Die hannIT AöR (Hannoversche Informationstechnologien – Anstalt öffentlichen Rechts) ist der IT-Dienstleister der Region Hannover und ca. 30 weiterer Landkreise und Kommunen in Niedersachsen. Das Sicherheitsrechenzentrum mit verteilten Standorten bildet die systemtechnische Grundlage für den Betrieb und die Weiterentwicklung von Verwaltungsverfahren.

Das Kompetenzcenter Mobilität und GIS betreut Verkehrsinformations- und Planungssysteme, wie die elektronische Fahrplanauskunft oder die Netzverfügbarkeitskarte. Zum Leistungsangebot der hannIT AöR gehören unter anderem

• die elektronische Fahrplanauskunft in Niedersachsen und Bremen (EFA) u.a. für GVH (Großraum Verkehr Hannover) und Braunschweig ,
• der Betrieb des DELFI-Landesserver für Niedersachsen,
• die Echtzeitanbindung der ÖPNV-Unternehmen im GVH
• das multimodale Routing (ÖPNV, Auto, Fahrrad, Fußgänger …)

Darüber hinaus ist hannIT als Dienstleister maßgeblich an Projekten wie

• Connect GmbH (Datenintegration für Niedersachsen und Bremen),
• DELFI e.V. (Deutschlandweite Fahrplanauskunft),
• EU-Spirit (Verbund europäischer Auskunftssysteme)

beteiligt.

Im Projekt D4UM stellt hannIT AöR

• die Plattform (Hard- und Software) zur Verfügung,
• koordiniert die Bereitstellung von SW-Lösungen,
• arbeitet bei den Datenschutz- und Sicherheitsregeln mit
• schafft die Grundlagen für die Integration von IV-Echtzeitdaten und historischen Ganglinen in die Fahrplanauskunft EFA (Prototype)

• Möbius Quantum Computation: A New Topological Resource for Quantum Error Cancellation MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (T. I. School; I. D. C.-H. de Vega, eds.) (2026).
• Artificial Intelligence: Driven Predictive Modeling of Spoilage Microorganisms in Perishable Foods. Izuchukwu, Saturday Okpabi Ngozi O. (2026). 3(2) 38–49.

  "The rapid spoilage of perishable foods such as fish and tomato poses significant challenges to food safety and contributes to food waste. This study evaluated the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) models in predicting spoilage and supporting timely interventions. Fresh fish and tomato samples (eight each) were collected from local markets and farms, stored under refrigerated (4°C) and ambient (25°C) conditions, while environmental parameters—temperature, humidity, and light exposure were continuously monitored using digital sensors. Microbial counts were determined at regular intervals using standard microbiological techniques, and intrinsic food properties (pH, moisture content, water activity) were measured. The AI models—Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) were trained on normalized datasets integrating food and environmental variables to predict microbial load (CFU/g) and spoilage onset. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and RMSE, and real-time predictions were compared with actual measurements. Results indicated that microbial growth accelerated at 25°C, reaching severe spoilage within 24–48 hours, while refrigerated samples exhibited slower growth. Among the AI models, Random Forest consistently achieved the highest accuracy (95% for fish, 93% for tomato), precision, recall, F1-score, and the lowest RMSE, accurately predicting spoilage with errors below 3%. ANN also performed well in capturing temporal patterns, whereas SVM showed moderate predictive capability. In conclusion, AI models, particularly Random Forest, effectively forecasted microbial growth and spoilage, enabling early interventions to improve food safety and reduce waste. Recommendations include maintaining low storage temperatures, implementing AI-based monitoring, integrating real-time sensor data for dynamic prediction, and promoting AI adoption in perishable food supply chains."
• Role of Phosphorus Source and Biochar Levels on Some Fertility and Productivity Characteristics of Barley Crop Grow in Gypsiferous Soils. Alwan, Nashmi Ahmed Hilal | Ahmed Ibrahim Khalaf | Afrah Abdul Kareem Hussein (2026). 3(2) 34–44.

