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology merging real world with computer generated virtual objects in the user's field of view. This technology can also support work persons to execute their manual assembly tasks. For assembly as a new AR-application field only few heuristic guidelines are available for a user centered design. Whereas Virtual Reality (VR) needs the complete model of virtual objects AR for assembly support can use simple icons. Three icons and two different display technologies were evaluated in an experiment. A new icon combining arrow and torus and the look-around display technology support assembly tasks best.
• Gestaltung von Arbeitssystemen nach ergonomischen und gesundheitsförderlichen Prinzipien. Luczak, H.; Schmidt, L.; Springer, J. H.-J. Bullinger, H.-J. Warnecke, E. Westkämper (eds.) (2003). 421–458.

  Für ein Verstehen des komplexen Themas "Gesundheit" ist zunächst eine Analyse der Rahmenbedingungen und Einflussgrößen erforderlich. Ergonomische Gestaltungsfelder müssen erkannt und gesundheitsförderliche Prinzipien verstanden werden, bevor Methoden zur gesundheitsförderlichen Arbeitsgestaltung angewendet und im Unternehmen organisatorisch verankert werden können. Nicht zuletzt hat Gesundheit einen, wenn auch häufig nicht entsprechend akzeptierten, hohen Stellenwert für die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Unternehmens. Gesundheitsförderung wird so zum "wertschöpfenden" Prozess und zur Querschnittsaufgabe für alle betrieblichen Akteure. Wesentliche Rahmenbedingungen und Entwicklungstendenzen sind: (1) Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes und Regelungen der Unfallversicherungsträger mit rechtlich bindendem Charakter, (2) personenbezogene Entwicklungstendenzen wie höhere Qualifikation, höherer Stellenwert persönlicher Gesundheit, steigendes mittleres Alter der Erwerbstätigen u.a., (3) Entwicklung von Krankheitsarten und des Umfangs krankheitsbedingter Ausfälle, (4) Organisatorische Entwicklungen wie Dezentralisierung von Verantwortung, Flexibilisierung von Arbeitszeiten, Veränderungen von Aufgabeninhalten und -strukturen etc. sowie (5) Technische Entwicklungen, wie z.B. die zunehmende Anzahl von Bildschirmarbeitsplätzen oder die Integration von Automatisierungstechnologie.
• Let’s talk: Anthropomorphization as Means to Cope With Stress of Interacting With Technical Devices. Luczak, H.; Rötting, M.; Schmidt, L. (2003). 46(13/14) 1361–1374.

  This study is concerned with the anthropomorphization of technical devices and the resulting influence on human-machine interaction; a special focus is laid on the verbal interaction be-tween human and machine. Questions were, for example: why do people regard technical devices as human, when do they do so and how do they perceive their own dialogue and other persons’ dialogues with technical devices? Further, the correlational dependencies were analyzed between the amount of shown anthropomorphism, the subjects’ personality structure (using the five factor model of McCrae \& Costa, 1987), the fear of technical devices and the self-rated technical competency. A subsequent regression analysis revealed that extraversion and gender of the respondents were significant predictors of the amount of interaction with technical devices. It was found in another regression analysis that neuroticism and agreeableness were significant predictors of self-rated technical competency. Technical devices that were seen as helpers or friends were generally treated less unfriendly than devices perceived as tools exclusively. Finally, the findings are discussed in the context of emotion and stress at work and the usabil-ity of technical devices.
• Goal Awareness in Distributed Cooperative Work Settings. Licht, T.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. Luczak, K. J. Zink (eds.) (2003). 329–334.

  Providing efficient, naturally-to-use environments for simultaneous product development is one of the challenges that the CSCW community will face. In this paper a framework is proposed which enables engineering designers to represent their knowledge in a natural way and beyond provides the opportunity to synchronize it with cooperation partners. This paper especially addresses the goal awareness issue in distributed cooperative work settings and how it can be supported by a cognitive engineering approach. For this purpose an empirical case study with a software prototype of a product design environment was conducted. First results presented here include typical cooperation channels within the experimental setting.
• Development of Error-Compensating UI for Autonomous Production Cells. Luczak, H.; Reuth, R.; Schmidt, L. (2003). 46(1-3) 19–41.

  This contribution deals with the impact of human error on the overall system reliability in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Autonomous production cells are used exemplary to illustrate an error-compensating system design on the basis of Sheridan’s paradigm of supervisory control. In order to specify human errors and their effects in terms of system disturbances a taxonomy of system disturbances is recommended. This taxonomic approach was derived by a value benefit analysis and is based on HEDOMS (Human Error and Disturbance Occurrence in Manufacturing Systems) with slight modifications and Reason’s GEMS (Generic Error Modeling System). The taxonomy is used for data acquisition. Next, a risk priority equivalent similar to FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) is introduced to structure the data according to their relevance. Then, Vicente’s and Rasmussen’s guidelines for an ecological interface design are related to the paradigm of supervisory control. On the basis of these guidelines four case studies are presented to show their successful applicability for interface design in FMS.
• Realization of an Open Framework for Shared Workspaces and its Application for a Community Portal. Künzer, A.; Röse, K.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. (2003). 1–4.

