Das L3S ist ein Forschungszentrum für grundlagen- und anwendungsorientierte Forschung im Bereich Digitale Transformation sowie Data- und Web-Science. L3S-Forscher entwickeln zukunftsweisende Methoden und Informationstechnologien für intelligente, zuverlässige und verantwortungsvolle Systeme, welche zur Gestaltung der digitalen Transformation und zur nachhaltigen Innovation beitragen. Der Wissentransfer in Wirtschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft bildet einen zentralen Baustein der Aktivitäten des L3S.

Das L3S erforscht die Auswirkungen des digitalen Wandels, um aus den Erkenntnissen Handlungsoptionen, -empfehlungen sowie Innovationsstrategien für die Wirtschaft, die Politik und Gesellschaft herzuleiten. Durch Forschung, Entwicklung und Beratung trägt das L3S gemeinsam mit seinen Partnern zur digitalen Transformation insbesondere in den Bereichen Mobilität, Gesundheit, Produktion und Bildung bei.

Das L3S ist eine gemeinsame Einrichtung der Leibniz Universität Hannover und der Technischen Universität Braunschweig mit rund 150 Wissenschaftlern aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen an Universitäten und einem Leibniz-Institut (der TIB). Das aktuelle jährliche Drittmittelvolumen des L3S beträgt etwa 6 Mio. Euro, Niedersachsen fördert das L3S zusätzlich mit jährlich etwa 2 Mio. Euro. Das L3S wurde 2011 und 2014 vom Wissenschaftsrat als exzellente Einrichtung evaluiert, führend im Bereich Web Science.

• Agentic AI promises value for financial services. Yet none of the 16 organizations in our study has deployed a productive multi-agent system. All anticipate this shift. We therefore frame our study as an analysis of how regulated organizations prepare for agentic AI. Drawing on affordance theory and Leonardi's concept of imbrication, we analyze 16 interviews with senior leaders in German insurance companies and banks using Gioia methodology. We identify two patterns. In fragmentary imbrication, organizations deploy agents as standalone solutions, accumulating systems that do not compose. In anticipatory imbrication, organizations build shared infrastructure before multi-agent use cases demand it. The decisive factor is not technology but organizational history: prior transformations through Lean, Data Science, or Robotic Process Automation determine whether organizations can prepare proactively or must build everything at once. We contribute a process model of organizational preparation for agentic AI and four practical recommendations for CIOs and transformation leaders.
• Global crises and persistent uncertainty have exposed the vulnerability of supply chains. Procurement departments, traditionally focused on cost optimization, are increasingly required to act as strategic orchestrators of supply chains. This paper examines a data-driven transformation within a European automotive procurement department, revealing how contextual frictions and organizational realities shape transformation outcomes. Based on a qualitative case study, our findings show that poor internal data quality, limited access to external supply chain data, multiple operational challenges from recurring disruptions, shortages or supplier insolvencies and insufficient institutionalization of data-driven activities critically impede the value realization of data-driven transformations. Building on these findings, we propose six actionable recommendations that address the identified barriers and position procurement as both a catalyst for effective data management and a strategic enabler of data-driven supply chains. Key best practices include structured data negotiation with suppliers, embedded qualification programs and sustained leadership engagement to foster a data-driven mindset. The study contributes to information systems research by advancing a domain-specific understanding of data-driven transformation and highlighting procurement as a strategic enabler of intelligent, data-based decision-making under conditions of crisis and uncertainty. Our findings provide actionable guidance for procurement practitioners and their data-driven activities.
• THE ROLE OF NATIONAL INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGY IN FORMING THE QUALITIES OF A PERFECT YOUNG GENERATION. ogli, Olimova Dono Shakirovna | Abdullayev Khislatjon Maxsud (2026). 4(2) 10–16.

  This article examines the role and significance of national innovative pedagogical technology in shaping the qualities of a perfect young generation. The study analyzes innovative approaches aimed at preserving and developing national values within pedagogical processes. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of modern pedagogical technologies in fostering the spiritual, intellectual, and social development of youth. The article defines the concept of national innovative pedagogical technology and analyzes its role and effectiveness in nurturing a well-rounded personality.
• An Analysis of the Relationship between School Support and Inclusive Teaching Strategies. DevEdD, Cherry Grace V Reyes MAED Regina E Sitoy; PhD, Reylan G Capuno PhD DevEdD Julius Taghoy; PhD, Raymond C Espina PhD DevEdD Irene O Mamites; DevEd, Janine Joy L Tenerife (2026). 4(1) 164–195.

  This study examined the relationship between perceived school support and the implementation of inclusive education among teachers at Lagtang Elementary School during the 2025–2026 school year, serving as the basis for a proposed Action Plan. It analyzed the demographic profile of the teachers, including age, gender, educational attainment, length of service, and teaching position, and assessed their perceptions of school support and the extent to which inclusive education was applied in classrooms. Data were collected using a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed through descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, and weighted mean, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed to determine the relationship between perceived school support and inclusive education implementation. Findings revealed that the majority of the teachers were female and mid-career professionals with varying levels of academic qualifications. Teachers generally perceived that their school provided adequate support for inclusive education, particularly in areas such as administrative guidance and availability of resources. Inclusive education was frequently implemented, with notable practices including fair and inclusive assessments, involvement of parents in student learning, provision of personalized academic and emotional support, and integration of assistive technology. However, correlation analysis indicated a negligible and non-significant relationship between perceived school support and the extent of inclusive education implementation, suggesting that other factors, such as teacher competence, motivation, and prior experience, played a more critical role in effective inclusion. Based on these findings, the study recommended the use of an Action Plan to strengthen school support systems and guide teachers in consistently implementing inclusive practices.
• Examining the Correlation between School Support and Teachers’ Implementation of Inclusive Education. DevEdD, Elvin A Talipan Maed Janine Joy L Tenerife DevEdD Regina E Sitoy; Reylan G Capuno PhD, DevEdD Julius Taghoy Ph D; PhD, Raymond C Espina PhD DevEdD Irene O Mamites (2026). 4(1) 196–223.

  This study investigated the relationship between teachers perceived school support and their implementation of inclusive education at Alaska Night High School during the 2025–2026 school year, serving as the basis for a proposed Action Plan. The demographic characteristics of the respondents—including age, gender, educational attainment, length of service, and teaching position—were collected to provide context for interpreting the findings. Data were gathered using a structured survey that assessed teachers’ perceptions of school support and the extent to which inclusive education practices were applied in classrooms. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency counts, percentages, and weighted means, were used to analyze levels of support and implementation, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient was employed to determine the significance of the relationship between the two variables. Findings revealed that the teaching workforce was predominantly female and young, with most teachers holding a bachelor’s degree and occupying lower to mid-level positions. Teachers reported strong school support, particularly in areas such as access to training programs, collaboration with SPED specialists, and administrative encouragement for inclusive practices. The extent of implementation of inclusive education was high, with teachers regularly modifying instruction, differentiating lessons, involving parents, adapting classroom setups, and providing individualized support. Correlation analysis indicated a strong positive and statistically significant relationship between perceived school support and inclusive education implementation, The study concluded that school support plays a crucial role in enhancing teachers’ inclusive practices. It is recommended that Alaska Night High School develop and implement an Action Plan to further strengthen school support, ensuring the sustained and effective application of inclusive education strategies.
• Difficulties in Translating Synecdoche in the Glorious Qur’an into English. Mohammed, Ahmed Ismaeel (2026). 4(1) 224–230.

  The aim of this study is placing the assessment of tricky challenges in the translation of synecdoche (الْمَجَازُ الْمُرْسَلُ) in the Magnificent Qur’an into English. As one of the main devices of rhetoric in the quran, synecdoche calls for deep semantic compression and theological implications. There are some difficulties in translating it because English language consists of some difficulties owing to some strange linguistic composition. In this study, some magnificent verses of the holy quran were selected to compare and evaluate the major English translations, (e.g., Pickthall, Yusuf Ali, Sahih International, Abdel Haleem), the study claims some major areas of disagreement, ambiguous interpretation, and theoretical sensitivities. Venuti’s theory of foreignization and domestication, was the main part of the framework. It contends that while the accurate equivalence cannot be achived, uttermost awareness of rhetorical principles in classical Tafsir, the need for explanatory tools is carefully applied to enhance both the accuracy and the clear fidelity for Quranic translation. The results underscore the significance of handling synecdoche not as a problem but as an essential channel for conveying the Quran’s inimitable eloquence to assess.
• Deployment of Artificial Intelligence for Enhancing Monitoring and Evaluation of Schools in Nigeria: Challenges and Solutions. Nwankwo Nkechi Chinelo, PhD (2026). 4(1) 231–239.

  The effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of schools is a critical component of ensuring quality education, accountability, and optimal resource utilization in Nigeria. Traditional M&E methods have often been constrained by inefficiencies such as delayed data collection, inaccurate reporting, limited analytical capacity, and inadequate coverage of educational institutions, particularly in rural and underserved areas. In recent years, the deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative approach to address these limitations, offering the potential to revolutionize how educational data is collected, analyzed, and applied for decision-making. This study examines the prospects, challenges, and policy implications of integrating AI into the M&E processes of Nigerian schools. The prospects of AI include real-time data capture and analysis, improved accuracy and reliability of school information, predictive analytics for proactive planning, personalized interventions for underperforming schools, and enhanced stakeholder engagement through data-driven insights. Despite these opportunities, the deployment of AI in the Nigerian education sector faces significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited technical expertise, high implementation costs, fragmented data systems, ethical and privacy concerns, and the absence of comprehensive legal and regulatory frameworks. The study underscores the need for robust policies that promote infrastructure development, capacity building, data standardization, ethical governance, and sustainable financing to facilitate effective AI integration. By highlighting both the potential benefits and the constraints, this study provides actionable insights for policymakers, education administrators, and development partners seeking to leverage AI to strengthen school monitoring and evaluation, improve educational outcomes, and enhance accountability in Nigeria’s education system
• Multimedia Integration in Science Instruction: Proficiency Training Plan. Ph.D, Rowena B Lascoña Rufino T Tudlasan Jr (2026). 4(1) 240–276.

  This study assessed the extent of multimedia integration among science teachers of Bayongan Elementary School, San Miguel District, Division of Bohol for the School Year 2025–2026. Specifically, it examined the teachers’ demographic and professional profiles—including age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, years of service, and related trainings—as well as the learners’ age and gender. The study also determined the extent of teachers’ utilization of multimedia instructional tools in terms of text, graphic, audio, video, and interactive media, and explored their perceptions of multimedia integration in the instructional, communication, organizational, analytical, and expansive domains. A descriptive–correlational research design was employed using an adapted and modified questionnaire as the main data-gathering instrument. Findings revealed that most teachers were female, aged 41–50 years, married, bachelor’s degree holders, with 16–20 years of teaching experience, and had attended division-level trainings. The majority of learners were 10 years old and female. Results showed that multimedia instructional tools were utilized to a great extent, with audio and graphic tools being the most frequently used, followed by text, video, and interactive media. Teachers demonstrated positive perceptions toward multimedia integration, recognizing its effectiveness in enhancing instruction, communication, organization, and analytical and expansive thinking skills. A significant correlation was found between the extent of multimedia integration and learners’ proficiency in science. Challenges identified included limited access to technology, inadequate teacher training, technical issues, time constraints, inequities, maintenance and sustainability concerns, poor internet connectivity, teacher resistance, assessment difficulties, and student distractions. The study concludes that greater multimedia integration is significantly associated with higher learner proficiency in science. It is recommended that a multimedia digital training plan be implemented in School Year 2026–2027 to further strengthen teachers’ capacity for effective multimedia integration.
• Towards Design Pattern For Common Ground In Human-Artificial Intelligence Interaction. Tolzin, Antonia; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2026).

  Although conversational artificial intelligence systems are becoming more prevalent, interactions often suffer from misunderstandings, misalignments, and overreliance. We interpret these issues as a breakdown of ‘common ground’: the shared knowledge, beliefs and assumptions that facilitate successful communication. This paper takes a design science research approach to develop theory-based design patterns to help designers build common ground in human-AI interactions. A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize five common ground mechanisms. Based on this, we derived five preliminary design patterns that structure recurring contexts, problems, forces, solutions, and consequences. To increase confidence in the maturity and usability of the design patterns, an expert evaluation was conducted. Based on the results, we identified four main changes, which informed the systematic refinement of the design patterns. The resulting pattern set provides intermediate design knowledge to support information systems designers in translating specialized insights on common ground into concrete features for human-AI interactions.
• Examining the Link Between Teaching Competence and Reading Performance of Grade 6 Learners. Jucil M. Sundo, Rufino T. Tudlasan. Jr. Ph.D. (2026). 4(1) 277–318.

  This research examined the relationship between the supervisory practices of school heads and the teaching–learning performance of the teachers in Subangdaku Elementary School in School Year 2024 -2025. Specifically, it sought to determine the respondents’ demographic profiles, the extent of school heads’ supervisory practices, the level of teachers’ teaching–learning performance, and the significance of their relationship. The study employed a descriptive correlational research design with school heads and teachers as respondents. Data were gathered through a structured survey questionnaire and analyzed using the weighted mean and t-test. Findings revealed that most respondents were females aged 31 – 40 years, married, and master’s degree holders with 11 – 15 years of service. Supervisory practices were highly implemented across five domains, namely, Classroom Observation, Post-Observation Feedback and Coaching, Professional Development and Training Support, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Lesson Planning and Preparation, with Classroom Observation obtaining the highest mean. Teachers likewise demonstrated a high level of teaching–learning performance, particularly in Learner Engagement, while Lesson Planning and Preparation received the lowest mean. Results showed a significant relationship between supervisory practices and teaching–learning performance, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Based on these findings, a Supervisory Practices in Teaching–Learning Enhancement Plan was developed to strengthen developmental supervision, improve instructional planning, and sustain professional growth among teachers. It was recommended that the proposed plan be adopted to guide school heads in promoting effective supervision, institutionalizing continuous professional development, and enhancing instructional quality toward improved learning outcomes in basic education.
• The Role of Collaboration and Peer Support in Predicting Teachers’ Readiness for Inclusion. Maed, Eden Y Vitor; Lilibeth C Pinili, DevEd.D; Regina E Sitoy, Dev.Ed.D.; PhD, Reylan G Capuno Dev.Ed.D; DevEd.D, Raymond C Espina Ph.D; Honorio C Anora, DevEdD; PhD, Marjorie B Añero (2026). 4(1) 361–395.