  A Factorial Field experiment was conducted  in Kirkuk governorate / plastic  house of  follower for the plant production department in technical institute – Hawija during the winter season to study the effect of phosphate source and biochar level in some fertility and productivity characteristics of barley crop planted in three gypsoferous soils. The experiment included three factors: the first factor is phosphoruse source (Triple super phosphate and Rock phosphate) and at the level (120) Kg P ha-1  for both , the second factor is biochar (0 , 0.5, 1)% , the third factor is gypsum content of soils (5.12  , 11.76  , 17.9) %. The experiment was designed according to RCBD and with three repetitions. The results showed The phosphorus source, soil content of gypsum and biochar level significantly affected the productivity and fertility features, The highest average concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, grain yield came from the interaction of triple super phosphate fertilizer (120) Kg P ha-1 , 1% level of biochar and soil with 5.12 % gypsum content and reached (33.08) mg Kg-1 , (40.12) mg Kg-1 , (10.73) g Kg-1 , (38.19) g pot-1 respectively.
• Viability of Rare Fish Species in the Water Biotopes of the Khorezm Oasis and the Ecological Factors Determining Them. Xushnutovna, Babadjanova Sayyora (2026). 3(2) 29–33.

  In this article, based on scientific sources, the viability of rare and valuable fish species in the main aquatic biotopes of the Khorezm oasis (stepped environment, its rate, success of reproduction) and the quality of their determining ecological analysis, water, chemical indicators, water temperature, mineralization, water content, the state of the chemical base, and the influence of anthropogenic fluid (reclamation, water, pollution) on fish survival were highlighted. With the help of supporting tools, it helps to maintain safety measures.
• A GIS-Based Tree Canopy Analysis and Ground-Level Identification of Tree Species in Basia Block of Gumla District, Jharkhand, India. Nag, Sharda Mahanandi | Dr. Ashok Kumar (2026). 3(2) 20–28.

  Mapping tree canopies and identifying species at the species level are important for understanding the health of the ecosystem, vegetation, and biodiversity in the Basia block of Gumla district in Jharkhand, India. This study combines Geographical Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing methods, and field-based identification of tree species to create a full picture of the distribution of tree canopies and the types of trees that make them up. Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used to do supervised canopy density classification and make Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites. QGIS was used for spatial analysis, segmentation, and map creation. Along with remote sensing analysis, large field surveys were done to physically identify tree species, record canopy characteristics, and gather georeferenced validation points. The combined method made it possible to accurately mark out areas of dense, moderate, and sparse canopy and helped record 40 different types of trees in the study area. The Basia block, which has dry deciduous forests mostly made up of Shorea robusta (Sal), Terminalia tomentosa (Asan), Diospyros melanoxylon (Kendu), and Madhuca indica (Mahua), showed clear spectral differentiation: Shorea robusta had high NDVI values (0.65–0.82), which meant that the canopy was thick. Terminalia tomentosa (0.55–0.70) and Diospyros melanoxylon (0.50–0.68) had moderately thick canopies. The results help us better understand how plants grow and give us important information for managing forests, assessing biodiversity, and planning for long-term resource use.
• KI-Hype: Warum der massive Ausbau von Rechenzentren kritisch hinterfragt wird. Stoll, Kathrin (2026).

  KI-Rechenzentren sind Infrastruktur, die gebaut wird, obwohl bisher unklar ist, was das bringen soll. Im Interview schildert Paris Marx die Hintergründe.
• The Relevance and Prospects of Using Hydroponic Technologies in Modern Conditions. Maftunaxon, Bakhodirova (2026). 3(2) 15–19.

  This article is devoted to analyzing the results of growing plants using hydroponic technology. It examines the essence of the hydroponics method and describes the process of cultivating berry plants using strawberries as an example. It also compares traditional, modern soil-based, and soil-less methods of growing plants. Currently, hydroponics is widely used both by amateurs and in professional plant growing. Thanks to the control of pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient solution composition, plants receive the necessary elements in a timely manner at all stages of development — from the initial stage of growth to the formation of the crop. The advantages of the hydroponic method include the absence of the need for pesticides and herbicides, since plants in optimal conditions demonstrate high resistance to diseases and provide higher productivity compared to soil cultivation.
• Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Organoleptic Properties of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Garlic and Turmeric Powder Mixture. O, Oluwafemi R. A. | Agubosi O.C.P. | Azeezat Olayinka Olatunji | Sadiq Hauwa | Alagbe J. (2026). 3(2) 1–14.