  "UseWorld.Net" is a web-based portal for the community of man-machine-interfaces. To support the cooperative tasks of the members, a shared workspace was included. This shared workspace was based on an open framework, called "SWOF" that provides the basic features and can be customized to dif-ferent cooperation case. Based on this customization even an adaptation of SWOF to mobile devices was implemented. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to pre-structure the information and increase the users’ informational and structural awareness. In this article the con-cept is described and the results of a first evaluation are presented.
• SWOF - An Open Framework for Shared Workspaces. Künzer, A.; Röse, K.; Schmidt, L. H. Strasser, K. Kluth, H. Rausch, H. Bubb (eds.) (2003). 575–579.

  "UseWorld.Net" is a web-based portal for the community of man-machine-interfaces. To support the cooperative tasks of the members, a shared workspace was included. This shared workspace was based on an open framework, called "SWOF" that provides the basic features and can be customized to a different cooperation case. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to restructure the information. So the system help the users to keep information in a consistent way and reduce the number of necessary agreements between the group members. In this article the concept is described and the results of a first evaluation are presented.
• Probleme verteilter Produktentwicklungsteams: Gemeinsames Zielbewusstsein ist ein Schlüssel zum Erfolg. Licht, T. Schmidt (2003). (4) 12–13.

  Wenn Menschen gemeinsam ein Arbeitsobjekt bearbeiten, sich jedoch nicht an einem gemeinsamen Ort befinden, kommt es bei der Koordination ihrer Tätigkeiten manchmal zu Abstimmungsschwierigkeiten, und der Fortlauf der gemeinsamen Arbeit ist infolge dessen von geringer Effizienz gekennzeichnet. Gründe dieser Abstimmungsschwierigkeiten werden aufgezeigt und als Lösungsansatz wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das auf einer Abstraktions-Dekompositions-Hierarchie basiert, mit dem auf natürliche Art und Weise das Wissen einer Arbeitsperson über ein bestimmtes Fachgebiet abgebildet werden kann. Durchgeführte Versuche verdeutlichen die Erwartungen der Kooperationspartner bei gemeinsamen Entwicklungsprojekten und die mögliche Unterstüzung durch den gewählten Ansatz.
• Task Performance With a Wearable Augmented Reality Interface for Welding. Luczak, H.; Park, M.; Balazs, B.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Schmidt, L. D. Harris, V. Duffy, M. Smith, C. Stephanidis (eds.) (2003). 98–102.

  This paper describes research on a wearable Augmented Reality (AR) welding support system. "Blind welding" caused by current protecitve welding helmets is to be replaced by AR supported views of the welding process. In this development the question of 2D to 3D viewing aids arises. For the experiment an integrated helmet with two High-Dynamic Range Camerias (HDRC) and a closed view stereoscopic head-mounted display was used. The experimental task was to position pegs on a pegboard. Alignment angles of the cameras and inter-camera separation distances were varied under the different experimental conditions. It was found that a convergent alignment of the cameras resulted in less mistakes and higher speed. An effect of the inter-camera separation was found in 3D-perception, suggesting the advantage of smaller distances.
• Group Task Analysis and Design of Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Luczak, H.; Mühlfelder, M.; Schmidt, L. E. Hollnagel (ed.) (2003). 99–127.

  Pushed by the connectivity of the internet, the emerging power of the world wide web, and the prevailing nature of "virtual" organizations, i.e. locally distributed teams collaborating by using networked computer systems (groupware), many new forms of computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) are becoming increasingly common. The communities of science and practice dealing with analysis and design of CSCW are truly multi-disciplinary and combine knowledge from computer science, software engineering, human factors, psychology, sociology, ethnography, business administration and training. Despite this quantitative and qualitative growth, many groupware systems still have serious usability problems. At worst, cooperating by using groupware can be awkward and frustrating compared to face-to-face collaboration. Still, research on CSCW has only sketchy knowledge of how people really collaborate, and translating what people actually do into effective designs is difficult. As well, the effort involved in assessing groupware prototypes and systems is onerous. There are neither any universal evaluation techniques nor any generally approved design criteria existing. The methods of cognitive task analysis can contribute to improve both groupware design, e.g. by giving insight in demand, structure and process of collaborative task execution, and task design for locally distributed teams, e.g. by analyzing the effects of groupware on work structure and process, allocation of responsibility and resources, and task bound communication. This paragraph joins the domains of task analysis and CSCW by explaining cognitive issues in collaboration and applying them in a collaborative project planning scenario.
• Augmented Reality (AR) for Assembly Processes - Design and Experimental Evaluation. Wiedenmaier, S.; Oehme, O.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. (2003). 16(3) 497–514.