  This study determined the role of collaboration and peer support in predicting teachers’ readiness for inclusive education at Ramon Duterte Memorial National High School, Cebu City Division, during the School Year 2025–2026. It specifically evaluated the level of collaboration, peer support, and teachers' preparedness for inclusion, while also investigating the correlations between collaboration and preparedness, as well as peer support and preparedness. The study utilized a descriptive–correlational quantitative research design and employed a complete enumeration sampling technique with eighty-five (85) teachers as respondents. The main tool for collecting data was a validated survey questionnaire. The statistical tools used were frequency count, percentage, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed that the level of collaboration among teachers was very high, the level of peer support was very high, and the level of teachers’ readiness for inclusive education was high. Results further showed that there was a significant relationship between collaboration and teachers’ readiness for inclusive education, and a significant relationship between peer support and teachers’ readiness for inclusive education, with peer support emerging as the stronger predictor. Collaborating and receiving peer support have proved to make great contributions to teachers' preparedness for inclusive education. Finally, schools need to enhance structured collaborative practices, peer mentoring, and capacity-building programs in order to further augment the preparedness of teachers toward inclusive education.
• Analyzing Language Politeness Strategies in Cross- Cultural Communication. Al azzawi, Wid Wajdi (2026). 4(1) 396–405.

  In this paper, we explore the linguistic and pragmatic competence in the discourse of the participants by analyzing their utterances during an English lecture. The data were naturally collected from real classroom teaching and learning in a high school, and were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The unit of analysis was politeness strategies, distribution of turn-taking, redressive patterns, hesitation, and pragmatic failures. Results indicate that requests for clarification were largely realized by the use of polite and indirect forms, thus readers can infer that participants were sensitive to social norms and to face saving strategies. But some participants gave direct or minimal answers, suggesting differences in pragmatic skills and degree of confidence. Fillers and hesitations were also strategically employed to manage the interaction and to be polite. Isolated pragmatic errors highlighted the divide between what students know grammatically and how they can use English appropriately in academic environments. Overall, the results imply that although the participants have a basic level of communicative competence, further instruction in pragmatic strategies might contribute to their ability to participate in academic interaction.
• Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Sage (Salvia officinalis) and Yeast on Egg Sensory Quality and Internal Organ Characteristics of ISA Brown Laying Hens. Mohamed, Mohammed Hasib (2026). 4(1) 9–15.

  The paper analyzed how dietary supplementation with sage (Salvia officinalis) powder and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) affect the sensory properties of eggs and internal organ growth of internal organs in ISA Brown laying hens. A total of 112 hens between 60 weeks of age received eight dietary treatments comprising of a control diet, yeast supplementation and the different levels of sage powder (0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 percent) individually and in combination. Evaluations were done in egg sensory characteristics and internal organ relative weight. The findings showed no statistically significant differences (P >0.05) between the treatments of most of the egg sensory attributes implying that the addition of sage and yeast did not have a negative impact on the sensory quality of eggs. There were some slight differences in the scores of the texture but they were within acceptable range. In addition, dietary treatments failed to have a strong influence on the relative weight of the internal organs. Therefore, the use of sage (Salvia officinalis) powder alone or in conjunction with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) can be safely added to the diet of laying hens without causing any harmful effects on the sensory properties of eggs and the development of their internal organs.
• Orthodontic Management of Mesial Occlusion in Mixed Dentition Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. Akramovich, Yuldashev Temurkhon (2026). 4(1) 1–8.

  The orthodontic management of mesial occlusion in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) during the mixed dentition period presents distinct clinical challenges due to the complex craniofacial and dental disturbances associated with this congenital condition. UCLP commonly manifests with Class III malocclusion, maxillary transverse deficiency, delayed or ectopic tooth eruption, and dental arch asymmetry, all of which require carefully tailored orthodontic interventions during the critical developmental window of mixed dentition (approximately 6–12 years of age) to achieve optimal functional and esthetic outcomes. Beyond its anatomical implications, UCLP significantly affects oral functions such as mastication and speech and may also exert a negative psychosocial impact. Visible facial and dental discrepancies can influence self-esteem, social interaction, and overall psychological well-being in affected children. Orthodontic treatment in UCLP patients aims not only to correct dental malocclusions but also to facilitate proper maxillary alignment in preparation for subsequent surgical procedures, particularly alveolar bone grafting. Treatment protocols often incorporate early interceptive measures to address developing dental anomalies, followed by comprehensive orthodontic strategies designed to manage both skeletal and dentoalveolar discrepancies. Accurate assessment of craniofacial growth and dental development is essential for effective treatment planning. Diagnostic tools such as cephalometric analysis and radiographic imaging play a crucial role in formulating individualized orthodontic strategies that correspond with each patient’s unique growth pattern and developmental stage. Despite the documented benefits of early orthodontic intervention, determining the optimal timing and scope of treatment remains complex and highly dependent on cleft severity and associated dental anomalies. While several studies report favorable outcomes with early orthodontic management, others indicate limited effectiveness prior to surgical correction, underscoring the importance of continuous evaluation and personalized treatment planning.
• Dietary Supplementation of Arugula (Eruca sativa) and Ginger: Effects on Egg Sensory Quality, Carcass Characteristics, and Reproductive Traits in Laying Hens. Husham Jaafar Musa Albayati, Shahla Fathola Hassan (2026). 4(1) 16–22.

  The current research was conducted in an attempt to determine the impact of dietary enrichment of Eruca sative and ginger on egg formation, carcass structure, and reproductive performance of laying hens. Eighty four visceral ISA Brown laying hens (24 weeks old) were randomly assigned in a complete-block trial to seven dietary treatments. They included a basal control diet, diet containing 0.1 or 0.2 ginger as diet supplements, diet containing 0.1 or 0.2 arugula as diets supplements, and a diet containing arugula and ginger at 0.1 or 0.2 as diet supplements. The quality of eggs was measured in a nine-point hedonic scale that measured the appearance, colour, odour, flavour, colourfulness, and oxygenity. At the end of the experiment, carrass parameters, organ weights, and productive tract parameters were measured, but also reproductive parameters like the weight of ovarian, oviductal, and follicular weight were recorded. The findings showed that arugula and ginger supplementation did not result in any significant changes on the most carcass traits (P > 0.05), but there were differences in abdominal fat deposition and weights of the chosen body organs (P < 0.05). The influence on the measured reproductive parameters was not determined as significant. To sum up, arugula and ginger dietary supplementation have no negative impact on laying hens. It has no adverse effect on the sensory quality and reproductive performance of eggs, but can affect certain carcass and metabolic characteristics.
• Роль Кетодиеты При Болезни Паркинсона И Ее Применение У Пациентов. Кизи, Бафоева Зарина Бахтиёр (2026). 4(1) 44–46.

  В данной статье исследуется клиническая и функциональная эффективность диетотерапии у пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона. Всего в исследовании приняли участие 65 пациентов, разделенных на две группы: одна получала индивидуальное диетическое лечение, а другая служила контрольной группой без диетического вмешательства. Результаты, основанные на шкале UPDRS, желудочно-кишечных симптомах, опроснике качества жизни SF-36 и потреблении антиоксидантов, показали, что в группе диетического вмешательства наблюдалось значительное улучшение симптомов, пищеварительной функции и качества жизни. Диетотерапия признана ценным дополнением к обычным стратегиям лечения болезни Паркинсона.
• SARSABIL – ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS O’SIMLIGINING BIOLOGIK O’RGANILISHI. Marjona, Jo‘ramurodova (2026). 4(1) 47–54.

  Maqolada noan’anaviy sabazavot sarsabil o’simligi, uni o’stirish texnologiyasi, xususiyatlari, urug‘dan ko‘paytish texnologiyasi, parvarilishi, sug‘orish va shu kabi boshqa ko‘plab ma’lumotlar tadqiq etilgan.Sarsabil nafaqat inson iste’moli, balki shifobaxsh xususiyatlari uchun ham madaniylashtirilgan beri qimmatli sabzavot bo„lib kelmoqda. Hozirgi vaqtda yangi (barra), konservalangan va muzlatilgan sarsabil mahsulotlariga bo„lgan talabning ortishi tufayli barcha qit’alarda uni yetishtirish hamda ekilgan maydonning barqaror o‘sishi kuzatilmoqda. Sarsabil yuqori parhez qiymati va yilning birinchi yarmida bozorda yangi sabzavotlar tanqisligida mavjudligi tufayli yuqori ozuqaviy va iqtisodiy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan sabzavot hisoblanadi. Kalit so’zlar: quruq iqlimli mintaqalarda, sporalar, substrat, nihollar, dorivor sarsabil (sparja), uy sharoitida faqat manzarali o‘simlik sifatida, sarsabil pashshasi, barg qo‘ng‘izi, shiralar, oranjereya tripslari.
• Spermatozoidlarning Morfologik Xususiyatlarini Laborator Sharoitda Aniqlash Va Baholash Metodlari. Allamuratova Miyasar Kuralbay qizi, Kurbanova Z. Ch (2026). 4(1) 55–58.

  Ushbu maqolada spermatozoidlarning morfologik xususiyatlarini laborator sharoitda aniqlash va baholashga oid zamonaviy metodlar yoritiladi. Reproduktiv salomatlikni baholashda spermatozoid shakli, tuzilishi va strukturaviy nuqsonlarini aniqlash muhim diagnostik ahamiyatga ega. Tadqiqotda yengil mikroskopiya asosidagi klassik usullar, Kruger mezonlari bo‘yicha strikt morfologik baholash, shuningdek, faza-kontrast mikroskopiya, differensial bo‘yash usullari va kompyuterlashtirilgan sperma tahlili (CASA) texnologiyalarining qo‘llanish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Har bir metodning afzalliklari, chegaralari, diagnostik aniqligi va klinik qo‘llash samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Maqola erkak bepushtligini aniqlashda morfologik ko‘rsatkichlarning o‘rni va ularni to‘g‘ri talqin qilishning reproduktiv tibbiyotdagi ahamiyatini yoritishga qaratilgan.
• Болаларда Ёш Ва Қизамиқ Касаллигига Чалиниш Эҳтимоли Ўртасидаги Боғланишни Тадқиқ Қилиш. Б, Сайфутдинова З А Зайнуддинова А И Курбанова З Ч Ахмедова Д (2026). 4(1) 59–61.

  Бу тадқиқотнинг мақсади – қизамиқ касаллигига чалинган болалар ёши ва соғлом болалар ёши ўртасидаги фарқларни тадқиқ қилиш, шунингдек, ёшнинг касалликка чалиниш хавфи ва соғлом қолиш эҳтимоли билан боғлиқлигини аниқлаш. Тадқиқот натижалари шуни кўрсатдики, қизамиқ касаллигига чалинган болалар ўртача ёши соғлом болаларга нисбатан пастроқ. Қизамиқ касаллиги вируси тарқалишининг ёшга боғлиқлиги, мактабгача ва бошланғич мактаб ёшидаги болаларнинг вирусга чалиниш эҳтимоли юқори эканлигини аниқлади. Шунингдек, тадқиқот натижалари ёш болалар учун вакцинация ва профилактика дастурларининг аҳамиятини таъкидлайди. Тадқиқот ёшнинг касалликка чалиниш хавфи билан бевосита боғлиқ эканлигини кўрсатади.
• Vascular Injury in the Upper Limb: Studying the Strategies Solution for Patient Comfort. Ojum S, Grace Joe EKA (2026). 4(1) 62–72.

  Vascular injury in the upper limb represents a critical clinical condition that affects not only blood circulation but also the comfort, confidence, and daily functioning of patients. because the upper limb is essential for independence and self-care, injuries to its vascular structures often cause significant pain, fear, and physical limitation. this study focuses on understanding the strategies and solution-based approaches used in managing upper limb vascular injuries, with special attention given to patient comfort throughout diagnosis, treatment, and recovery. by examining clinical interventions, pain management techniques, and supportive care practices, the study highlights the importance of combining technical vascular repair with compassionate, patient-centered care. emphasizing comfort alongside medical effectiveness allows for improved healing experiences, better functional outcomes, and enhanced quality of life for affected patients. the study concluded that effective solution strategies must therefore balance timely clinical intervention with measures that promote comfort, reassurance, and emotional well-being. it also recommended that healthcare providers should prioritize early assessment and rapid diagnostic imaging for suspected upper limb vascular injuries to prevent complications and reduce prolonged patient discomfort.
• Sharīra Rachana of Pūriṣhavaha Strotas and its Role in the Etiopathogenesis of Ano-Rectal Disorders: An Anatomico-Physiological Review. Dr. Miteshkumar Dilipkumar Gujrathi, Dr. Sainath Dilip Patil (2026). 4(1) 73–75.

  Pūriṣhavaha Strotas is one of the important Malavaha Srotasas described in Ayurvedic classics, responsible for formation, transportation, storage, and excretion of pūriṣha (feces). Structural and functional derangement of this srotas plays a pivotal role in the manifestation of various ano-rectal disorders such as Arśha, Bhagandara, Parikartikā, Gudabhramśa, and Vibandha. Śharīra Rachana provides a fundamental understanding of the anatomical framework of Pūriṣhavaha Strotas, which correlates closely with the large intestine, rectum, and anal canal described in modern anatomy. The present article aims to critically review the classical concept, anatomical components, and clinical relevance of Pūriṣhavaha Strotas with special emphasis on its involvement in ano-rectal diseases. Pūriṣhavaha Strotas is a vital excretory channel described in Ayurveda, responsible for formation, storage, and expulsion of pūriṣha. Structural and functional derangement of this strotas leads to a wide spectrum of ano-rectal disorders.
• Homiladorlik Davrida To’g’ri Ovqatlanish Tamoyillari. qizi, Shojalilova Dilbar Nodir (2026). 4(1) 76–81.