  A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder mixture at ratio 1:1 on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) day old (Arbor Acres) broiler chicks were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times, with ten birds per replicate. A basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of broiler chicks and served as the control diet (treatment 1). Birds on treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed the basal diet with garlic and turmeric powder mixture at 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g, and 0.8g inclusion levels, respectively. Feed and clean water were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period, which lasted for 56 days. Data were collected on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Results of phytochemical composition show alkaloids (6.22%), terpenoids (5.78%), flavonoids (12.12%), phenols (4.67%), saponins (3.09%), oxalates (0.21%), and tannins (7.88%). The result of the growth performance showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in body weight gained, final weight gained, average weight gained and feed conversion ratio. Carcass characteristics showed live weight (g), thighs (g), wings (g), kidneys (g), necks (g), breasts (g), and hearts (g), with a higher significant difference (P<0.05) in the 0.8g dietary treatment. The dressed weight (g) and dressing percentage indicated a higher significant difference (P<0.05) in 0.6g dietary treatment than 0.8g, 0.4g, 0.2g, and control diet. Weights of leg, bile, spleen, back, and head revealed no significant effect (P>0.05) across the dietary treatment. The organoleptic quality test revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) in juiciness between the dietary treatments while no variations (P>0.05) between 0.8g, ,0.6g, and 0.4g groups. The general acceptability indicated no differences (P>0.05) across the dietary treatments. Hence the results obtained from this research can be recommended for the inclusion of a garlic and turmeric powder mixture up to 0.8 g which improves growth performance, and overall quality of meat; this implies that they can be recommended to farmers in place of antibiotics and growth promoters.
• Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward Non-Communicable Disease Prevention in Iraqi Communities: A Cross-Sectional Study at Al-Diwaniyiah Teaching Hospital. Hamzah, Sabah Mohsin (2026). 3(2) 97–108.

  Background: NCDs are an incredible burden on public health in Iraq and the entire MENA region and their growing rates will continue to be a significant concern in the future. The number of NCD cases continues to rise rapidly while the local community level has still not better defined KAPs concerning the prevention of NCDs. This study will assess the KAPs towards the prevention of NCDs among patients and caregivers from Al-Diwaniya Educational Hospital, examine if certain sociodemographics are contributing to lower KAP scores and to find evidence for creating targeted health promotion programs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey will take place at the Al-Diwaniyiah Teaching Hospital, Qadisiyah Governorate, Iraq from January to April of 2024. Participants will be selected from both outpatients and general medical clinics using a systematic random sampling method (420 subjects). Data will be collected via a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire that uses previously validated questions. The questionnaire will consist of 4 sections: socio-demographic characteristics; knowledge of NCDs (15); attitudes towards NCDs (10); and the practices towards NCD (12). NCD-related knowledge, attitudes and practice scores will be dichotomised into adequate and inadequate using established cut-off points for each area. The use of descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and binary logistic regression analysis will be conducted on the data using SPSS v.26. Results: Overall, of the completed surveys, 52.4% were male and the average participant age was 38.7 (± 12.3) years. The average rate of  knowledge was calculated to be 54.4% of all participants in the study. The average attitude was calculated to be 61.9% of all participants in the study, while the average rate of adequate practice was 41.7% of all participants in  the study. Adequate knowledge was found to significantly correlate with sufficient education (university degree) (AOR = 3.41; 95% CI: 2.10 to 5.54), living in an urban area (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.44 to 3.31) and being a younger person (ages 18-35) (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.21 to 2.90). The areas of knowledge and the practices found to have  significant deficiencies were in the domains of physical activity and dietary behaviours. There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.62, p < 0.001). Conclusion: There are major gaps in knowledge and practice related to NCDs in the Iraqi community sample, with identified deficiencies found in lower educational and rural dwellers. There is an urgent need for culturally sensitive and targeted health education programs on diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation. Al-Diwaniya Educational Hospital can be used as a community-level health promotion resource for NCD prevention.
• Сomparative Analysis of Postoperative Pain Syndrome in Cardioesophageal Cancer. Tuychiev, Yakhyo Sheraliyevich Khakimov | Abrorjon Ahmadjonovich Yusupbekov | Gafur Normurodovich Saidov | Elyor Ergashboevich Juraev | Bekzod Boymatovich Usmonov | Otabek Dilshodovich (2026). 3(2) 92–96.