  Augmented Reality (AR) for assembly processes is a new kind of computer support for a traditional industrial domain. This new application of AR-technology is called ARsembly. The intention of this article is to describe a typical scenario for assembly and service personnel and how they might be supported by AR. For this purpose, tasks with different degrees of difficulty were selected from an authentic assembly process. In addition, two other kinds of assembly support media (a paper manual and a tutorial by an expert) were examined in order to compare them with ARsembly. The results showed that the assembly times varied according to the different support conditions. AR-support proved to be more suitable for difficult tasks than the paper manual, whereas for easier tasks, the use of a paper manual did not differ significantly from AR-support. Tasks done under the guidance of an expert, were completed most rapidly. Some of the information obtained in this investigation also indicated important considerations for improving future ARsembly applications.
• Improving Design and Usability of an Open-Source e-Learning-Platform in Order to Enhance Acceptance. Kausch, B.; Balazs, B.; Schmidt, L.; Steltenkamp, V.; Witte, J.; Hofmann, T. H. Luczak, K. J. Zink (eds.) (2003). 709–714.

  The user interface of software products forms the connection between the user and the program with all its functionalities. This fact makes design of software for broad levels of user groups with different skills and experiences an important challenge. The following article deals with the experiences made with using a GNU General Public License (gpl) learning software off the rack in context of the e-learning project INTEGRAL II. A lack of learner-sided acceptance pointed up the need for further evaluations. Efforts made and implantations derived from these are described.
• An Open Framework for Shared-Workspaces to Support Different Cooperation Tasks. Künzer, A.; Schmidt, L. H. Luczak, A. E. Çakir, G. Çakir (eds.) (2002). 217–219.

  The development of a Web-based portal for the community of man-machine-interaction is the primary goal of the project MMI-Interaktiv. Scientists and other experts both in research and in industry can use this portal for information retrieval, communication, support and help. The portal is funded by the DFN organization and addresses initially German-speaking people. According to these aspects the portal is extended with a shared workspace to meet the cooperative needs depending on different user groups. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. Therefore, the design should be flexible and cover most of the requirements. To achieve these aims a "Shared Workspace Open Framework" called SWOF was developed. This frame-work can be adapted to several cooperation tasks and even to other problems.
• Usability Engineering für Benutzer-Interaktionskonzepte von Augmented-Reality-Systemen. Schmidt, L.; Oehme, O.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Beu, A.; Quaet-Faslem, P. (2002). 44(1) 31–39.

  Bei Augmented Reality (AR) handelt es sich um eine neue Technologie, die es gestattet, in das reale Sichtfeld von Benutzern zusätzliche virtuelle Informationen einzublenden. Um neben einer reinen Technikentwicklung auch die zukünftigen Benutzer von Anfang an zu berücksichtigen, wurdeim BMBF-geförderten Leitprojekt ARVIKA die benutzerzentrierte Systemgestaltung als zentraler Bestandteil des Projektes verankert. In diesem Beitrag werden neben der Vorgehensweise beim Usability Engineering im Projekt ARVIKA erste Ergebnisse aus der Evaluationsphase der AR-Benutzerschnittstellen dargestellt. Diese zeigen, dass AR zwar große Potentiale für die Praxis aufweist, jedoch wesentliche Bestandteile der heute gängigen Interaktionskonzepte desktopbasierter Systeme hinsichtlich ihrer AR-Tauglichkeit überarbeitet bzw. vollständig neu gestaltet werden müssen. Neben Problemen mit den bislang entwickelten AR-Benutzerschnittstellen werden Lösungsansätze dargestellt und so die Grundlagen für die Entwicklungen in der zweiten Projektphase aus benutzerzentrierter Sicht gegeben.
• A Cognitive Engineering Approach to Computer Supported Cooperative Design. Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. Luczak, A. E. Çakir, G. Çakir (eds.) (2002). 208–210.

  For the computer support of cooperative engineering design tasks, aspects of individual knowledge representation and team-based, collaborative work are described. In a cognitive engineering approach an analysis of empirical data in conjunction with the theories of shared mental models and awareness are used to derive implied requirements for cooperative design systems.
• Modellbasierte Gestaltung einer multimodalen Benutzungsschnittstelle zur Unterstützung von Greif- und Spannprozessen beim 3D-Laserschweißen. Reuth, R.; Künzer, A.; Boldt, T.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H.; Murrenhoff, H. in Fortschrittberichte VDI, Reihe 22, Mensch-Maschine-Systeme, R. Marzi, V. Karavezyris, H.-H. Erbe, K.-P. Timpe (eds.) (2002). 55–70.