  Ushbu maqolada homiladorlik davrida to‘g‘ri ovqatlanishning fiziologik, psixologik va biokimyoviy jihatlari yoritiladi. Ayolning homiladorlik paytidagi ovqatlanish tartibi nafaqat o‘z salomatligi, balki tug‘ilajak farzandining normal rivojlanishi uchun ham hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, balanslangan va mikroelementlarga boy ovqatlanish kamqonlik, homilani noto‘g‘ri rivojlanishi, va tug‘ruq asoratlarining oldini olishda muhim omil hisoblanadi. Maqolada homiladorlikning har bir trimesteriga xos ovqatlanish tamoyillari, tavsiya etilgan oziq-ovqatlar va ratsionni rejalashtirish bo‘yicha ilmiy asoslangan yondashuvlar bayon etiladi.
• Significance of Platelet Indices Other Than Thrombocytopenia as Severity Marker in Preeclamptic Cases Attending Al-Elwiyah Maternity Teaching Hospital. Aya Amer Amash, Prof. Dr. Taghreed Khalil Al-Haidari (2026). 4(1) 82–108.

  Background: Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication, affecting 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide, characterized by elevated blood pressure, and proteinuria. It poses significant maternal and fetal health risks, necessitating better diagnostics and prognostics tools. Platelets play a complex role in preeclampsia, and their indices may offer insights into the condition's severity and progression, aiding in early detection and treatment guidance. Aim of the study: This study evaluates platelet indices (MPV, PDW, PCT) in non-thrombocytopenic preeclampsia cases at Al-Elwiyah Maternity Teaching Hospital to gauge preeclampsia severity. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital from January 2023 to December 2023, involving 300 women (150 with preeclampsia, 150 healthy pregnant as controls). detailed data collected through questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory analyses of platelet indices (MPV, PLT, PCT, PDW). The cases were compared according to the rate of complications and predictive ability of platelet indices. Results: The maternal age, gestational age, and parity did not significantly differ between groups. Liver enzymes were markedly elevated in severe cases. Platelet count and PCT were lower in severe preeclampsia, while platelet indices (MPV, PDW) were higher. ROC analysis demonstrated excellent discriminative ability for MPV (AUC=0.95), PDW (AUC=0.926), and PCT (AUC=0.945) in predicting severe preeclampsia, with (MPV: Sensitivity 81.3%, Specificity 85.8%; PDW: Sensitivity 92%, Specificity 86.7%; PCT: Sensitivity 70.7%, Specificity 94.7%). Conclusion: Platelet indices, particularly MPV and PDW, correlate strongly with preeclampsia severity. MPV and PDW are valuable for severe cases, while PCT is more specific but less sensitive. These indices can aid in early preeclampsia severity assessment and management.
• Role of Instructional Resources in Enhancing Teaching and Learning in Nigerian Schools. Abershi Japhet Zhenseh, Abdulrahman Umar (2026). 4(1) 156–163.

  Instructional resources are essential tools and materials that facilitate effective teaching and learning in schools. They bridge the gap between theoretical concepts and practical understanding, enhance student engagement, and improve learning outcomes. In Nigerian schools, the provision and utilization of instructional resources remain uneven, with urban and well-funded schools often better equipped than rural or under-resourced institutions. This study examines the role of instructional resources in enhancing teaching and learning in Nigerian schools, highlighting their impact on concept comprehension, active learning, academic performance, teacher efficiency, inclusion of diverse learners, and skill development. Using a position paper methodology, the study draws on secondary data from academic literature, government policy documents, and international best practices to critically analyze the availability, utilization, and challenges associated with instructional resources in Nigeria. Findings reveal that adequate and properly utilized instructional resources significantly improve teaching effectiveness, facilitate curriculum implementation, motivate learners, and promote practical skill acquisition. Conversely, limited or poorly managed resources contribute to poor academic performance, disengaged learners, and reduced teaching efficiency. The study underscores the need for strategic investment in instructional materials, teacher training, and resource management to ensure that Nigerian schools can deliver quality education and achieve national educational goals.
• The Role of Women in Society. Qizi, Khalilova Durdona Erkin (2026). 4(1) 143–144.

  This article analyzes the role of women in society and their participation in political, social, and economic life. It highlights the importance of women’s roles in the family and community, as well as issues of respect, equality, and attention toward women. The article emphasizes the necessity of supporting women’s active involvement in all areas of life. It discusses women’s contribution in family life, education, work, and politics, as well as the invaluable role of motherhood, child upbringing, family harmony, and women’s overall impact on society.
• Digitalization of Conflict Management and Intergroup Relationship Building in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions. Augustine, Kavwam Stanley (2026). 4(1) 145–155.

  The increasing diversity of students and staff in Nigerian tertiary institutions has intensified the need for effective conflict management and the promotion of positive intergroup relationships. Traditional approaches to managing disputes and fostering intergroup cohesion are often manual, slow, and limited in reach, resulting in delayed resolution and escalation of conflicts. Digitalization, through the integration of online grievance systems, virtual mediation platforms, social media monitoring, and data management tools, offers a transformative approach to addressing these challenges. This paper examines the benefits and challenges of digitalizing conflict management and intergroup relationship processes in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Using a position paper model and grounded in Systems Theory, the study argues that digitalization can enhance efficiency, transparency, inclusivity, proactive conflict prevention, and intergroup collaboration. The paper also highlights key challenges, including infrastructural limitations, low digital literacy, ethical concerns, resistance to change, and financial constraints. The study concludes that strategic adoption of digital technologies, complemented by human oversight and policy frameworks, can significantly improve conflict resolution and intergroup harmony in Nigerian tertiary institutions.
• AN ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEMS MILITATING AGAINST POST-GRADUATE SCHOOL IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES. Niyi Jacob Ogunode, Tamunomiebi Bamson (2026). 4(1) 1–10.

  The paper examined the challenges facing postgraduate schools in Nigerian universities in Nigeria. The paper concluded that inadequate funding, poor research infrastructure, weak supervision and mentorship, administrative bottlenecks, brain drain and shortage of qualified staff, poor research-industry linkages andinadequate ICT and digital resources are some of the challenges militating against effectiveness of post-graduate schools in the Nigerian universities. Repositioning postgraduate schools in Nigerian universities is essential to enhance research quality, promote innovation, and ensure alignment with national development goals. Increased funding and financial autonomy, curriculum review and research relevance, improved supervision and mentorship, strengthening research infrastructure, capacity building for academic staff, enhancing ICT integration and digital learning, promoting university–industry collaboration, strengthening quality assurance and accreditation, internationalization and collaboration and administrative reforms and policy support are some of the strategies to repositioning the post-graduate schools in the Nigerian universities.
• Borders and Belonging: Narratives of Diaspora and Displacement. Shandilya, Siddharth (2026). 4(2) 1–14.

  Diaspora/displacement has become characteristics of our modern times and it has not only produced some impact on migration patterns but also on the forms of cultural representation and the literary imagination. Diasporic narratives in English literature take center stage through giving voice to people and groups that are situated in marginal areas between countries cultures and identities. Borders and Belonging: Narratives of Diaspora and Displacement challenges the articulation of diasporic texts in making the emotional psychological and cultural effects of migration including the shifting sense of identity home and belonging. Instead of viewing migration as an act of departure this article describes diaspora as a constant state of functioning characterized by negotiation memory and the transformation.
• Challenges Facing the Expansion of Total Quality Management Work in Evaluating Information Systems and the Role of Employees as a Mediator. Kadhim, Sami Abdullah (2026). 4(2) 66–72.

  We did not focus on a specific aspect but rather on the overall comprehensiveness of this research clarifying the continuous performance of all Total Quality Management (TQM) duties and the ability to monitor and identify the types of variables occurring in Information Systems (IS). A detailed explanation of the importance and duties Individual (IN) as a mediator was also provided. Consideration should be given to achieving optimal performance as well as addressing any gaps that might emerge during the research as these would weaken and diminish its significance and effectiveness. The skills and creativity of (IN) should be emphasized repeatedly along with the necessity of providing them with training and technical expertise as key avenues for professional development. Those individuals we have identified possess creativity over time. It is a mistake to disregard the effectiveness of individual creativity as a mediator between the various types of variables present. One hundred and fifty (150) employees from Al-Muthanna University were selected however we were able to obtain 142 different types of responses to the questionnaire. At the same time eight (8) responses were found to be missing or impractical. The Likert scale (7) was used as the basis for preparing the questionnaire using) SPSS (system. All three hypotheses were within the required parameters positive.
• Features of Shakespearean Sonnets in the poems of Saadi Youssef. Moussa, Rawaa Issa (2026). 4(2) 40–45.

  The sonnet as invented by the Italians through Lentino and more closely associated with Petrarch means in its original Italian-European form a "short song." By "song" here we mean a concentrated distilled and specific form it is an internal song of the soul a flowing whisper a revelation undisturbed by the noise of an external voice. Just as the sonnet was associated with Petrarch in Italy it was associated with Shakespeare in England although it was first brought by English poets in the sixteenth century. However Shakespeare's sonnets written at the end of that century were essentially a tradition of writing based on a single specific feeling with the idea being revealed or closed as a conclusion in the last two lines. In fact the precursors of the sonnet in Arabic and Eastern poetry in general can be discerned in the lyrical pieces of Andalusian poets. Moreover attempts at the structural formation of the sonnet in relatively later periods of Arabic poetry are present.
• International Cooperation and Humanitarian Assistance in the Healthcare System in the Zarafshan Oasis 1998–2005. Erkinovich, Tuyev Fazliddin (2026). 4(2) 57–60.

  This article analyzes the development of the sector based on international cooperation and humanitarian assistance implemented in the Zarafshan oasis (on the example of Bukhara and Navoi regions) within the framework of the reform of the healthcare system of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 1998–2005. The article provides evidence that the material and technical assistance provided by the world community has led to an increase in the quality of medical services in the regions a decrease in diseases and positive changes in the health of the population. International organizations foreign countries grants and in-kind assistance have made a significant contribution to the modernization of the healthcare sector.
• The Methodological Essence and Content of the Concept of Cultural Development. Tilavovich, Kilichev Alijon (2026). 4(2) 61–65.

  This article examines the methodological essence and substantive content of the concept of “cultural development” in contemporary social and humanitarian sciences. Cultural development is interpreted as a complex social process that reflects qualitative transformations in the spiritual life of society. The paper elucidates its key dimensions including the transformation of values the development of social consciousness the growth of knowledge and educational attainment the expansion of creative potential the stability of cultural institutions and the strengthening of intercultural communication.The study provides a substantive justification of the systemic historical institutional and axiological approaches to the study of cultural development and demonstrates their analytical potential. It is concluded that analyzing cultural development on a comprehensive methodological basis contributes to a deeper understanding of the moral criteria of social progress and supports the improvement of cultural policy as well as educational and critical-reflective thinking practices.
• The Role of Folklore Ensembles in Preserving and Promoting Local Oral Traditions. Malikovich, Azizov Nuriddin (2026). 4(2) 37–39.

  In particular folklore ensembles where they perform act as the most alive ceremonial mantles of the cultural heritage. It examines their important place in Uzbekistan–where vocal and folkloric dance ensembles keep oral traditions alive and vibrant via song and narrative. Based on historical ethnographic and contemporary sources the study brings out how these groups retain ancient forms of makom and epic recitation yet evolve by shifting into modern contexts. The results highlight the importance of the ensembles in terms of cultural identity education and global recognition and the need for ongoing efforts to conserve them.
• The Socio-Spiritual Foundations of Shaping National Values in Students Based on a Culture of Reading. Narmuratovna, Abdurazzokova Dilorom (2026). 4(2) 46–49.

  This article analyzes the socio-spiritual foundations of the formation of national values in students through a reading culture. In addition the article also provides recommendations for strengthening national values at the social level.
• TRADITION–INNOVATION DIALECTICS AND POETIC EXPERIMENTS IN WANG GUOWEI’S POETRY. Mardievich, Ochilov Ozodjon (2026). 4(2) 73–80.

  The article examines the legacy of Wang Guowei whose ideas produced a paradigmatic shift in Chinese literary and aesthetic thought in the early twentieth century. Emphasizing his integrative synthesis of classical Eastern philology with Western philosophy and aesthetics the author highlights Wang’s view of literature’s intrinsic aesthetic value as primary and his critique of political didactic interpretations. The concept of jingjie (境界) is interpreted as the creation of a poem’s artistic world through the organic unity of emotion and landscape. In the traditional ci (词) genre the “barrier” of ge (隔) arising from historical allusions and symbolism that distance the reader from the text is explained with examples. The paper also theorizes the principles of “self” and “selflessness” in poetic perception and generalizes the criteria of emotional realism. As a result this approach is shown to redirect Chinese poetics from a didactic model toward a philosophical aesthetic paradigm providing a methodological foundation for modern literary studies and new poetry theories.
• Voices from the Edge: Literature of Marginalized Communities. Singh, Anamika (2026). 4(2) 15–27.

  Literature has been a powerful tool whereby societies have captured experiences values and history. But the voices of the marginalized communities who are characterized by caste race gender class ethnicity and indigeneity have all been missing throughout the centuries in the mainstream literary canon. The book The Voices from the Edge: Literature of Marginalized Communities explores how literature created by oppressed groups of people in society challenges this historical silence and reclaims the authority of narrative. This research places the marginalized literature not just as an expression of suffering but as a narrative of resistance and self-improvement and cultural survival. This paper will maintain that marginalized literature is essential in challenging the hegemonic power systems and reinventing identity. Based on theoretical perspectives of subaltern studies post-colonial criticism and intersectional thinking the work focuses on how the marginalized writers of the world have turned around their own and their group experiences of being pushed to the sidelines to create a form of political and cultural resistance. Since people often pose questions as to whether the subaltern can speak or not peripheral literature proves that the subaltern does not merely speak but also creates the language the form and the meaning of literary utterance.
• Pedagogik Qadriyatlar Tizimi Va Uning Yoshlar Rivojiga Ta’siri. Botirovich, Ergashev Ilhom (2026). 4(1) 11–15.