  "Postoperative pain syndrome (POPS) remains a significant clinical challenge in patients undergoing surgery for cardioesophageal cancer (CEC). Despite the implementation of multimodal analgesia protocols, adequate pain control is not consistently achieved. This study aimed to comparatively assess postoperative pain intensity depending on the type of surgical access and tumor characteristics in patients with CEC. Eighty-five patients who underwent open surgical treatment were evaluated using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Pain intensity was analyzed in relation to surgical approach, tumor phenotype, disease stage, and demographic factors. The highest pain intensity was observed in patients who underwent thoracophrenicolaparotomy. Multimodal analgesia improved pain control; however, pain levels exceeded the adequate analgesia threshold (>4 points) in a substantial proportion of patients. The findings indicate that postoperative pain intensity is primarily associated with the extent of surgical trauma rather than gender or age factors, highlighting the need for optimization of regional analgesia techniques in oncologic surgery."
• Occupational opportunities among the Alumni of a Nursing Institution in Western India. Kumari, Poonam Kumari | Dr. Narendra Kaushik | Chotu (2026). 3(2) 86–91.

  Introduction: Professional performance of the alumni is one of the quality indicators of educational institutions. Nursing education institutions can use their alumni's performance analysis results to enhance their curricula, eliminate deficiencies, and improve the quality of education and graduate more highly qualified nurses. The present study was planned to evaluate the view of alumni of Govt. college of Nursing, Bikaner regarding nursing profession in term of appointment/placement and job satisfaction. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional research design was used to find out the occupational opportunities of alumni of Government College of nursing Bikaner. Non-probability Convenient Sampling Technique was used to select 206 alumni. The data collection was done by structured job satisfaction and job placement checklists. Results: In terms of professional qualifications among alumni, 139 were master of Nursing while 67 were bachelor of nursing. In terms of mode of recruitment of job, the findings highlighted that out of 152 alumni were selected by competition while 21 have selected by interview. Conclusion: The present study concluded that out of 206 alumni, 89.32% were having job. The majority of alumni have good job appointment. The present study enhances the outcomes of institution in terms of occupational opportunities.
• Antifungal Activity of Kiwa Peel Extract Against Aspergillus Species. Al-Akabi, Saad Ali Hussein (2026). 3(2) 77–85.

  Background: The emergence of fungal resistance to the classical antifungal agents has driven a quest for new resources among natural products. Some by-products from the agro-food industry, such as fruit peels, are a good source of bioactive compounds that can have effects on microorganisms. In the present investigation, we analysed antifungal properties of Kiwa peel extract (KPE) toward five Aspergillus species. Method: Kiwa peel extract was extracted and in vitro tested against Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus with the help of agar well diffusion method. Various concentrations of extract (62.5–1000 μg/mL) were tested. The antifungal activity was evaluated by measuring the size of inhibition zones, and possible significance was analysed with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. A significance level of P < 0.05 was applied. Results: KPE had concentration-dependent, significant anti-Aspergillus activity against all species tested. Maximum zones of inhibition were observed with the highest concentration (1000 µg/mL), and they significantly differed from lower concentrations (P < 0.0001). A. niger and A. flavus were slightly more susceptible than A. terreus out of the tested fungi. Conclusion: Our results showed that the ethanolic extract from KIWA peels had strong antifungal activity against pathogenic Aspergillus species and this is expected to be attributed largely to its phytochemicals. Kiwa peel, an agricultural waste material, can be considered as a potential natural antifungal agent, which is efficient and environmentally friendly. More experiments should be carried out to identify and examine the mechanisms of these active compounds in vivo.
• Lipid Profile Abnormalities and Cardiovascular Risk among Hypertensive Patients in Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Samawa, Iraq, 2023-2024. Jasim, Bahaa Othman Sahib | Emad Baqer Ali | Mahmod S. (2026). 3(2) 67–76.