  Die wachsende Komplexität der Arbeitssysteme in der Produktion sowie hohe Produktivitäts- und Qualifikationsanforderungen bezüglich der Prozessfähigkeit von Maschinen erfordern im Zuge der Organisationsentwicklung in der Produktion den Einsatz von rechnerbasierten Hilfesystemen für das Fachpersonal. Neben einer Diagnosefunktionalität solcher Unterstützungssysteme solltenherzu auch Hilfen zur Fehlerprognose sowie Vorschläge zurFehlerbehebung und zum Funktionsumfang eines Störungsdiagnosesystems einschließlich der Möglichkeit des elbst gesteuerten Lernens gehören. Allgemein geht es darum, die Kompetenz des Sytemanwenders als Gestaltungsziel zu berücksichtigen.
• Integral II: A Web-Based E-Learning Approach. Reuth, R.; Gude, D.; Soeding, M.; Schmidt, L. H. Luczak, A. E. Çakir, G. Çakir (eds.) (2002). 119–121.

  An approach for the development of an e-learning platform is presented. Due to highly interacting yet limiting characteristics in terms of personal, legal, organizational, technical and didactical aspects a wholistic approach was chosen. According to this, a detailed requirements analysis was carried out that ends in the formulation of a didactical and software-technical concept for later implementation. A case study is used to illustrate this approach.
• User Interface for a Wearable Augmented Reality Welding System. Park, M.; Canales, C.; Schmidt, L. N. Carbonell, C. Stephanidis (eds.) (2002). 167–174.

  This paper describes the development and evaluation of a graphical user interface for a wearable augmented reality (AR) welding system. The AR-system enables the user to perceive his close environment more precisely than ordinary welding helmets and to receive additional online information about the welding process itself. During the usability test, single icons as well as user interfaces on an industrial PC and on two different head mounted displays - i-glasses video see-through and MicroOptical look-around display - were tested. Various methods were employed for this purpose, such as observation, thinking aloud, interviews and walkthroughs. The results indicated a positive attitude of the users towards the innovative AR-system. The participants expressed their comments and recommendations, which would be considered for further improvements and design of the system.
• Comparison between the Strain Indicator HRV of a Head Based Virtual Retinal Display and LC-Head Mounted Displays for Augmented Reality. Oehme, O.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. H. Luczak, A. E. Çakir, G. Çakir (eds.) (2002). 387–389.

  Augmented Reality uses Head Mounted Displays (HMD) to overlay the real word with additional virtual information. Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD), a new display technology, no longer need Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). The VRD technology addresses the retina directly with a single laser stream of pixels. Empirical studies concerning the user’s informational strain of this new VRD technology are unknown. Various papers have shown, that the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a valid indicator for the user’s informational strain. An empirical test revealed no difference in the user’s HRV between the VRD technology and the LCD technology. Consequently, there seems to be an comparable users informational strain regarding the display types.
• Evaluation eines Augmented Reality User Interfaces für ein binokulares Video See-Through Head Mounted Display. Oehme, O.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Schmidt, L. in VDI-Berichte, V.-G. M.-. und Automatisierungstechnik (ed.) (2002). 35–40.

  Augmented Reality (AR) ist eine junge Technologie, die es zusätzlich zur betrachteten Realität gestattet, situationsgerecht virtuelle Informationen (z.B. Produkt- oder Prozessinformationen) in das Sichtfeld des Betrachters einzublenden. Während der Evaluation eines für den Produktionsbereich entwickelten Prototyps wurde in einem Usability Test das AR-User-Interface-Konzept untersucht und dessen Selbstbeschreibungsfähigkeit festgestellt. Darüber hinaus konnten durch einbeziehung der späteren Anwender wichtige Verbesserungsvorschläge des Systems auf dem Weg zur Praxistauglichkeit erhoben werden, welche die Grundlage für die Entwicklung späterer Systeme darstellen.
• Stress mit Geräten. Luczak, H.; Schmidt, L.; Rötting, M. H. Kowalski (ed.) (2002). 39–55.