  Ushbu maqolada pedagogik qadriyatlar tizimining mazmuni va uning yoshlar rivojiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda aksiologik, tizimli va shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan yondashuvlar asosida pedagogik qadriyatlarning ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonidagi o‘rni yoritildi. Empirik tadqiqot natijalari pedagogik qadriyatlarga asoslangan ta’lim yoshlarning ijtimoiy faolligi, axloqiy ong darajasi va o‘quv motivatsiyasini oshirishini ko‘rsatdi. Tadqiqot xulosalari ta’lim jarayonida qadriyatga yo‘naltirilgan yondashuvni samarali joriy etishga xizmat qiladi.
• Проблематика И Художественные Особенности Повести А. С. Пушкина «Пиковая Дама». Муродуллаева Одина Фахриддиновна, Вохидова Н. А. (2026). 4(1) 139–142.

  В статье рассматривается повесть Александра Сергеевича Пушкина «Пиковая дама» как произведение философско-психологического характера, в котором раскрываются проблемы нравственного выбора, ответственности личности и соотношения рационального расчёта и иррациональной силы судьбы. Анализируются историко-культурный контекст создания повести, её жанровое своеобразие и место в позднем творчестве писателя. Особое внимание уделяется системе образов произведения, прежде всего образу Германа как носителя основной идеи, а также художественной функции образов графини и Лизы. Рассматривается роль мистических элементов, которые выступают средством нравственного возмездия и углубления психологического анализа. Делается вывод об актуальности повести в современном контексте как произведения, поднимающего универсальные вопросы морального выбора и пределов человеческого разума.
• Inklyuziv Sinflarda Ekologik Madaniyatni Shaklantiruvchi Pedagogik Omillar. Xamidovna, Kadirova Iroda (2026). 4(1) 16–17.

  Maktablarda hozirgi kunda inklyuziv ta’lim birlamchi bo’g’in sifatida davlatimiz e’tirofidagi asosiy masala sifatida qaraladi. Undagi pedagoglar yosh avlodimizni xalqimizning munosib farzandlari qilib tayyorlashdek muhim, faxrli ish bilan birga mas’uliyatli vazifani bajaradi. Ushbu maqolada inklyuziv ta’lim sharoitida o’quvchilarga ekologik madaniyatni shakllantirishga ta’sir etuvchi pedagogic omillar tahlil qilingan. Turli imkoniyatga ega bolalar bilan ishlashda moslashtirilgan metodlar, ta’lim muhiti, o’qituvchining kompetensiyasi va ijtimoiy hamkorlikning ahamiyati asoslanib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko’ra, individual yondashuv, visual-didaktik resusrslar, integrativ ekologik faoliyat hamda ijobiy psixologik muhit ekologik madaniyatni rivojlantirishning asosiy omillari sifatida namoyon bo’ladi.
• Kasbiy Mahoratini Oshirishda Motivatsiyalarning O‘Rni Va Innovatsion Texnologiyalarning Samarali Natijasi. Berikbayeva, Dilnoza (2026). 4(1) 18–21.

  Ushbu maqolada kasbiy mahoratni oshirishda. Oʻqituvchi innovasiya faoliyatiga tayyor boʻlishi, eng soʻnggi yangiliklarni olib kirib, oʻquvchiga motivasiya berib, qiziqarli va uni ehtiyojiga mos ravishda tashkil etishi orqali, inovasiyaon muhit orqali sifat va samaradorlik masalalari yoritib oʻtilgan.
• Assessing Teacher Readiness and Institutional Support for Special Needs Education Program of a Private School. Seth Regine E Serdan, MAEd SPED; Regina E. Sitoy, Dev.Ed.D; Niña Rozanne T. Delos Reyes, Dev.Ed.D; Emerson D. Peteros, Dev.Ed.D; Lilibeth C. Pinili, Dev.Ed.D; Marjorie B. Añero, Ph.D (2026). 4(1) 22–78.

  This research examined the relationship between teacher readiness and institutional support in implementing Special Needs Education (SNEd) within a private basic education setting. Conducted at Silliman University Elementary School, the research aimed to determine the school’s preparedness to transition from a mainstream to an inclusive system in alignment with Philippine inclusive education mandates. Using a mixed-method triangulation design, the study involved 39 elementary teachers handling inclusive classes. Respondents were selected through total population sampling and profiled based on age, teaching experience, educational attainment, and SPED-related training. Data were gathered using a researcher-made survey questionnaire and interview guide. Weighted mean, frequency, percentage, and Pearson’s r correlation were used to measure teacher readiness (knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy) and institutional support in terms of training, resources, and administrative leadership. Results showed a significant positive relationship between teacher readiness and institutional support. Qualitative findings further highlighted themes on professional development, resource availability, administrative support, community engagement, and systemic challenges. The study concludes that inclusive education is strengthened when teachers are adequately trained and supported by responsive institutional systems. It recommends the implementation of Project EMBRACE, an intervention promoting teacher empowerment, improved resource allocation, and stronger parent-school collaboration to sustain inclusive literacy practices and enhance the quality of education for learners with special needs.
• Investigating the Use of Project-Based Learning in Enhancing Listening Comprehension Skills of English Language Learners. Julaid, Amal Sabbar (2026). 4(1) 79–92.

  implementing Project-Based Learning, teachers can ensure that they are effectively promoting the development of authentic communication skills We used the Listening Comprehension Test to gather data and t-tests, ANOVA, and the Tukey post hoc test to look at it. These people and the situation This study used two sites that are linked to universities in Iraq. At the start of the study, 44 Iraqi men and women between the ages of 21 and 26 were taking a class called Communicative English. There were two healthy groups because it wasn't possible to pick people at random for the study. The experimental group had 25 students and the control group had 19. People over, t-tests of the students' scores on the Listening Competency Test showed that the English language students who were taught using the PjBL method did much better than those who were taught using the traditional method. In this study, people didn't just learn how to listen on their own. They were instead built up over time through things like lectures and group chats. Before each group chat, the students were told what they were going to talk about so they could picture what they wanted to achieve If the teacher saw that some of the students were having trouble with a task during the talk, she would offer help so that they could keep going forward. The different kinds of help went from the teacher giving as little help as possible, like giving them websites to look at, to teaching them quickly about the hard subject. The teacher and students could also talk back and forth during group meetings, when students often had questions or wanted to know more. It was also thought that group discussions helped the students' listening skills. When the class gave group talks, the teacher made sure that everyone in the room learned something.
• Onomastik Birliklarning Imloda To‘G‘Ri Yozilishi – Yozma Savodxonlikning Asosi. o‘g‘li, Meliqulov Shohjahon Mavlon (2026). 4(1) 93–95.

  Maqolada qo‘shma so‘z shaklidagi onomastik birliklarning imlosiga e’tibor qaratilgan bo‘lib, bunday so‘zlarning qismlari qo‘shib yoki ajratib yozilishi yuzasidan ilmiy asosga ega bo‘lgan xulosalar taqdim etilib, misollar tahlil qilingan.
• Urban Planning as a Tool for National Development. Ajuluchukwu Chiedu Nwankwo, Chidozie Anastasia Ngozi (2026). 4(1) 96–102.

  Urban planning is a fundamental instrument for promoting national development, particularly in developing countries experiencing rapid urbanization, population growth, and economic transformation. It provides a systematic framework for organizing land use, infrastructure provision, housing development, transportation systems, and environmental management within urban regions. This study examines urban planning as a strategic tool for national development, emphasizing its multifaceted contributions to economic growth, social development, environmental protection, and institutional governance. Using a position paper methodology, the study synthesizes insights from scholarly literature, policy documents, and empirical studies to evaluate the effectiveness of urban planning policies and practices. The study highlights how well-coordinated planning can improve the efficiency of cities, attract domestic and foreign investments, create employment opportunities, and enhance access to social services such as education, healthcare, and housing. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of environmental sustainability by demonstrating how urban planning can mitigate urban sprawl, reduce pollution, manage waste, and promote green infrastructure to build climate-resilient cities.
• Influence of Teachers’ Professional Knowledge on Students’ Academic Performance in Senior Secondary Schools, North Central, Nigeria. Onyekachi, Madu Christian (2026). 4(1) 103–114.

  This study investigated the influence of teachers’ professional knowledge on students’ academic performance in public secondary schools in North Central, Nigeria. Specifically, the study examined how teachers' compliance with knowledge correlates with students’ academic performance. The study was guided by two research questions and one null hypothesis. The descriptive and expo factor research design was adopted for the study, with a sample consisting of 30 teachers from 30 selected public secondary schools in North Central Nigeria. The samples were chosen following a multistage sampling technique. Two instruments were used to collect data for this study: the Teachers Compliance with Professional Knowledge Questionnaire (TCPKQ) and the Students Academic Performance Proforma (SAPP). The face and content validity of the instrument were ascertained. The instrument was subjected to a trial test, and a reliability coefficient of 0.98 was obtained for TCPKQ using the Cronbach Alpha. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while linear Regression Analysis was used to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between teachers' knowledge and students’ academic performance. The study recommended, among others, that principals should collaborate with other professional bodies to organize intensive and regular seminars and workshops for the capacity development of teachers to enhance professional knowledge and quality teaching and learning processes in secondary schools.
• Интерпретация Суфийских Теорий В Произведениях М. Ю. Лермонтова И Ф. И. Тютчева. Шакиржоновна, Оманова Гулнорахон (2026). 4(1) 115–117.

  В статье рассматриваются особенности интерпретации суфийских идей в творчестве М. Ю. Лермонтова и Ф. И. Тютчева. Анализируется философско-мистическое содержание их произведений в контексте восточной духовной традиции. Особое внимание уделяется таким суфийским категориям, как внутренний путь духовного самопознания, идея бренности земного бытия, мотив растворения личности в вечности и созерцательное восприятие мира. Показано, что, несмотря на принадлежность к русской поэтической традиции, мировоззренческие искания Лермонтова и Тютчева во многом созвучны суфийской философии. Использование междисциплинарного подхода позволяет выявить глубинные смысловые параллели между русской поэзией XIX века и восточной мистической мыслью.
• Memory, Identity, And Ethical Futures: Marge Piercy’s Jewish American Speculative Vision. Seema K, Chitra Panikkar (2026). 4(1) 118–123.

  Marge Piercy, a Jewish American writer, has consistently employed speculative fiction to interrogate the complex intersections of identity, memory, gender, and social justice, crafting narratives that are both imaginative and ethically rigorous. In Woman on the Edge of Time (1976) and He, She and It (1991), Piercy constructs societies that confront systemic oppression, entrenched inequality, and the ethical dilemmas arising from technological innovation and social transformation. These novels foreground the ways in which individual and collective survival are inseparable from moral responsibility, historical consciousness, and communal care. Piercy’s Jewish heritage deeply informs her literary vision, providing her with a framework for exploring diasporic memory, historical trauma, and the ethical imperatives of community life. Early exposure to histories of displacement, anti-Semitism, and social marginalization shapes her understanding of how vulnerability, power, and resilience intersect, resulting in speculative worlds that are socially conscious, morally reflective, and ethically demanding. Her personal engagement with feminist, social justice, and anti-war movements further enriches her narratives, lending them a grounded sense of ethical urgency and social critique. This article examines how Piercy’s novels construct utopian and dystopian futures as moral laboratories, where characters navigate dilemmas of governance, care, and relational accountability. By analyzing the ethical frameworks embedded in her protagonists’ decisions, the intergenerational memory that informs their actions, and the narrative strategies that juxtapose past, present, and speculative futures, this study situates Piercy’s work at the confluence of Jewish American literature, feminist discourse, and speculative fiction. Piercy’s speculative worlds do not function as escapist fantasy; rather, they invite readers to engage with pressing ethical questions about justice, survival, and the enduring influence of historical and cultural memory, demonstrating that imaginative literature can serve as a space for moral inquiry, communal reflection, and the envisioning of socially just futures.
• Effects of Family Structure and Parental Conflict on Adolescent Behavioral Adjustment in Some Selected Universities in Bamenda North West Region of Cameroon. Mirabelle, Dr. Yimeli Lonpa (2026). 4(1) 124–138.

  Adolescence represents a pivotal stage of development characterized by heightened sensitivity to family dynamics, emotional experiences, and behavioral regulation. Family structure and parental conflict are increasingly recognized as critical determinants of adolescents’ psychosocial functioning, particularly within academic environments. This study, entitled “Effects of Family Structure and Parental Conflict on Adolescents’ Behavioral Adjustment in Some Selected Universities in Bamenda, North West Region of Cameroon,” investigates the extent to which variations in family structure and parental conflict influence the behavioral adjustment of adolescents in higher education. Drawing on ecological systems theory of Bronfenbrenner, attachment theory of Bowlby, and family systems theory of Minuchin, the study provides a multidimensional understanding of how family contexts shape adolescent behavior. A mixed methods research design was adopted, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches to ensure a comprehensive analysis. The study population comprised undergraduate students, university administrators, and lecturers from selected faculties. A sample of 412 participants was used involving 360 students, 42 administrators, and 10 lecturers. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to students, while qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with administrators and focus group discussions with lecturers. This triangulation allowed for a nuanced exploration of both statistical trends and lived experiences. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations while inferential statistics included one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Qualitative data were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed to highlight perceptions, narratives, and institutional insights on family-related behavioral issues. For descriptive results, students reported moderate levels of parental conflict (M = 3.32, SD = 0.87) on a 5-point scale, and behavioral adjustment scores indicated moderate levels of externalizing and internalizing symptoms (M = 2.98, SD = 0.81). Family structure was categorized as nuclear (50%), single-parent (27%), and separated/divorced (23%). Frequency analyses revealed that 61% of students from single-parent or separated/divorced families reported occasional or frequent difficulties with emotional regulation, peer interaction, or classroom engagement. For bivariate relationships, a significant negative correlation was observed between parental conflict and behavioral adjustment (r = -0.48, p < .001), indicating that higher parental conflict was associated with poorer behavioral outcomes. Family structure was also significantly related to behavioral adjustment, with students from separated or divorced families showing higher maladjustment scores (M = 3.41, SD = 0.72) compared to those from nuclear families (M = 2.74, SD = 0.78); ANOVA: F (2,357) = 29.6, p < .001. Multiple regression analysis predicting behavioral adjustment from family structure and parental conflict (controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic background) yielded a significant model (R² = .35, F (5,354) = 37.8, p < .001). Parental conflict emerged as the strongest predictor (β = -0.44, p < .001), followed by family structure (β = 0.26, p = .003). Mediation analysis further showed that parental conflict partially mediated the relationship between non-nuclear family structures and maladjustment (indirect effect = 0.14, 95% CI [0.07, 0.23]), accounting for 39% of the total effect. Thematic analysis of qualitative interviews and FGDs revealed four dominant themes which are Emotional instability and academic disengagement, administrators reported higher rates of absenteeism, low motivation, and conduct issues among students experiencing high parental conflict. Role modeling and attachment disruptions, lecturers observed that adolescents from non-nuclear families often lacked stable emotional anchors. Institutional support gaps, administrators acknowledged limited psychosocial support services for students facing family-related stress. For resilience and coping, some students displayed adaptive coping mechanisms, facilitated by peer support groups and mentorship programs. Findings indicate that family structure and parental conflict significantly shape adolescents’ behavioral adjustment, with higher conflict and non-nuclear structures associated with increased emotional and behavioral challenges. However, protective factors such as supportive peers, mentors, and university counseling structures can mitigate some of these adverse effects. This study contributes to the growing body of research on adolescent development within African university contexts by emphasizing the powerful influence of family dynamics on behavior. The results underscore the need for universities to implement structured psychosocial support programs, peer mentorship initiatives, and family-oriented counseling services. A holistic and ecological approach involving students, families, educators, and policymakers is essential to fostering healthier behavioral adjustment among adolescents. The findings have strong implications for mental health programming, university guidance services, and policy reforms targeting youth well-being in Cameroon and similar contexts.
• Distal Radius Fracture Fixation Outcome Covering With Proneter Quadratus Muscle Comparing to Non Covering. Omar Adel Awad, Dr. Sadeq AL-Mukhtar (2026). 4(1) 113–131.