  Background: Hypertension is a major public health challenge globally and in Iraq, serving as a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The coexistence of dyslipidemia significantly amplifies this risk. Understanding the local pattern of lipid abnormalities and the aggregated cardiovascular risk is crucial for effective preventive strategies. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of lipid profile abnormalities and estimate the 10-year cardiovascular risk among hypertensive patients attending Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Samawa, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient cardiology clinic of Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital from January 2023 to December 2024. A total of 384 adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of essential hypertension were enrolled. Data on sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and lifestyle factors were collected through interviews and medical records. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The 10-year risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD was calculated using the WHO/ISH risk prediction charts for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 26, with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among hypertensive patients was 78.1%. The most common abnormality was low HDL-C (54.9%), followed by high LDL-C (48.7%), hypertriglyceridemia (41.1%), and hypercholesterolemia (35.9%). According to the WHO/ISH risk stratification, 28.9% of patients were in the high to very high 10-year CVD risk category (>20%). A significant association was found between increasing age, male gender, smoking, obesity, and higher CVD risk categories (p<0.05). Conclusion: Lipid profile abnormalities, particularly low HDL-C, are highly prevalent among hypertensive patients in Al-Samawa, leading to a substantial proportion being at high risk for future cardiovascular events. These findings underscore the urgent need for routine screening and integrated management of both blood pressure and lipid levels in this population to mitigate the burgeoning burden of CVD in Iraq.
• Effects of Cooling Periods on Equine Semen Characteristics in Al-Zawraa Park. Eessa, Roa’a N. Ahmed | Ali J. Al-Anifj | H.M. Mohammed-Rashid | Amal H. Khalaf | L.A. Chiad | A.A. (2026). 3(2) 59–66.

  "Chilling stallion semen in equine reproduction prolongs sperm viability and makes artificial insemination easier, cooling causes physiological changes that can impact membrane integrity, acrosome stability, and overall semen quality; monitoring these parameters over time is crucial to comprehending the limits of semen usability during storage. This research aimed to evaluate the time-dependent changes in semen quality of stallions during chilled storage using a Tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethan based extender at Al-Zawraa Park, Baghdad. Twelve semen samples were collected from two stallions from October 2024 to April 2025. Ejaculates were collected, diluted, and stored at 5 °C for five consecutive days. Daily assessments included sperm viability, morphological abnormalities, plasma membrane integrity (HOST), and acrosomal status; the results demonstrated a progressive decline in semen quality over time. On day 1, semen samples showed high viability with minimal abnormalities, while plasma membrane and acrosomal structures were well preserved. From day 2 to day 3, a marked reduction in membrane integrity was observed accompanied by increasing morphological defects. By day 5, viability had dropped markedly, membrane integrity was severely impaired, and acrosomal status revealed limited fertilization potential. These findings confirm that cold storage, even with the protective effect of Tris extender, leads to cumulative structural and functional damage in spermatozoa. Stallion semen preserved at 5 °C with Tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethan extender maintains acceptable quality only for a limited period, with substantial decline beyond 48–72 hours. This research highlights the importance of functional assays such as HOST and acrosomal evaluation for predicting fertility potential and suggests that extender modification or antioxidant supplementation may be required to prolong semen usability."
• The Role of Oxytocin in Regulating Systemic Inflammatory Responses in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Mohammed, Asmaa Jamal (2026). 3(2) 50–58.