  In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Befragung wiedergegeben, die sich mit der Anthopomorphisierung technischer Geräte und dem daraus resultierenden Einfluss auf die Mensch-Technik-Interaktion beschäftigte; dabei wurde ein besonderer Fokus auf die verbale Interaktion zwischen Mensch und technischen Geräten gelegt. Fragestellungen waren beispielsweise: Warum betrachten Personen technische Geräte als menschlich, wann tun sie dies und wie nehmen sie ihre eigenen Dialoge und die Dialoge anderer Personen mit technischen Geräten wahr? Außerdem werden die Korrelationen zwischen dem Grad eines vorhandenen Anthropomorphismus, der Persönlichkeitsstruktur der Befragten, der Angst vor technischen Geräten und der selbsteingeschätzten Kompetenz im Umgang mit ihnen analysiert. Beispielsweise werden Geräte, die als Freund oder Helfer betrachtet werden, weniger unfreundlich behandelt als Geräte, die nur als Werkzeug empfunden werden. Des Weiteren werden Aspekte von Emotionen und Stress im Umgang mit technischen Geräten diskutiert.
• SWOF - an Open Framework for Shared Workspaces to Support Different Cooperation Tasks. Künzer, A.; Röse, K.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. (2002). 21(5) 351–358.

  Computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) allows people to cooperate by computers from different places and in different times. To enable an easier integration of such collaborative components intoweb-based communities and portals, a Shared Workspace Open Frameworks (SWOF) was developed. This framework provides the basic features of shared workspaces and can be customized to different cooperation classes. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to pre-structure the information. Thus, on the one hand the system can help the users to write down the needed information in a consistent way and, on the other, could reduce the arguments between the group members on how to structure their workspace. As a use case for SWOF the development of a Web-based portal for the community of a man-machine interaction was chosen. In the project MMI-Interaktiv, a portal is built with a SWOF-based shared workspace component. An evaluation for this use case is presented.
• Ein integrierter modellbasierter Softwareentwicklungsprozess als Basis für adaptive Benutzerunterstützung. Künzer, A.; Reuth, R.; Schmidt, L. in VDI-Berichte, V.-G. M.-. und Automatisierungstechnik (ed.) (2002). 99–104.

  Bei der Gestaltung einer multimodalen adaptiven Benutzungsschnittstelle zur Steuerung einer autonomen Produktionszelle mit Schwerpunkt auf dem 3D-Laserschweissen, wurde ein modellbasierter Entwicklungsprozess verwendet. Als Basis zur Modellierung der Benutzeraufgaben dienten gefärbte Petrinetze, die um zusätzlich Informationen zur adaptiven Gestaltung erweitert wurden. Eine handlungsgerichtete Benutzerunterstützung verwendet dieses Aufgabenmodell, um den übergeordneten Applikationsfluss zu kontrollieren, während stochastische Verfahren auf der syntaktischen Dialogebene eine detailliertere Handlungsunterstützung geben können.
• Not Seeing the Woods for the Trees - Empirical Studies in Engineering Design. Foltz, C.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. N. I. of Standards, Technology (eds.) (2002). 1–7.

  Since engineering design research widened its view from prescribing to describing design activities, empirical studies have gained more and more importance. However, empirical research is not the "core competence" of engineering design. Therefore, it is useful to apply methods of empirical research developed in social science. Here a brief introduction to those methods is given, followed by two studies concerning information system support in the area of mechanical and chemical engineering. Finally, some general proposals for empirical research in engineering design are given.
• Representing Knowledge for Chemical Process Design Using an Abstraction-Decomposition Space. Foltz, C.; Luczak, H.; Schmidt, L. H. Luczak, A. E. Çakir, G. Çakir (eds.) (2002). 618–620.

  To create new processes or to retrofit existing ones different and party overlapping stages are passed through. Within these stages interrelated models that serve as the basis for decision making are developed and used in different software tools. By using different tools and models, however, it will sometimes be difficult to identify and to memorize dependencies between the models. Thus, the cognitive task performance of a chemical engineer may be impeded. A framework for representing and structuring chemical process design knowledge is presented. This framework illustrates the reasoning space for a chemical engineer involved in process design. Therefore, it supports decision making and can be used to guide the design of appropriate computer support.
• MMI interaktiv - Entwicklung eines föderierten, benutzeradaptiven Web-Portals für die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionsforschung. Bruder, R.; Leuchter, S.; Röse, K.; Schmidt, L.; Urbas, L. Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft e. V. (ed.) (2002). 125–127.