  Background: Distal radius fractures (DRF) are common upper limb fractures, often requiring surgical intervention. The role of pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle coverage in improving surgical outcomes remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the impact of PQ muscle coverage on the functional and clinical outcomes of DRF treated with volar locking plate fixation. Methods: A comparative observational study was conducted at Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, from June 2023 to July 2024. Twenty patients with DRF were divided into two groups: Group A (with PQ muscle coverage) and Group B (without PQ muscle coverage). Data were collected prospectively at baseline and during follow-up (1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months post-surgery), focusing on demographics, complications, functional outcomes (measured by DASH and Modified Mayo Wrist Scores), pain, grip strength, range of motion, and overall functional status. Results: The mean age of participants was 53.5 years, Infection rates were similar between both groups (p = 0.581). Flexor tendon irritation was significantly lower in Group A (0%) compared to Group B (20%) (p = 0.006). No significant differences were observed in pain, grip strength, range of motion, or overall functional status between the two groups. At 3 months post-surgery, both groups showed substantial functional recovery, with the majority returning to regular activities. The Modified Mayo Wrist Score revealed no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.171). Conclusions: PQ muscle coverage did not significantly improve overall functional outcomes, including pain levels, grip strength, range of motion, or functional status. However, it did reduce the incidence of flexor tendon irritation.
• Relation Between Duration of Latent Phase of Labor and Neonatal Outcome. Hanan Muayad Faizallah, Prof. Dr. Samar Dawood Sarsam (2026). 4(1) 132–158.

  Background: The latent phase of labor, marked by initial cervical changes, varies in duration and remains controversial in its management. Differences exist between nulliparous and multiparous women, with varied definitions and diagnostic criteria complicating understanding and treatment. A prolonged latent phase in labor can impact neonatal outcomes through risks like fetal distress, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and infections, necessitating varying degrees of medical intervention for the newborn's health.
• ORNAMENTAL BEAUTY IN MĀLAVIKĀGNIMITRAM : AN ANALYTICAL STUDY. Ray, Dr. Mukul Chandra (2026). 4(1) 10–18.

  Mālavikāgnimitram , one of Kālidāsa’s early theatrical works, is known for its elegant portrayal of courtly love and refined aesthetic sense. This research examines the ornamental beauty ( alaṁkāra-śobhā ) of the text, emphasizing how poetic figures enhance the dramatic texture. This study analyzes the use of śabdālaṁkāras (figures of sound) and arthālaṁkāras (figures of sense) in verses and dialogues to evoke rasa, specifically śṛṅgāra . According to the study, the drama’s visual refinement stems not just from its plot but also from its sophisticated use of poetic embellishment, which adds emotional depth and artistic appeal
• A Real-Time Deep Learning–Based Drowsiness Detection and Alert System for Enhanced Automotive Safety. Rajest, S. Manimaran | S.R. Saranya | M. Mohamed Thariq|M. Mohamed Sameer Ali | S. Suman (2026). 4(1) 92–108.

  The Comprehensive Drowsiness Detection and Alert Solution for Automotive Safety addresses the growing concern of road accidents caused by driver weariness which is a factor in about 20% of incidents worldwide. Keeping drivers awake is very important for reducing dangers and saving lives. This research proposes a robust real-time monitoring system that leverages computer vision and deep learning to detect early signs of fatigue and prevent accidents. The system uses a live camera feed to monitor the driver's face paying close attention to how their eyes move and blink. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) analyses this data to detect long periods of eye closure a sign of exhaustion. The system sounds an alarm as soon as it sees that the driver is sleepy. This non-intrusive method ensures continuous monitoring without causing discomfort or disruptions. The project is designed to be flexible and scalable so that it can be used as a standalone device in cars or as a mobile app. It makes sure that a wide variety of users can pay and access it by using inexpensive hardware and open-source software. The system can do more than just the basic tasks. It can also be integrated with additional functions such as heart rate monitoring vehicle speed control and yawning recognition making it much more useful and reliable. This approach can be used not only in personal cars but also in commercial fleets public transportation networks and heavy industrial operations. The bigger effect on society is that it lowers the emotional and financial costs of car accidents encourages safer driving and generally makes traffic safer.
• RESTORAN INTERYERIDA MILLIY VA ZAMONAVIY USLUBLARNING UYG‘UNLIGI. D A Arziyev, S. M. Muxamedova (2026). 4(1) 19–21.

  Mazkur maqolada restoran interyerlarini loyihalashda milliy va zamonaviy uslublarning uyg‘unlashtirilish tamoyillari, ularning estetik, funksional va madaniy ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. Milliy me'morchilik va amaliy san'at elementlarining zamonaviy dizayn yechimlari bilan integratsiyalashuvi natijasida yaratiladigan interyer muhitining afzalliklari o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqot davomida restoran interyerlarida ranglar, materiallar, yoritish tizimlari, mebel va dekorativ elementlarning o‘zaro uyg‘unligi chuqurroq tahlil qilinib, mijoz psixologiyasiga ta’siri ham yoritilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy raqamli texnologiyalar va ekologik yondashuvlarning interyer dizaynidagi roli kengaytirilgan holda ko‘rib chiqilgan
• Do Modifications Made by Coding Agents Make Subsequent Software Maintenance Harder?. Pan, Ruwei; Zhang, John; Wu, Linhao; Zhang, Yakun; Zhang, Hongyu; Zhang, Lu (2026).
• The Effect of Phytoestrogen Compounds on Hormonal Balance in Animals. Rasulov, Suhrob Aminov Kamronbek Ormonjonov Ravshanbek; Rustamov, Muxammadmuso (2026). 4(1) 1–7.

  This article analyzes the effects of plant-derived bioactive compounds — phytoestrogens — on hormonal balance in animals. The chemical properties of phytoestrogens, their entry into the animal organism through feed, and their interaction mechanisms with the endocrine system are discussed. The positive and negative effects of phytoestrogens on growth, development, reproductive activity, and overall physiological condition in various animal species are also examined. The article evaluates the advantages and limitations of using phytoestrogens as feed additives based on scientific sources and provides recommendations for their controlled application in practice. The findings contribute to expanding the prospects of using environmentally safe and natural biologically active supplements in animal husbandry.
• Bridging the Skills Gap: The Role of Governance in University-Industry Partnerships to Reduce Graduate Unemployment. Emile Monono Mbua, Ngweamaw Isabelle Mensiii (2026). 4(1) 10–19.

  As the global economy evolves rapidly, the disconnect between higher education curricula and labor market demands has precipitated a systemic crisis of graduate unemployment. While University-Industry Partnerships (UIPs) offer a critical mechanism to bridge this "skills gap," their empirical success is frequently undermined by a profound governance deficit. Grounded in the Triple Helix Model and Stakeholder Theory, this study employed a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design to investigate the role of formalized governance in UIPs. Quantitative analysis via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) of 468 survey responses revealed that administrative governance structures do not directly create jobs; rather, their impact on graduate employability is overwhelmingly indirect, strongly mediated by their capacity to compel rapid, tangible curriculum modernization (β = 0.58, p < 0.001). Subsequent thematic analysis of 20 key informant interviews illuminated the precise anatomy of partnership failure, identifying deeply entrenched structural barriers: the prevalence of superficial "paper partnerships," profound bureaucratic inertia delaying agile syllabus updates, and critically misaligned academic reward incentives. To overcome these temporal and cultural frictions, the study proposes a comprehensive governance framework centered on strategic alignment, active institutionalized structures, agile curriculum co-creation, and the strategic internal realignment of academic incentives. Ultimately, this research provides an evidence-based roadmap for institutions to transcend symbolic agreements and collaboratively engineer a highly adaptable, future-ready workforce
• Erp Tizimiga Asoslangan Boshqaruv Tizimi. Sharopova Marjona Akbarovna, Xayrullayev Shoxrux Mansur o’g’li (2026). 4(1) 20–23.

  Zamonaviy raqamli iqtisodiyot va agrologistikada ta’minot zanjirini samarali boshqarish korxona raqobatbardoshligini belgilovchi strategik omil bo'lib, Enterprise Resource Planning tizimlari barcha biznes jarayonlarini integratsiyalashning markaziy vositasi hisoblanadi. Ko'pgina korxonalarda ERP tizimlari mavjud bo'lsa-da, ularning real vaqt rejimidagi risklarni boshqarish operatsiyalari bilan to'liq sinxronlashmaganligi va ma'lumotlar shaffofligidagi metodologik bo'shliqlar operatsion uzilishlarga sabab bo'lmoqda. Mazkur tadqiqotda tizimli tahlil va raqamli ta'minot zanjiri modellarini tatbiq etish metodlaridan foydalanib, ERP tizimining resurslarni taqsimlashni optimallashtirishdagi ta'siri o'rganildi. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, ERP tizimiga asoslangan boshqaruv modelini joriy etish tannarxni minimallashtirish, texnik nosozliklarni onlayn kuzatish orqali erta aniqlash va avariyaviy holatlarni kamaytirish imkonini beradi. Ushbu yondashuvning amaliy ahamiyati korxonalarda ESG va komplayens talablariga muvofiq ma'lumotlarni boshqarish strategiyalarini ishlab chiqish hamda oziq-ovqat ta'minotida optimal logistik modellarni yaratish imkoniyatini berishida namoyon bo'ladi
• Опыт Саудовской Аравии И Оаэ По Реализации Прокурорского Надзора За Расследованием Преступлений На Транспорте. Таирович, Мамажонов Шерзод (2026). 4(1) 1–9.

  Мақолада Саудия Арабистони ва Бирлашган Араб Амирликларида транспорт соҳасида жиноятларни тергов қилиш устидан прокурор назоратини ташкил этишнинг қиёсий-ҳуқуқий таҳлили келтирилган. Муаллиф ушбу давлатларда прокуратура тизимининг шариат анъаналаридан континентал-европа моделига ўтишини, прокуратуранинг мустақиллиги ва ваколатларини кенгайтириш бўйича амалга оширилган ислоҳотларни ўрганади. Саудия Арабистонида 2017 йилда прокуратурани Ички ишлар вазирлиги қарамоғидан чиқариб, тўғридан-тўғри Қиролга бўйсундирилган мустақил орган сифатида ташкил этиш тажрибаси кўриб чиқилади. БААда прокуратуранинг суд ҳокимияти тизимига киритилиши, прокурорларнинг судгача тергов босқичида етакчи роли ва рақамли технологияларни жорий этиш амалиёти таҳлил қилинади. Мақолада йўл-транспорт ҳодисалари, авиация ва денгиз транспортида содир этиладиган жиноятларни тергов қилишда прокурорларнинг фаол иштироки, улар томонидан жабрдийдаларнинг ҳуқуқларини ҳимоя қилиш ва полиция фаолиятини назорат қилиш кўрсатилган. Тадқиқот натижалари Ўзбекистон учун шариат ҳуқуқ анъаналарига эга бўлган мамлакатларда замонавий прокуратура тизимини барпо этиш, прокурор назоратининг самарадорлигини ошириш ва халқаро стандартларни жорий этиш бўйича амалий тавсияларни ишлаб чиқишга қаратилган.
• Crowdsourced Assessment of the Impact of Overlays on Short-Form Video Quality Perception. Amir, Monisha; Wehner, Nikolas; Blouin, Francois; Ouellette, Michel; Hoßfeld, Tobias (2026).
• AI-Powered Early Fault Detection System in Electronic Circuits. Alfarag, Sarmad Hamad Ibrahim (2026). 4(1) 77–91.