  Background & Aims: MDD is known to be accompanied by a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine and immune system. Therefore, this study was performed to explore the connection between oxytocin and pro-inflammatory cytokines in subjects with chronic depression. Materials & Methods: A case-control study of 87 MDD patients case match with 87 healthy group was carried out at Azadi Teaching Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq during February to June 2025). Serum content of oxytocin, cortisol, prolactin, IL‑6, TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑10 was determined by ELISA. Severity of depression was evaluated using the HAM-D scale. Pearson correlation and ROC analyses were conducted. Results: MDD patients had significantly lower oxytocin (3.5 ± 1.2 vs. 5.2 ± 1.5 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and IL‑10 (2.6 ± 0.8 vs. 3.4 ± 1.0 pg/mL, p = 0.002), and higher cortisol (17.5 ± 5.0 vs. 13.2 ± 4.1 µg/dL, p < 0.001), prolactin (18.0 ± 6.1 vs. 13.5 ± 4.8 ng/mL, p = 0.001), IL‑6 (4.8 ± 1.6 vs. 2.1 ± 0.9 pg/mL, p < 0.001), TNF‑α (12.8 ± 4.3 vs. 8.5 ± 3.0 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and IL‑1β (3.2 ± 1.0 vs. 1.8 ± 0.7 pg/mL, p < 0.001) compared to controls. Patients showed moderate to severe HAM-D scores, confirming clinically significant depressive symptoms. Oxytocin correlated negatively with HAM-D scores (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. ROC analysis showed oxytocin (AUC = 0.82) and IL‑6 (AUC = 0.85) had the highest diagnostic accuracy. Conclusion: The study suggests downregulated oxytocin, up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and HPA-axis activation in chronic depression. Oxytocin and IL‑6 could be used as potential biomarkers of MDD, reflecting neuroendocrine‑immune imbalance.
• Molecular Characterization and Differential Expression of Virulence Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Diverse Clinical Sources. Hassan, Riyam Wissam (2026). 3(2) 26–37.

  Background: Different types of illnesses, like burns, wounds and urinary tract infections, caused by pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is because having a wide range of virulence factors, which allow it to harm the host's immune defenses and cause damage. Objectives: The aim of this study was to isolate P. aeruginosa from different clinical sources and investigate molecular detection of virulence genes and the variation in gene expression of exoT, exoU, in P. aeruginosa isolates. Materials and Methods: Collected eighty samples from various clinical sources such as burns, wounds and urine infection from patients attending to AL-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital and Burns Hospital in AL-Diwaniyah governorate, from period 1/10/2024 to 1/1/2025. The samples were cultivated on culture media and depending on microscopic, morphological traits, biochemical tests and Vitek system the isolates were identified. Technique polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to molecular detect of (exoT, exoU) genes and technique Real Time PCR examined the gene expression of (exoT, exoU) genes in P. aeruginosa isolates. Results: The results revealed that P. aeruginosa isolates constituted 12 (15%) of the total samples, distributed among five isolates from burns and five from wounds, representing 16% and 14%, respectively, and two (13%) isolates from urine samples. The results showed that all isolates contained exoT and exoU genes at a rate 100%. Significant differences were observed in the level of gene expression of the genes, as it was found in P. aeruginosa isolates from wounds, exoU gene showed the highest level of gene expression (22.53±14.21a) compared to the rest of the clinical sources. In contrast, exoT gene expression level was found to be relatively stable across all isolates. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa is a pathogen that causes urinary tract infections, burns, and wounds. Virulence genes exoT, exoU were present in all isolates, but the most highly expressed gene in wound samples was exoU compared to the rest of the clinical sources.
• Toxicity of Bisphenol A in Rats: A Study of its Accumulation and Effects on Brain, Kidneys, Liver and Blood Serum. abdulhamza Abdulhasan | Haider Mashkoor Hussein, Zaid (2026). 3(2) 53–67.

  This study investigates the harmful effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) bioaccumulation in the brain, liver, kidneys, and blood serum of albino rats. BPA, a chemical widely used in plastics and resins, is known to disrupt endocrine function and pose health risks. Twenty-four adult rats, including 12 males and 12 females, were divided into three groups, each receiving different doses of BPA over six weeks. BPA was administered orally with corn oil. Tissue samples from the brain, liver, kidneys, and serum were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results showed a significant accumulation of BPA in the brain, liver, and kidneys, with higher concentrations observed compared to serum. The accumulation followed a dose-dependent pattern, with the highest BPA levels in the group receiving the maximum dose. Furthermore, differences in BPA accumulation were noted between males and females. The aim of this study is to understand the extent of BPA bioaccumulation in various organs and explore sex-specific variations in the effects of BPA exposure.
• MÖBIUS QUANTUM COMPUTATION: A NEW TOPOLOGICAL RESOURCE FOR QUANTUM ERROR CANCELLATION MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (2026).
• Effect of The Dolmix KR Drink Preparation on The Physiological Parameters of Rabbits. Uli, Eshimov Dusmurat | Tolibaev Ibrayim Muratbay (2026). 3(2) 18–21.