  Mitarbeiter des Zentrums Mensch-Maschine-Systeme (TU Berlin), des Fachgebiets Ergonomie im Design (Uni Essen), des pak-ZMMI (Uni Kaiserslautern) und des Instituts für Arbeitswissenschaft (RWTH Aachen) führen in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Arbeitspsychologie der ETH Zürich bestehende und zu entwickelnde Informationsangebote in einem Web-Portal zusammen und verbinden diese mit einer Kooperationsplattform. Mit dem Web-Portal, das Mitte 2003 in den Betrieb gehen wird, soll der Informationsaustausch und die Zusammenarbeit in Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionsforschung (MMI) unterstützt und weiter verbessert werden. Die Entwicklung wird vom DFN-Verein finanziert. Der Betrieb des Portals wird von einem gemeinnützigen Trägerverein übernommen werden. Im folgenden Bericht werden die Ziele, die den Entwurf des Online-Dienstes geleitet haben, und die Funktionen des Portals anhand seiner Komponenten vorgestellt.
• Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf Indices Revisited. https://usa5starit.com/product/buy-verified-transferwise account/ (24 24-hour Reply/Contact; ➤Email: usa5starit@gmail.com; ➤Skype: @usa5starit; ➤Telegram: @usa5starit1; ➤whatsapp:+1(716)5011667, eds.) (2001). 26(1) 89–104.
• Augmented Reality (AR) for Assembly Processes - an Experimental Evaluation. Wiedenmaier, S.; Oehme, O.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. (2001). 185–186.

  Augmented Reality (AR)-systems systems are often refused by potential users even if their technical performance is good. Their problem is that they are not designed in a user-friendly way. The experience made with an AR-supported assembly scenario has shown that workers have appreciated the AR-supported assembly when some basic usability aspects have been taken into account.
• ARVIKA - Augmented Reality for Development, Production and Service. Friedrich, W.; Jahn, D.; Schmidt, L. D. P. des B. für Informationstechnik (ed.) (2001). 79–89.

  Augmented Reality (AR) is a form of human-machine interaction where information is presented in the field of view of an individual e. g. through a head mounted display, thus augmenting his or her perception of reality. This occurs in a context-sensitive manner, i. e. in accordance with and derived from the observed object, such as a part, tool or machine, or his or her location. In this way, the real-world field of view of a skilled worker, technician or design engineer is augmented with superimposed notes to present information that is relevant to this individual. ARVIKA develops this technology or applications in the fields of design, production, and service in the automotive and aerospace industries, for power and processing plants and for machine tools and production machinery. This technology offers special dimensions for mid-sized enterprises that can leverage an improved diagnostic and maintenance competence to increase their flexibility and efficiency, thereby strengthening their global competitive position. ARVIKA is primarily designed to implement an Augmented Reality system for mobile use in industrial applications. This article presents the milestones that have been achieved after a project duration of a full two years: A basic system for Augmented Reality systems was developed based on a specially designed software architecture. Initial application-specific prototypes have been created on this basis and have been evaluated in usability tests. The solutions that can be demonstrated today indicate a good progress of the project in terms of the basic technologies such as Augmented Reality (marker-based tracking), human machine interaction as well as the AR-oriented information delivery and workflow, but they also show the challenges for further development. Significant improvements that need to be achieved during the second phase of the project include markerless tracking, the engineering e. g. of product models and AR scenes and the availability of documents that can be used in AR.
• Mastering the Art of Auction Bidding. White, Jonny (2001). 26(1) 89–104.
• Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf Indices Revisited. https://usa5starit.com/product/buy-old-gmail accounts/ (W. V. N.-C. the link: athttps://usa5starit.com/; ➤If you want to more information just contact now.; 24 24-hour Reply/Contact; ➤Email: usa5starit@gmail.com; ➤Skype: @usa5starit; ➤Telegram: @usa5starit1; ➤whatsapp:+1(716)5011667, eds.) (2001). 26(1) 89–104.
• BMB+F Projekt TEREBES wird Schweißprozesse mit Augmented Reality unterstützen. Schmidt, L.; Canales, C.; Wiedenmaier, S. (2001). (2) 9.

  Das Projekt TEREBES (Tragbares Erweitertes Realitäts-System zur Beobachtung von Schweißprozessen) wird vom BMB+F gefördert und gemeinsam mit dem Institut für Automatisierungstechnik der Universität Bremen, der EWM Hightech Welding GmbH in Mündersbach, der Optrel AG in Wattwil (CH) sowie der Lürssen Werft GmbH & Co in Bremen durchgeführt.
• "MMI-Interaktiv" entwirft Netzdienste für das wissenschaftliche Informationswesen. Schmidt, L.; Künzer, A. (2001). (3) 9.

  "MMI-Interaktiv" baut ein Kooperations- und Informations-Portal für die Gemeinschaft der MMI-Wissenschaftler auf. Es wird vom Deutschen Forschungsnetz (DFN) gefördert und mit dem Fachgebiet Design der Uni Essen, dem Lehrstuhl für Produktionsautomatisierung (pak) der Universität Kaiserslautern, dem Zentrum Mensch-Maschine-Systeme (ZMMS) der TU-Berlin und dem Institut für Arbeitspsychologie (IfAP) der ETH-Zürich durchgeführt.
• Palaver - Talking to Technical Devices. Luczak, H.; Rötting, M.; Schmidt, L. M. Helander, H. M. Khalid, T. M. Po (eds.) (2001). 349–355 *** Best Paper Award ***.