  Technical failures and problem may affect electric power systems and their essential industrial components which in turn may affect the quality of electricity grid. Despite the significant developments in the plans of these systems they may still face unexpected risks that may cause operational failures and decrease in efficiency. These failures may be from different sources which include thermal and systemic modifications during operation. It is essential to consider these malfunctions as the entire operating system may exacerbate the risks and create additional disruption and possibly add to the significant sudden losses. Thus is is vital to enhance existing models in order to detect and classify failures and malfunctions and to place emphasis on these potential risks before they take place. This is very necessary to maintain the electrical systems to reduce and minimize the damage and support the total consistency of the system. This model will enable both earlier detection and accurate categorization to minimize the losses and deficiencies within the operating system and enhance the efficacy of automated and rapid procedure in the electronic circuits. The study may present a unified and structurally complete system that is capable oof analyzing the indicators obtained from the sound pumps and comparators which attempt to align patterns to determine the disturbances and failures which affect power-related electrical mechanisms. It may utilize neural networks like the ANNs and the KNN algorithm and employ the distinguishing LSTM model for process detection and error determination with unique efficacy and precision. The model is connected with automatic self configured and automatic technologies to improve the operational capacity of the system and to improve its sustainability during and immediately after the identification of the fault thereby enhancing the performance efficacy and consistency in the industrial motors fixed in the cells. The main motive of this study is the ability of the electronic system’s efficacy to identify the faults and predict failures that aim to anticipate malfunctions and provide immediate instant diagnosis before they take place. It also examines the system's ability to mitigate failures resulting from sudden and dangerous developments in critical systems. Therefore it is necessary to improve and develop models capable of identifying patterns and classifying faults and to attempt to link immediate service mechanisms with the system's capacity to reduce losses and improve the overall performance of the critical system while ensuring continuous improvement and electrical circuit stability. This research addresses a gap in previous studies which generally focused on fault detection in critical systems but failed to integrate immediate and self remediation techniques within a comprehensive and balanced structural framework. It failed to implement a model on a real platform such as FPGA in addition to the fact that it did not cover many tests in the event of branching and branching faults within the system and real tests that involve pumps and comparisons of electronic circuits. Therefore this study covers the research gap that helps in improving a balanced and consistent pattern that integrates artificial intelligence and automatic self-configuration mechanisms with real tests on FPGA which helps in identifying and predicting faults and improving the accuracy and reliability of the system in a harmonious way.
• IMPRESSIONIZM: MODERN TASVIRIY SAN’ATDA IDROK, VAQT VA NUR MASALALARI. o‘g‘li, Suyunov Shohruh Lazizjon (2026). 4(1) 7–9.

  Ushbu maqolada XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshida shakllangan impressionizm oqimining modern tasviriy san’at taraqqiyotidagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Asarda impressionizmning falsafiy-estetik asoslari, inson idrokining san’atdagi roli, vaqt va yorug‘likning badiiy talqini hamda rangtasvir texnikasidagi yangiliklari yoritiladi. Klod Mone, Edgar Dega, Ogüst Renuar, Kamille Pissarro kabi rassomlar ijodi misolida impressionizmning asosiy tamoyillari ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, impressionistik metodikaning zamonaviy rangtasvir ta’limidagi ahamiyati asoslab beriladi.
• Automatic Water Dispenser. oʼgʼli | Umirzaqov Abdulloh Faroxiddin o’g’li |, "Safarov Ilgorbek Xasanovich | Rasuljonov Jahongir Jasurbek; qizi ", Abdullazizova Shahnoza Anvarjon (2026). 4(1) 26–29.

  This article describes the structure and operating principle of an automatic water dispenser based on an infrared sensor and a microcontroller. The device provides automatic water dispensing by detecting the user's movement without contact. The article analyzes in detail the functions of the main components of the automatic water dispenser system including the IR sensor microcontroller control board electric pump relay module and Li-ion battery. The automatic and manual control modes of the device energy saving hygienic convenience and application possibilities in everyday life are also considered. The results of this study are of practical importance in the design and improvement of automated water supply devices.
• Compatibility of Cotton Confectionary Fat with Natural Cocoa Butter. M.R.Yuldashova, G.N.Bafoyeva | Z.K.Maxmudova | (2026). 4(1) 10–14.

  The article deals with the methods of hydrogenation and perietherification the opportunity of obtaining cocoa oil substitute which is close to the natural cocoa oil in its physical and chemical dualities as its freezing and melting temperature solidity the content of triglycerids of fraction and etc. New scientific experimental and practical results of obtaining cocoa oil substitute have been presented.
• Designing Modern Market Complexes in an Environment of National Harmony. Sadullayevich, Sobirov Azamat (2026). 4(1) 50–54.

  Today the design of objects that meet modern requirements in the field of urban planning and architecture while reflecting national heritage is considered a pressing issue. Market complexes are an important component of the city economy and they are not only a means of carrying out trade activities but also an expression of cultural and spiritual unity social ties and local identity. This article analyzes the methods of integrating national harmony traditional architectural elements materials and competitiveness criteria in the process of designing modern market complexes.
• Fountains Their Main Types and Hydraulic Calculations. Oʻgʻli, Saidxodjayeva Dilsora Abduraxmanovna | Abdurayimov Roʻzimuhammad Hasanboy (2026). 4(1) 19–25.

  This paper investigates fountains and their main types with a focus on hydraulic design principles and calculation methods. Fountains play an important role in urban infrastructure and landscape architecture providing aesthetic microclimatic and recreational benefits. However stable and energy-efficient operation of fountain systems largely depends on the correct hydraulic calculation of flow rate pressure head jet velocity and hydraulic losses. Improper design may lead to insufficient jet height excessive energy consumption or unstable operating conditions. In this study fountains are classified according to their operating principles into free-flow pressurized and combined systems. For each type the relationship between hydraulic parameters is analyzed using classical fluid mechanics equations. Mathematical models describing jet height discharge velocity and head losses in pipelines and nozzles are presented. The influence of pump characteristics and system losses on the achievable fountain height is evaluated through analytical calculations. The obtained results demonstrate that accurate hydraulic calculations allow optimization of pump selection and operating режимes reduction of energy losses and improvement of overall system efficiency. The proposed approach can be used in the design and modernization of fountain systems in urban and recreational areas contributing to reliable operation and sustainable water use.
• Hydraulic Couplers and Their Attachments. Kholmurodovich, Ismatulloyev Fazlidin Zainievich | Ortikov Shodiyor (2026). 4(1) 15–18.

  This article details the importance of hydraulic fasteners their types physical and chemical properties and additives that increase technological efficiency which occupy an important place in the system of building materials. The process of solidification of hydraulic couplers in the aquatic environment their mechanisms of strength formation and their application in modern construction have been analyzed from a scientific point of view. Also based on the effect of mineral and chemical additives on the quality of binders environmental and economic efficiency.
• Implementation of a Smart Neighborhood in the City of Urganch and Upgrading of Infrastructure Based on Eco-Technologies. I., Baydjanov I. S. | Iskandarov U. (2026). 4(1) 55–69.

  This study covers the implementation of a smart neighborhood model in the city of Urganch and the renewal of urban infrastructure based on modern eco-technologies. The study substantiates the relevance of introducing digital control systems energy-saving solutions the concept of "green mobility" principles of sustainable urban planning and ecologically safe infrastructure elements. Within the framework of the proposed smart neighborhood model smart solutions such as intelligent lighting systems renewable energy sources sensor-based monitoring automated waste management system bicycle and pedestrian lanes are integrated in accordance with the complex climate conditions. The results of the research show that development based on smart and eco-technological infrastructure increases the stability and efficiency of the city reduces resource consumption and serves to create an environmentally safe innovative urban environment in Urganch.
• Rehabilitation in the Study of Ischemic Stroke. Xalilovna, Abdullaeva Dildor (2026). 4(1) 38–49.

  At present due to the rapid progress of treatment technology in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke the mortality of patients has been greatly reduced but the number of disabled survivors is increasing and most of them are elderly patients. Physicians and rehabilitation therapists pay attention to develop all kinds of therapist techniques including physical therapy techniques robot-assisted technology and artificial intelligence technology and study the molecular cellular or synergistic mechanisms of rehabilitation therapies to promote the effect of rehabilitation therapy. Here we discussed different animal and in vitro models of ischaemic stroke for rehabilitation studies the compound concept and technology of neurological rehabilitation all kinds of biological mechanisms of physical therapy the significance assessment and efficacy of neurological rehabilitation the application of brain–computer interface rehabilitation robotic and non-invasive brain stimulation technology in stroke rehabilitation.
• Scientific Analysis of the Indicators of Strength Elasticity And Tension of Karakul Wool Fibers after Softening using Physico Mechanical Methods. Ne’matovna, Rajabov Azizbek Ibodulloyevich | Nodirova Mexriniso (2026). 4(1) 30–37.

  In Uzbekistan the wool processing industry is not yet fully developed and the semi coarse fibers of local sheep are considered a difficult raw material due to their roughness low elasticity and disproportionate properties. This study analyzes changes in the strength elasticity and tensile characteristics of softened wool fibers. Based on regression modeling technological trends and optimal parameters of seasonal fibers were determined. The results show that the softening of fibers increases production efficiency and the developed models serve to prepare high-quality yarn and strengthen export potential.
• The Role of Recycling in Building a Circular Economy. qizi, Xonimqulova Sabohat Abdukarim (2026). 4(1) 7–9.

  The growing global demand for resources and increasing waste generation pose serious threats to sustainable development (UNEP 2023). Transitioning from a linear to a circular economy has become crucial. This article analyzes the environmental social and economic benefits of recycling illustrated by practices in Sweden and the European Union. Findings indicate that recycling contributes to energy savings waste reduction job creation and economic resilience. Nevertheless recycling alone is insufficient without systemic approaches and supportive policies (Circularity Gap Report 2024).
• OILAVIY MUAMMOLATRI TUFAYLI RUHIY SALOMATLIGI BUZILGAN BOLALAR BILAN ART-PEDAGOGIK YO’NALISHLARI YORDAMIDA PEDAGOGIK FAOLIYAT MASALALARI. Xamidovna, Kadirova Iroda (2026). 4(1) 4–6.

  Mazkur maqolada oilaviy muammolar ta’sirida ruhiy salomatligi buzilgan bolalar bilan ishlashda art-pedagogik yo‘nalish vositalaridan foydalanishning pedagogik va psixologik ahamiyati yoritilgan. Art-pedagogikaning nazariy asoslari, uning turlari hamda ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonida qo‘llash mexanizmlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, art-pedagogik faoliyatni tashkil etishda pedagogning roli va samaradorlik omillari ilmiy asosda bayon etilgan.
• The Concept for the Development of Higher Education Institutions in the Field of Architecture. Mirzorustamovich, Xakimov Jaxongir (2026). 4(1) 70–76.

  This article examines contemporary challenges and development pathways for higher education institutions in the field of architecture with a focus on aligning national educational systems with international standards and labor-market demands. The introduction outlines the rapid transformation of the architectural profession under the pressures of urbanization climate change digitalization and growing social responsibility. Despite ongoing reforms a significant knowledge gap persists in integrating practice-oriented learning digital technologies and sustainable development principles into architectural curricula particularly in the context of developing countries such as Uzbekistan. The study employs a qualitative analytical method based on a review of national policy documents international normative frameworks and recent scientific literature on architectural education. Comparative analysis is used to identify mismatches between existing educational models and emerging professional requirements. The findings indicate that current architectural programs are often overly theoretical weakly connected to industry and insufficiently responsive to digital and interdisciplinary shifts. International experience highlights the effectiveness of competency-based curricula transdisciplinary design studios “living laboratories” and hybrid learning formats in bridging this gap. The results demonstrate that adopting modular project-oriented and digitally supported educational models can significantly enhance graduate competitiveness and professional readiness. The article concludes that systematic integration of international standards industry partnerships and sustainable development principles is essential for reforming architectural education. The implications of this study are relevant for policymakers university administrators and educators seeking to modernize architectural education systems and prepare architects capable of addressing complex socio-environmental challenges of the 21st century.
• VIRTUAL DEKORATSIYALAR VA AN’ANAVIY PAVILYON: KINO RASSOM IJODIDA YANGI IMKONIYATLAR. Qurbonovich, Bozorov Furqat (2026). 4(1) 1–3.

  Mazkur ilmiy maqolada virtual dekoratsiyalar va an’anaviy pavilyon tushunchalarining zamonaviy tasviriy san’atdagi o‘rni nazariy va amaliy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Raqamli texnologiyalar ta’sirida shakllanayotgan yangi badiiy muhit rassom ijodiy tafakkurini kengaytirib, makon, vaqt va obraz talqinida yangi imkoniyatlar yaratmoqda. Tadqiqotda milliy kino kontekstida virtual dekoratsiyalar o‘zbek me’moriy bezaklari, milliy ornament va rang tizimini zamonaviy texnologiyalar orqali jonlantirish imkonini berishi, bu jarayon tasviriy yechimda milliylik va zamonaviylik uyg‘unligini ta’minlab, film asarlarining badiiy ta’sir kuchini oshira olishi yoritiladi. Mazkur ilmiy xulosalar zamonaviy san’atshunoslik, sahna va kino bezagi bo‘yicha olib borilayotgan tadqiqotlar uchun nazariy va amaliy ahamiyat kasb etadi
• Effect of Temperature and Storage Duration on the Growth of Salmonella spp. in Local Yogurt and Butter from Sulaymaniyah Markets. Dlsher Mohammed, Dawod Noori M.Shekhani (2026). 4(1) 8–14.

  Salmonella spp. has become one of the main foodborne pathogens at an international level, and the presence of these organisms in dairy products poses a significant human health hazard, especially in those areas where less developed methods of food processing are used and where the administrative control is not strict. This study aimed at determining how the storage temperature (4 0 C vs. 25 0 C) and the storage period (0 vs. 10 days) of commercially available yet crude yogurt and butter products distributed in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, affected their survival and growth of Salmonella spp. Sixty dairy samples, 30 yogurt and 30 butter samples, were inoculated with well-characterised strains of Salmonella and then incubated at the predetermined point of intervals using standard microbiological techniques. Findings showed that storage at 4 o C did reduce the amount of Salmonella in both types of products significantly, and a significant rise in the amount of pathogen load was observed after storage at 25 o C, particularly in yogurt, which has greater moisture and water activity. Butter, on the other hand, exhibited significantly higher microbiological stability presumably due to reduced water activity and an increase in fat level. The results are supportive in the predictive microbiological models and the literature that exists to support the essential roles that water activity, temperature, and storage conditions have in pathogen dynamics. The research highlights the urgency behind the implementation of cold-chain logistics, improvement of packaging systems and supporting the health practice of the population on traditional dairy products to reduce the risk of microbes. To help avoid spreading salmonellosis caused by contaminated dairy products, there is a necessity to promote food safety education and strict hygienic standards when handling and disposing them.
• Synthesis, Physicochemical Analysis, and Characterisation of Periwinkle-Based Chitosan. Kyenge, Ijwo Omirenyi Peter B. A (2026). 4(1) 15–25.