  This article presents the results of experimental studies on the effect of the Dolmix KR Drink preparation on certain morphological parameters of rabbit blood. Administration of Dolmix KR Drink to rabbits at two months of age ensures the maintenance of blood parameters within physiological norms. When the preparation was administered at a dose of 10 mg/kg of feed, the number of erythrocytes increased by 3.4%, 6.0%, and 7.2% on the 10th, 20th, and 30th days of the experiment, respectively, while hemoglobin levels increased by 4.1%, 7.0%, and 7.9%. In the third experimental group, rabbits receiving 15 mg/kg of feed for 30 days showed increases in erythrocyte counts of 7.0%, 10.2%, and 7.3% on the 10th, 20th, and 30th days, respectively. In the fourth group, the number of erythrocytes per 1 mm³ of blood increased by 9.6%, 12.0%, and 11.8% compared to the control group.
• Comparative Effect of Miosta-H and Bodifors Preparations on The Quality Indicators of Bull Beef. Salimov, U. Bobomurodov | Yu. (2026). 3(2) 13–17.

  This scientific article presents a veterinary and sanitary evaluation of the quality of meat obtained from bulls as a result of the effects of the biostimulants Miosta-H and Bodifors on the animal organism. When Miosta-H was administered to fattening bulls at an initial dose of 2.5 ml, followed by a repeated intramuscular injection into the neck region after 30 days, and the animals were slaughtered for meat 60 days after the beginning of the experiment, the organoleptic quality indicators of the meat were assessed using a 9-point scale. The experimental group scored 8.65 points, whereas the control group scored 8.20 points. In the case of Bodifors, the biostimulant was administered to experimental bulls at a dose of 8 ml, repeated four times at 14-day intervals. At the end of the experiment, the bulls were slaughtered, and the organoleptic quality indicators of the meat were evaluated at 8.6 points. Biochemical quality indicators of meat from bulls treated with Miosta-H showed a pH value of 5.9, a positive peroxidase reaction, and a clear filtrate in the formalin test. In bulls treated with Bodifors, the pH was 6.0, the peroxidase reaction was positive, and the formalin test filtrate was clear. In the control group, these indicators were pH 6.1, a positive peroxidase reaction, and a slightly clear filtrate. The dressing percentage of bulls treated with Miosta-H was 58%, while it was 57% in the Bodifors group and 55% in the control group. The results obtained from the experiments confirm that the use of Miosta-H and Bodifors preparations has a positive and effective impact on the veterinary and sanitary quality indicators of bull beef.
• Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Combination Drug Therapy in Patients with Multimorbidity. Shoymardonovich, Namozov Begali (2026). 3(2) 9–12.

  Multimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases in a single patient, presents a major challenge to modern healthcare systems. Combination drug therapy is frequently required to control multiple pathological processes simultaneously; however, it increases the risk of adverse drug reactions, drug–drug interactions, and reduced treatment adherence. This study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of combination pharmacotherapy in patients with multimorbidity, focusing on therapeutic outcomes, incidence of adverse events, and overall patient stability. A prospective observational study was conducted involving patients with cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory comorbidities receiving standardized combination drug regimens. Clinical parameters, laboratory indicators, and patient-reported outcomes were monitored over a 24-month period. Results demonstrated that rationally selected combination therapy significantly improved disease control and functional status while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. Careful medication selection, dose adjustment, and continuous monitoring were critical in minimizing adverse effects. The findings support the use of individualized, evidence-based combination drug therapy as an effective and safe approach for managing patients with multimorbidity.
• Optimization of the Treatment of Chronic Generalized Periodontitis in Postmenopausal Women. ugli, Islamova Nilufar Bustanovna | Bekmurodov Luqmon Rustamovich | Asatboyev Jaloliddin Asliddin (2026). 3(2) 5–8.