  This study is concerned with the anthropomorphization of technical devices and the resulting influence on human-machine interaction; a special focus is laid on the verbal interaction between human and machine. Further, the correlational dependencies between the amount of shown anthropomorphism, the subjects' personality structure and the fear of technical devices will be analyzed. Finally, the findings are discussed in the context of emotion at work and the usability of technical devices.
• Vernetzt, schnell und erfolgreich: Wettbewerbsvorteile durch computergestützte Zusammenarbeit. Schmidt, L. (2001).
• Sie liebten und sie schlugen ihn - Vom Stress mit dem PC und anderen Geräten. Schmidt, L. (2001). (2) 5–8.

  In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer Befragung wiedergegeben, die sich mit der Vermenschlichung (Anthropomorphisierung) technischer Geräte und dem daraus resultierenden Einfluss auf die Mensch-Technik-Interaktion beschäftigt; dabei wurde ein besonderer Fokus auf das Sprechen des Menschen mit dem technischen Gerät gelegt. Des Weiteren werden Aspekte von Emotionen und Stress im Umgang mit technischen Geräten diskutiert.
• Empirical Studies on an Augmented Reality User Interface for a Head Based Virtual Retinal Display. Oehme, O.; Wiedenmaier, S.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. M. J. Smith, G. Salvendy (eds.) (2001). 1026–1030.

  Numerous experimental studies on the design of user interfaces of common desktop monitors exist, whereas empirical studies concerning the design of an Augmented Reality user interface are unknown. Therefore, recommendations relating to the optimal representation size of virtual information for an head mounted display with see through mode, which is used for Augmented Reality, cannot be given at the moment. In order to apply this new technology successfully to an industrial area, such information is urgently necessary. For this reason, three different kinds of displays were tested in this study regarding human information perception. Thus, the smallest target size necessary to provide successful information processing could be determined for different tasks. This study gives exemplary results obtained through tests with the prototype of a "Virtual Retinal Display".
• Ergonomics of CAD Systems. Luczak, H.; Springer, J.; Schmidt, L. W. Karwowski (ed.) (2001). 663–667.

  This article deals with solving the problems of implementation of CAD systems in design departments. One reason for a lack of efficiency of design processes is that the users do not take full advantage of the function capacities. In order to overcome the poor performance in the production of technical drawings, CAD systems need improvements in their suitability for task requirements and their ability to adapt different user qualifications.
• Task and Information Modeling for Cooperative Work. Foltz, C.; Killich, S.; Wolf, M.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. M. J. Smith, G. Salvendy (eds.) (2001). 172–176.

  Modern work systems are characterized by many persons being involved and the common use of computer systems to support them. Particularly with regard to product development, organizational paradigms like Concurrent Engineering (Pennell \& Winner, 1989) enhance this trend. Therefore, task and information modeling for cooperative work are important for the design of work systems. In this paper, the further development of the C3modeling technique (Luczak et al., 1999; Killich et al., 1999) and ist application to chemical process development is presented.
• Eine empirische Untersuchung zur Modellierung von Handlungsvorhersagen mit Hilfe dynamischer Bayes-Netze. Künzer, A.; Schlick, C.; Ohmann, F.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. K.-P. Gärtner, M. Grandt (eds.) (2001). 147–164.

  Mehrere dynamische Bayes-Netze mit unterschiedlichen Topologien werden in Bezug auf die Modellierung von Handlungsvorhersagen evaluiert: (1) Markov-Kette erster Ordnung, (2) Hiden-Markov-Modell, (3) autoregressives Hidden-Markov-Modell, (4) faktorielles Hidden-Markov-Modell, (5) einfach-hierarchisches Hidden-Markov-Modell und (6) baumstrukturiertes Hidden-Markov-Modell. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, mit Hilfe einer Interaktionsaufgabe die stochastischen Modelle hinsichtlich der Vorhersagegenauigkeit des regelbasierten Interaktionsverhaltens vergleichend zu bewerten. Es wird das Fallbeispiel einer multimodalen Benutzungsschnittstelle zur Steuerung einer autonomen Produktionszelle herangezogen. Um eine geeignete Datenbasis zu schaffen, wurde eine Reihe erfahrener Nutzer beobachtet, während sieeine typische Aufgabe ausführten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anzahl der Benutzerbeobachtungen einen hohen Einffluss auf die Vorhersagequalität hat. Bei wenigen Benutzerbeobachtungen gibt es keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Vorhersagegenauigkeit von Markov-Ketten erster Ordnung, faktoriellen oder baumstrukturierten Hidden-Markov-Modellen.
• An Empirical Study of Dynamic Bayesian Networks for User Modeling. Künzer, A.; Schlick, C.; Ohmann, F.; Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. R. Schäfer, M. E. Müller, S. A. Macskassy (eds.) (2001). 1–10.