  The growing accumulation of shell waste from aquatic food processing presents an environmental challenge and an opportunity for sustainable biopolymer production. This study reports the extraction, physicochemical analysis, and characterisation of chitosan derived from periwinkle shell waste as a locally sourced alternative to conventional crustacean-based chitosan. Chitin was isolated through sequential demineralisation, deproteinisation, and decolourisation, followed by alkaline deacetylation to obtain chitosan. The resulting material was analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). The extracted chitosan exhibited a high degree of deacetylation (86%), confirming effective conversion from chitin. Physicochemical evaluation revealed low moisture and protein contents (0.5% and 0.4%), indicating good stability, while moderate ash content (5.6%) suggested partial residual mineral presence. FTIR confirmed characteristic functional groups of chitosan, XRD revealed enhanced crystallinity relative to native chitosan, and SEM showed a rough, porous morphology with high surface area. EDX analysis indicated residual calcium from the shell matrix. However, periwinkle shell waste represents a viable and sustainable source of functional chitosan suitable for food, agricultural, environmental, and biomedical applications.
• Immune Dysregulation and Cytokine Signatures in Adult Males with Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in Kirkuk City. Mohammed, Asmaa Jamal (2026). 4(1) 26–33.

  Introduction & Aim: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an omnipresent herpesvirus, which infects the vast majority of humans and induces lifelong latency in B lymphocytes and has been associated with different autoimmune diseases as well as malignancies. Investigating on immunodysregulation, cytokine profile and T-cell activation in EBV-infected adult males. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq during the period of April to November 2025. A total of 136 EBV-infected cases and 80 healthy controls were enrolled. EBV infection was determined by qualitative EBNA ELISA. Serum cytokines (IL‑6, TNF‑α, IFN‑γ, IL‑1β, IL‑10 and TGF-β) and soluble T cell markers (sCD4 and sCD8) were detected by ELISA. Results: Among 136 symptomatic participants, 82 (60.3%) were EBNA-positive. Clinical features included fever 58/82 (70.7%), cervical lymphadenopathy 61/82 (74.4%), and fatigue 54/82 (65.9%). EBNA-positive participants showed significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL‑6 48.3±12.5 pg/mL, TNF‑α 52.5±13.2 pg/mL, IFN‑γ 45.7±11.8 pg/mL, IL‑1β 38.7±10.3 pg/mL (controls: 15.4±5.9, 17.3±6.3, 14.7±5.1, 12.9±4.4, all p<0.001). Anti-inflammatory cytokines: IL‑10 22.4±6.7 pg/mL, TGF‑β 35.6±8.9 pg/mL (controls: 10.5±3.3, 19.1±5.6, p<0.001). Soluble T-cell markers: sCD4 7.8±1.9 ng/mL, sCD8 8.5±2.1 ng/mL (controls: 3.2±1.2, 3.5±1.3, p<0.001). ROC analysis indicated IL‑6, TNF‑α, and IFN‑γ had highest AUCs (0.94–0.96) for differentiating EBNA-positive from controls. Conclusions: Adult male patients with EBV infection have elevated pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines and T-cell activation, which indicates that the immune system is dysfunctional in these patients, and IL‑6, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers.
• Assessment of Microplastic Contamination and its Ecological Impact on the Aquatic Ecosystem of River Sone at Old Shahabad. Dr. Anupama Singh, Sunil Kumar Singh (2026). 4(1) 34–46.

  Microplastic pollution has emerged as a pervasive environmental threat in freshwater ecosystems, yet data from Indian rivers remain limited. This study investigates the ingestion and trophic transfer of microplastics across plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish in the River Sone, Bihar, India, focusing on midstream (Dehri-on-Sone) and downstream (Koilwar) sites. Biological samples were collected seasonally (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon) and analyzed for microplastic abundance, morphology, size, and polymer composition using stereo microscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Microplastics were detected in all trophic levels, with the lowest abundance in plankton (2.1–6.4 particles m⁻³) and the highest in fish (7.2–28.9 particles individual⁻¹), indicating trophic transfer and accumulation. Fibers were the dominant morphology, and polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene were the most common polymers. Seasonal variation revealed elevated microplastic ingestion during pre- and post-monsoon periods, reflecting hydrological influences on particle availability and sediment resuspension. The results highlight the role of benthic macroinvertebrates as intermediate reservoirs, facilitating microplastic transfer to higher trophic levels. Continuous ingestion poses potential sub-lethal physiological stress, ecological disruption, and human health risks, especially considering the consumption of local fish. This study provides the first evidence of trophic amplification of microplastics in the River Sone and underscores the urgent need for continuous monitoring, improved waste management, and policy interventions to mitigate plastic contamination in Indian freshwater ecosystems. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of microplastic dynamics in tropical riverine environments and their implications for freshwater biodiversity and food security.
• Levels of Paraoxonase-1 Activity, Immunological Parameters, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Children Infected with Entamoeba Histolytica. Shakor, Donia Suad (2026). 4(1) 56–62.

  Introduction & Objective: Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) is an important enteric protozoan leading to morbidity in children, and is frequently accompanied with oxidative stress and immune stimulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the activity of Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) status, antioxidant enzymes (GSH, TAC, Catalase) and immunological parameters (IL 6, IL 10) in E. histolytica infected children. Materials & Methods: One hundred fifty children were enrolled during the period from May to September, 2025 at the Pediatric Hospital-Kirkuk-Iraq, including ninety children with diarrhea and sixty healthy controls. Stool microscopy confirmed infection. The levels of PON1, antioxidant enzymes, and cytokines in the serum were assayed using commercially available kits (Sunlong Biotechnology, China). Results: Among diarrheal children, 33 (36.7%) were positive for E. histolytica. Compared with controls, infected children had lower GSH (4.12 ± 1.23 vs 6.81 ± 1.05 µmol/L), TAC (0.83 ± 0.19 vs 1.31 ± 0.21 mmol Trolox Eq/L), and PON1 activity (45.23 ± 9.87 vs 89.56 ± 14.32 U/L), and higher catalase (224.55 ± 49.78 vs 179.65 ± 34.92 kU/L), IL 6 (16.24 ± 6.71 vs 4.53 ± 1.21 pg/mL), and IL 10 (13.11 ± 5.22 vs 6.98 ± 2.03 pg/mL) (all P < 0.05). Pearson correlation showed positive associations among antioxidant markers (GSH–TAC r = 0.72, GSH–PON1 r = 0.65) and negative correlations with cytokines (GSH–IL 6 r = –0.61, GSH–IL 10 r = –0.42).
• Rice Weevil as a Storage Pest. Yeasmin, Shahina (2026). 4(1) 63–68.

  The observation of food preferences of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, reveals that it exhibits a strong preference for polished rice, with studies showing that it prefers polished rice over other grains when conditions favor infestation. The damage in polished rice was measured at approximately 20%, indicating its high preference for this grain. In contrast, oats showed higher resistance against rice weevil, with minimal damage and weight loss. This suggests that the presence of natural defence compounds in oats, such as avenacosides, phenolics, and fatty acids, contributes to their resistance against storage pests.
• Dental Morphology of Prickly and Bramble Sharks (Echinorhinidae). Straube, Nicolas; Friedenberger, Tamara; Sureshkumar, Sivanpillai; Feichtinger, Iris; Nielsen, Kent A; Popov, Evgeny V; Pollerspöck, Jürgen (2026). 287(6) e70140.
• Immunological and Inflammatory Responses in Children Infected with Enterobius Vermicularis Attending Hawija General Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq. Shakour, Sunbul Jalal (2026). 4(1) 69–75.

  Background & Objective: Intestinal parasitism due to Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) is prevalent among children and induces immune and inflammatory responses. The goal of this study is to assess the effect of pinworm infection on serum level pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), C reactive protein (CRP) and Total IgE among children attending Hawija General Hospital in Kirkuk-Iraq. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Hawija General Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq from June to September 2025. Participants were recruited from the pediatric outpatient clinics and laboratory units. Eighty-three patients with confirmed Enterobius vermicularis infection and 80 healthy controls were enrolled. In the early morning, parasitological samples were collected using the perianal adhesive tape (cellophane-tape) method, and 5 mL venous blood was extracted from each participant for immunological examination. Results: Elevation of IL-6 (28.72 ± 5.85 pg/mL), TNF-α (20.93 ± 5.02 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (26.45 ± 6.18 pg/mL), CRP (7.43 ± 2.11 mg/L) and total IgE (152.83 ± 48.61 IU/mL) was significant in infected children compared to controls (p < 0.001). Certain markers were influenced by age and BMI with mid-childhood (6–10 years) and obese children exhibiting greater inflammatory responses. The positive correlations among cytokines, CRP, and IgE signified coordinated systemic and humoral immune activation. Conclusions: Pinworm infection is correlated with a strong systemic inflammatory and IgE-mediated humoral response in children. Serum cytokines, CRP and IgE may be potential biomarkers for infection and disease monitoring.
• Investigation of Optimal pH and Temperature Regimes for Maximizing Germination and Reproductive Capacity in Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) Varieties Pusa 334 and Pusa 383. Dr. Amresh Kumar, Jasmine Bharti (2026). 4(1) 76–92.

  Background: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a vital staple crop in arid and semi-arid regions, yet variety-specific germination responses to abiotic factors remain inadequately characterized. Objective: This study investigated the optimal pH and temperature regimes for maximizing germination, reproductive capacity, and early seedling growth of two commercially important pearl millet varieties, Pusa 334 and Pusa 383. Methods: Seed characters and reproductive capacity were assessed following Salisbury (1942). Germination experiments were conducted across seven pH levels (4.2–10.2) and eight temperature regimes (5–40°C). Seedling growth parameters cotyledonary leaf opening, fresh biomass, dry biomass, and plant height were monitored at 5-day intervals over 20 days. Results: Pusa 334 exhibited superior reproductive capacity (1907.22) compared to Pusa 383 (1736.46), attributed to larger seed size (3 mm diameter; 1.40 g/100 seeds) and higher seed output (1850 seeds/plant). Both varieties failed to germinate at pH 4.2, with optimal germination (>85%) and maximum seedling growth recorded at pH 7.0–8.2. Temperature optima were 20–25°C, achieving peak germination (>94%) and fastest emergence (4.01–4.40 days). Extreme temperatures (5°C and 40°C) severely inhibited germination and seedling development. Pusa 334 consistently outperformed Pusa 383 across all growth parameters under optimal conditions. Conclusion: These varieties require neutral to slightly alkaline soils and 20–25°C temperatures for optimal establishment. Findings provide critical physiological benchmarks for improving pearl millet cultivation strategies in variable environments.
• Bacteriological and Physiological Assessment of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Patients with Hypertensio. kooshi jasem, Mayson (2026). 4(1) 97–109.

  Hypertension is a multifactorial cardiovascular disorder that is gaining association with chronic inflammation and microbial influence, over and above the risk profile of hypertension. Among oral pathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis has received increasing attention due to its role in periodontal dysbiosis as well as its potential systemic effects of chromosomes on endothelial function and inflammation as well as metabolic disturbance. The present study was prepared and performed a bacterium physiological evaluation of P. gingivalis in hypertensive patients and also its association with certain physiological parameters related to cardiovascular. This analytical case- control study consisted of 75 adults divided into two groups, 50 hypertensive patients and 25 participant groups (normotensive). Demographic and physiological variables were recorded, age, sex, body mass index, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. The blood pressure was measured using standard clinical procedures. Subgingival plaque samples were taken and analyzed for the presence of P. gingivalis by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was done to assess the difference between the groups and to assess the correlation between bacteriological positivity and physiological parameters. The results revealed that hypertension was more common among the older subjects and was significantly related to high body mass index. Obesity was significantly more common in the hypertensive than in the normotensive controls. Although abnormally elevated cholesterol and triglycerides levels were more common in hypertensive patients, these differences were not statistically significant in the current sample. The bacteriological evaluation showed significantly higher frequency of positive presence of P. gingivalis in hypertensive patients than control. Within the hypertensive group, P. gingivalis positivity was more common in patients with obesity, total cholesterol and triglycerides. In addition, hypertensive patients positive for P. gingivalis showed greater mean systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol and triglyceride values compared with Bacteriologically negative patients. the present findings were consistent with an association between the detection of P. gingivalis and an unfavorable physiologic profile in hypertensive patients. The co-existence of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and periodontal pathogens burden implies a biologically plausible interaction between the oral and systemic systems possible to pathogenesis to the expression of the cardiovascular risk. These findings give support for the need of larger studies integrating bacteriological, periodontal, inflammatory and vascular assessments to elucidate the clinical significance of this relationship
• Metadaten. Wenzig, Knut N. Baur, J. Blasius (eds.) (2026). (4th ed.) 2281–2292.

  Die Digitalisierung der Wissenschaften (Thimm/Nehls/Peters, Kapitel 101 in diesem Band) hat es mit sich gebracht, dass im gesamten Forschungszyklus (Stein und Przyborski/ Wohlrab-Sahr, Kapitel 11 und 10, beide in diesem Band) die Rolle von strukturierten Informationen, mit denen einzelne Elemente in diesem Zyklus beschrieben werden können, ständig zunimmt. Für diese Struktur entwickeln sich zunehmend Standards, auf denen (Web-)Dienste aufbauen, die in wissenschaftlichen Prozessen eine wichtige Rolle übernehmen können, in dem sie nicht nur Informationen liefern, sondern auch unmittelbar zur Steuerung der Prozesse beitragen.
• Neurophysiological mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease comprehensive review. Alfahad, Ahmed A. N. (2026). 4(1) 90–96.