  Six topologies of dynamic Bayesian Networks are evaluated for predicting the future user events: (1) Markov Chain of order 1, (2) Hidden Markov Model, (3) autoregressive Hidden Markov Model, (4) factorial Hidden Markov Model, (5) simple hierarchical Hidden Markov Model and (6) tree structured Hidden Markov Model. Goal of the investigation is to evaluate, which of these models has the best fit for modeling the prediction of rule-based interaction behaviour for a real domain. Case study of the experiments is a multimodal user interface for supervisory control of advanced manufacturing cells. A group of experienced users were observed while executing a typical task, to build a data analysis basis for the evaluation. The results show that the number of user cases has high influence on the prediction quality and that there are no significant differences in using Markov Chain of order 1, factorial or tree structured Hidden Markov Models.
• A New Approach to Computer-Supported Systematic Design - an Empirical Study. Schmidt, L.; Düsselmann, S.; Schlick, C.; Tegel, O.; Luczak, H. (2000). 44–48.

  In order to support design problem solving in every phase of the design process a concept of a complete and unambiguous structure for knowledge representation and design tool selection is introduced. Based on a design example this concept has been implemented as a software prototype. Results of an empirical investigation on the use of the prototype are given and implications for a more effective and efficient IT-concept to support the data-based work during process of product development are derived.
• Knowledge Representation for Engineering Design Based on a Cognitive Model. Schmidt, L.; Luczak, H. (2000). 623–626.

  For the computer-support of knowledge-based human information processing, it is necessary to look at the representation of the information as well as designing an appropriate interface considering the ergonomics of human-computer interaction. Related to the established methodology for the design of technical systems, the cognitive model of an abstraction hierarchy was used as a framework for a task-appropriate knowledge representation in every phase of the design process. Based on a design task from the field of mechanical engineering, this concept was implemented as a software prototype. In an empirical study the practical applicability and usefulness of this concept was investigated. Trajectories of design problem solving were recorded and analyzed.
• Vinod goenka goenka, Vinod (V. goenka, ed.) (2000).
• IPL Betting ID| IPL Cricket ID. 247bettingid (2000).
• Entwurf und Implementierung einer ergonomischen Statusanzeige für einen kardiochirurgischen Anästhesiearbeitsplatz. Schmidt, L. (1997).

  In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden auf der Grundlage eines qualitativen Modells anästhesiologischer Entscheidungs- und Handlungsprozesse der Entwurf und die Implementierung einer ergonomischen Statusanzeige für einen intraoperativen, kardiochirurgischen Anästhesiearbeitsplatz beschrieben. Die Entwicklung eines Konzeptes ging dabei von der Analyse der Funktionen und der daraus resultierenden Aufgaben des Anästhesisten aus, um anhand derer konkrete Ansatzpunkte für Optimierungsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren, und zwar sowohl bei der räumlich-physischen Gestaltung der Arbeitsumgebung als auch - und hier lag der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit - in bezug auf das erforderliche Daten- und Informationsmanagement.
• Statistical analysis of reliability data Crowder, Martin J.; Kimber, A. C.; Smith, R. L.; Sweeting, T. J. (1991). (First ) Chapman & Hall, London.
• Statistics for technology: a course in applied statistics Chatfield, Chris (1983). Chapman & Hall, London.
• An algorithm for finding a fundamental set of cycles of a graph. Paton, Keith (1969). 12(9) 514–518.

  A fast method is presented for finding a fundamental set of cycles for an undirected finite graph. A spanning tree is grown and the vertices examined in turn, unexamined vertices being stored in a pushdown list to await examination. One stage in the process is to take the top element v of the pushdown list and examine it, i.e. inspect all those edges (v, z) of the graph for which z has not yet been examined. If z is already in the tree, a fundamental cycle is added; if not, the edge (v, z) is placed in the tree. There is exactly one such stage for each of the n vertices of the graph. For large n, the store required increases as n2 and the time as nγ where γ depends on the type of graph involved. γ is bounded below by 2 and above by 3, and it is shown that both bounds are attained. In terms of storage our algorithm is similar to that of Gotlieb and Corneil and superior to that of Welch; in terms of speed it is similar to that of Welch and superior to that of Gotlieb and Corneil. Tests show our algorithm to be remarkably efficient (γ = 2) on random graphs.