  Alzheimer's disease is an incurable brain disease describe by a gradual and advanced decline in brain function in older adults.The disease process begins years before symptoms appear, which can make most treatments less effective. Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers that are currently recognised and used primarily reflect the molecular and structural alterations in the brain that are linked to AD. They can be change in healthy people and frequently do not accurately reflect the degree of cognitive and functional deficits in influenced subjects, despite the fact that they are essential for identefying disease specific neuropathology and have no strong correlation with the way dementia manifests clinically. When clearance mechanisms fail, Amyloid-beta is generated when the amyloid protein (APP) is cleaved by (β , γ) secretase enzymes, leading to the buildup 0f insoluble peptide aggregates in the extracellular space. These clusters create amyloid plaques, which have direct neurotoxic effects, interfere with synaptic transmission, and cause neuroinflammation. At the same time, neurones experience pathological hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau, which causes it to separate from microtubules and then aggregate into intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Axonal transport is hampered by this process, which also destabilises the cytoskeletal structure. Amyloid-beta extracellular toxicity and tau pathology-induced intracellular dysfunction work together to cause progressive neuronal degeneration, which eventually results in Alzheimer's disease symptoms. Damaged mitochondria interfere with nerve cell communication and increase the buildup of tau and amyloid-beta proteins, two important characteristics of Alzheimer's disaese. This review's objective is to better diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD), comprehend its aetiology and natural course, and conduct research
• Technologies For Drying Melons and An Integrated Pest Management System Under the Conditions of Uzbekistan. Suyundikova Yulduz Usmon kizi, Bolliyev Asliddin Tursunmamatovich (2026). 4(1) 76–79.

  This article analyzes the technologies for drying cucurbit crops, particularly melon, under the conditions of Uzbekistan, as well as their nutritional and pharmacological significance and methods for controlling major pests.
• Work-Related Health Symptoms, Personal Protective Equipment Use, and Environmental Risk Perceptions Among Textile Factory Workers: A Cross Sectional Study in Iraq. Zainab Kareem Al-Kazazz, Maysoon Kooshi Jasim (2026). 4(1) 80–89.

  Textile factory workers may expose the individual to airborne particles, chemical agents and workload related stressors that may cause adverse health outcomes. Evidence from Iraq is limited, however, on issues such as symptom burden, use of PPE, and worker's views on risks. A cross-sectional survey was performed in the workplace among textile factory workers (N = 50). Data were gathered from a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics; work conditions (daily working hours, years of experience); PPE usage, health indicators (chronic disease, occupational disease, stress/anxiety); health symptoms related to work in the job and perceived environmental/community/economic impacts. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and percentages were reported. The types of symptoms were summarized at a worker level among workers reporting symptoms related to work. The sample was mostly female (62%) and mostly middle-aged (41-50 years old: 46%; 51-60 years old: 30%). The dominant number of participants worked 6 hours/day (60%) and had 5-25 years of experience (80%). PPE use was low (28%). Chronic diseases were reported by 48% of workers, occupational diseases by 54% and stress/anxiety by 66%. Work-related health symptoms were reported by 54% of the participants. Among the symptomatic workers (n=27), the most common symptoms were related to exhaustion (51.85%), headache (25.92%), allergy-related symptoms (18.51%); asthma-related complaints and visual impairment were each reported by 7.4%. In terms of perceptions, 62% thought that the textile activity has an impact on the environment, 54% of them perceived an effect on local inhabitants and 66% perceived an effect on the local economy. Of those who response about environmental impact (n = 31), air pollution was the predominant type of perceived damage (83.87%). Textile factory workers had a high prevalence of work-related symptoms and psychosocial burden along with low PPE use and strong perceptions of air pollution-related harm. These findings provide an argument to reinforce PPE programs, enhance airborne exposures controls and ventilation and also integrate psychosocial risk management as an occupational health approach. Future studies need to include objective exposure measurement and analytic modeling in order to quantify determinants of symptoms.
• SPIELEND: Soziale Präsenz durch immersive, emotionale und lebendige Erfahrungen von Nähe auf Distanz. Hurtienne, Jörn; Friedenberger, Tamara; Maas, Franzisca; Baur, Cordula (2026). 21.
• Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung Baur, Nina; Blasius, Jörg (2026). (4th ed.) Springer VS, Wiesbaden.
• Sustainable Development of the Old Area of the City of Samara. Al-Aqeeli, Dr Maysoon Muhi Hilal | Maria Salim Dawood | Hanan Abdul Jabbar Asaad (2026). 4(1) 1–6.

  The current study attempts to design for the development of Samarra's Old District. It is a mirror that reflects the effects of this civilization and the expression of the city's symbols through the integrated development of the examined region and its significance. Which will become a tourist attraction due to its cultural significance. It is also economically significant because it helps to the city's economic development and provides job possibilities for the unemployed. Which instills in the visitor a new perception of Samarra and at the same time instills pride in the city's youth when the heritage of their city is revealed to them. The archaeological significance of the project is one of the grounds for its selection. The reasons for choosing the project 1-The archaeological significance of the ancient district which is a strong point for attracting tourists to the city and aids in the identification of the city's legacy. 2-To attract tourists the city requires a space and an entertainment facility that welcome their activities and fits their needs. Project goals and objectives 1. Create communities near the Grand Mosque and give them their unique identity through a panorama that recounts the city's past to visitors and residents as well as allowing them to see the heritage and glory of their forefathers. 2. Hold creative performances to communicate with other people's civilizations and cultures as well as global scientific and technological growth. Visitors' definitions of Samarra's extended heritage as well as the city's residents' definitions of what exists overseas and how it reflects current cultural development. Provide trade centers for various types of heritage goods which is a lovely souvenir that visitors can preserve and there can be. The research made a Sustainable development plan for the studied area and recommended some proposals for completion of the project.
• Mechanosensitive channel engineering: A study on the mixing and matching of YnaI and MscS sensor paddles and pores. Flegler, Vanessa J.; Rasmussen, Akiko; Hedrich, Rainer; Rasmussen, Tim; Böttcher, Bettina (2025). 16(1) 7881.

  Osmotically varying environments are challenging for bacterial cells. Sudden drops in osmolytes cause an increased membrane tension and rupture the cells in the absence of protective mechanisms. One family of protective proteins are mechanosensitive channels of small conductance that open in response to membrane tension. Although these channels have a common architecture, they vary widely in the number of transmembrane helices, conductivity, and gating characteristics. Although there are various structures of channels in the open and closed state, the underlying common principles of the gating mechanism remain poorly understood. Here we show that YnaI opens by radial relocation of the transmembrane sensor paddles together with a shortening of the pore, which contrasts the prototypic smaller MscS. A chimera of both channels with the YnaI sensor paddles and the pore containing C-terminal part of MscS is functional and has the tension response of the paddle donor. Our research shows that elements with different structural opening mechanisms can be mixed and matched within one channel as long as they support the common area expansion on the periplasmic side.
• Structure of lymphostatin, a large multi-functional virulence factor of pathogenic Escherichia coli. Griessmann, Matthias; Rasmussen, Tim; Flegler, Vanessa J.; Kraft, Christian; Schneider, Ronja; Hateley, Max; Spantzel, Lukas; Stevens, Mark P.; Börsch, Michael; Böttcher, Bettina (2025). 16(1) 5389.

  Lymphostatin is a key virulence factor of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, playing roles in bacterial colonisation of the gut and in the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and proinflammatory responses. The protein's glycosyltransferase and cysteine protease motifs are required for activity against lymphocytes, but high-resolution structural information has proven elusive. Here, we describe the structure of lymphostatin from enteropathogenic E. coli O127:H6, determined by electron cryo-microscopy at different pH values. We observe three conformations of a highly complex molecule with two glycosyltransferase domains, one PaToxP-like protease domain, an ADP-ribosyltransferase domain, a vertex domain and a delivery domain. Long linkers hold these domains together and occlude the catalytic sites of the N-terminal glycosyltransferase and protease domains. Lymphostatin binds to bovine T-lymphocytes and HEK-293T cells, forming clusters at the plasma membrane that are internalized. With six distinct domains, lymphostatin can be regarded as a multitool of pathogenic Escherichia coli, enabling complex interactions with host cells.
• p97/VCP is required for piecemeal autophagy of aggresomes. Körner, Maria; Müller, Paul; Das, Hirak; Kraus, Felix; Pfeuffer, Timo; Spielhaupter, Sven; Oeljeklaus, Silke; Schülein-Völk, Christina; Harper, J. Wade; Warscheid, Bettina; Buchberger, Alexander (2025). 16(1) 4243.

  Metazoan cells adapt to the exhaustion of protein quality control (PQC) systems by sequestering aggregation-prone proteins in large, pericentriolar structures termed aggresomes. Defects in both aggresome formation and clearance affect proteostasis and have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, but aggresome clearance pathways are still underexplored. Here we show that aggresomes comprising endogenous proteins are cleared via selective autophagy requiring the cargo receptor TAX1BP1. TAX1BP1 proximitomes reveal the presence of various PQC systems at aggresomes, including Hsp70 chaperones, the 26S proteasome, and the ubiquitin-selective unfoldase p97/VCP. While Hsp70 and p97/VCP with its cofactors UFD1-NPL4 and FAF1 play key roles in aggresome disassembly, the 26S proteasome is dispensable. We identify aggresomal client proteins that are degraded via different routes, in part in a p97/VCP-dependent manner via aggrephagy. Upon acute inhibition of p97/VCP, aggresomes fail to disintegrate and cannot be incorporated into autophagosomes despite the presence of factors critical for aggrephagosome formation, including p62/SQSTM1, TAX1BP1, and WIPI2. We conclude that the p97/VCP-mediated removal of ubiquitylated aggresomal clients is essential for the disintegration and subsequent piecemeal autophagy of aggresomes.
• Mobile Primary User in Cognitive Radio State of the Arts and Recent Advances. hamdouchi, Amine (2023).
• Mechanosensitive channel gating by delipidation. Flegler, Vanessa Judith; Rasmussen, Akiko; Borbil, Karina; Boten, Lea; Chen, Hsuan-Ai; Deinlein, Hanna; Halang, Julia; Hellmanzik, Kristin; Löffler, Jessica; Schmidt, Vanessa; Makbul, Cihan; Kraft, Christian; Hedrich, Rainer; Rasmussen, Tim; Böttcher, Bettina (2021). 118(33) e2107095118-.

  The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) protects bacteria against hypoosmotic shock. It can sense the tension in the surrounding membrane and releases solutes if the pressure in the cell is getting too high. The membrane contacts MscS at sensor paddles, but lipids also leave the membrane and move along grooves between the paddles to reside as far as 15 Å away from the membrane in hydrophobic pockets. One sensing model suggests that a higher tension pulls lipids from the grooves back to the membrane, which triggers gating. However, it is still unclear to what degree this model accounts for sensing and what contribution the direct interaction of the membrane with the channel has. Here, we show that MscS opens when it is sufficiently delipidated by incubation with the detergent dodecyl-?-maltoside or the branched detergent lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol. After addition of detergent-solubilized lipids, it closes again. These results support the model that lipid extrusion causes gating: Lipids are slowly removed from the grooves and pockets by the incubation with detergent, which triggers opening. Addition of lipids in micelles allows lipids to migrate back into the pockets, which closes the channel even in the absence of a membrane. Based on the distribution of the aliphatic chains in the open and closed conformation, we propose that during gating, lipids leave the complex on the cytosolic leaflet at the height of highest lateral tension, while on the periplasmic side, lipids flow into gaps, which open between transmembrane helices.
• ZFAND1 Recruits p97 and the 26S Proteasome to Promote the Clearance of Arsenite-Induced Stress Granules. Turakhiya, Ankit; Meyer, Susanne R.; Marincola, Gabriella; Böhm, Stefanie; Vanselow, Jens T.; Schlosser, Andreas; Hofmann, Kay; Buchberger, Alexander (2018). 70(5) 906–919.e7.
• An Integer-Linear Algorithm for Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Data Centers. Ghodousian, Amin (2016). (Vol. 6) 1–7.
• ALGORITHMIC AND ARCHITECTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF A 3D RECONSTRUCTION MEDICAL IMAGES ALGORITHM FOR A HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION. Technical Report (PhD dissertation2), Manel, MILI; Bouraoui, MAHMOUD; Mohamed, BOUBAKER; Asma, BEN ABDALLAH; Hédi, BEDOUI Mohamed; Mohamed, AKIL (2012, April). 19–29.

  This paper presents an optimization of an FPGA circuit implementation of 3D reconstruction algorithm of medicals images. It is based on an algorithmic specification in the shape of a Factorized and Conditioned Data Dependences Graph (GFCDD). An automatic and optimized implementation of the algorithm of « Marching Cubes » has been carried out. The repetitive property of the algorithm has been exploited, as much as possible, by means of the methodology “Adequacy Algorithm Structures”.
• High-Level Language Extensions for Fast Execution of Pipeline-Parallelized Code on Current Chip Multi-Processor Systems Qasem, Apan (2012, July).

  The last few years have seen multicore architectures emerge as the defining technology shaping the future of high-performance computing. Although multicore architectures present tremendous performance potential, to realize the true potential of these systems, software needs to play a key role. In particular, high-level language abstractions and the compiler and the operating system should be able to exploit the on-chip parallelism and utilize underlying hardware resources on these emerging platforms. This paper presents a set of high-level abstractions that allow the programmer to specify, at the source-code level, a variety to of parameters related to parallelism and inter-thread data locality. These abstractions are implemented as extensions to both C and Fortran. We present the syntax of these directives and also discuss their implementation in the context of source-to-source transformation framework and autotuning system. The abstractions are particularly applicable to pipeline parallelized code. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these strategies of a set of pipeline parallel benchmarks on three different multicore platforms.
• Membrane-bound Ubx2 recruits Cdc48 to ubiquitin ligases and their substrates to ensure efficient ER-associated protein degradation. Schuberth, Christian; Buchberger, Alexander (2005). 7(10) 999–1006.

  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation (ERAD) is a quality control system that removes misfolded proteins from the ER1,2. ERAD substrates are channelled from the ER via a proteinacious pore to the cytosolic ubiquitin--proteasome system --- a process involving dedicated ubiquitin ligases3,4,5 and the chaperone-like AAA ATPase Cdc48 (also known as p97)6,7,8,9,10. How the activities of these proteins are coupled remains unclear. Here we show that the UBX domain protein Ubx2 is an integral ER membrane protein that recruits Cdc48 to the ER. Moreover, Ubx2 mediates binding of Cdc48 to the ubiquitin ligases Hrd1 and Doa10, and to ERAD substrates. In addition, Ubx2 and Cdc48 interact with Der1 and Dfm1, yeast homologues of the putative dislocation pore protein Derlin-1 (refs 11--13). Lack of Ubx2 causes defects in ERAD that are exacerbated under stress conditions. These findings are consistent with a model in which Ubx2 coordinates the assembly of a highly efficient ERAD machinery at the ER membrane.