  Chronic generalized periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that significantly affects postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency, increased bone turnover, and alterations in immune response. These physiological changes exacerbate periodontal tissue destruction, alveolar bone loss, and compromise treatment outcomes. This study aims to evaluate and optimize therapeutic approaches for postmenopausal women with chronic generalized periodontitis by integrating conventional nonsurgical therapy, adjunctive local and systemic antimicrobial agents, host-modulation strategies, and regenerative periodontal procedures. Sixty postmenopausal women with moderate to severe chronic generalized periodontitis were recruited and followed for 12 months. Clinical parameters assessed included probing depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, plaque index, and gingival index. Radiographic evaluation was conducted using periapical radiographs and cone-beam computed tomography to monitor alveolar bone height and density. Biochemical analysis of gingival crevicular fluid quantified inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and MMP-8. Patient-centered outcomes including pain, comfort, mastication efficiency, and oral health-related quality of life were evaluated using OHIP-14 and visual analog scales. Results demonstrated that integrating scaling and root planing with local antimicrobial therapy and systemic host-modulation treatment significantly improved clinical parameters, reduced inflammatory markers, and stabilized alveolar bone compared with conventional therapy alone. Regenerative interventions such as guided tissue regeneration and enamel matrix derivative application provided further benefit in sites with localized severe bone defects. These findings emphasize that optimization of periodontal therapy in postmenopausal women requires individualized, multifactorial strategies targeting both local periodontal factors and systemic influences, combined with strict maintenance protocols and patient adherence for sustained long-term outcomes.
• Digital Workflow Accuracy in Prosthodontics: Comparison of Intraoral and Conventional Impression Techniques. ugli | Akhmedov Alisher Astanovich, Jumayev Asliddin Abdusamad (2026). 3(2) 1–4.

  The accuracy of prosthodontic restorations relies heavily on precise impressions, as discrepancies may lead to poor marginal fit, occlusal errors, and compromised long-term clinical outcomes. The introduction of digital workflows, including intraoral scanning, has revolutionized prosthodontics by offering potential improvements in accuracy, efficiency, and patient comfort compared to conventional impression techniques such as polyvinyl siloxane or polyether impressions. This article evaluates the comparative accuracy of intraoral digital impressions and conventional analog techniques, examining linear and volumetric deviations, marginal adaptation, prosthesis fit, and clinical feasibility. Clinical studies and laboratory evaluations are analyzed to assess the influence of material properties, scanning protocols, operator experience, and software algorithms on the precision of digital impressions. Evidence demonstrates that intraoral scanning offers comparable or superior trueness and reproducibility in single-unit and short-span restorations, while conventional impressions maintain advantages in edentulous or complex full-arch cases. Proper material selection, scanning strategy, and post-processing protocols are critical to maximize digital workflow accuracy and achieve predictable prosthodontic outcomes.
• Under Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Evaluation of Imidacloprid Toxicity on Soil Organisms. Ibadi, Asmaa M. Neamah | Sura M. Alkadhimy | Emam Atiyah (2026). 3(2) 311–320.

  Background:  Microbial communities and soil organisms such as earthworms and soil organisms support sustainable farming, spearheading nutrient cycling, organic matter breakdown, and soil aeration. Earthworms increase soil porosity and water absorption, and microorganisms promote the fixation of nitrogen and carbon. Disturbances in these biota have cascades in food webs which affects the crop productivity and resistance to climate stressors such drought. Objective: In this work, the toxicological impact of these pesticides on several important soil biota is evaluated in simulated conditions of sustainable agricultural production in order to achieve soil biodiversity. Results : The use of imidacloprid as a representative neonicotinoid was based on its prevalence and persistence in the soil.No mortality was observed in earthworms or springtails exposed to imidacloprid (survival >95%). Reproduction declined significantly at concentrations ≥1 µg/kg (p < 0.01).  hEisenia fetida and Folsomia candida, while the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) was determined at 1 µg/kg, where significant reductions in juvenile production were first observed (p < 0.01). The increasing concentration of imidacloprid is observed to affect the enzyme activities in a progressive reduction, which implies its direct inhibitory effect on the soil microbial metabolism. The activity of dehydrogenase, the measure of the general oxidative activity of the microbes, was the most sensitive to pesticide exposure and was reduced by 42% at the highest concentration (10 ug/kg). The beneficial functions that soil organisms contribute to the nutrient cycle, neonicotinoids may interfere with them by being bioaccumulated in the soil and having sublethal impacts such as lowered reproduction and hindered microbial activity. Conclusion:   rotation agents, and using more precise application methods might be useful in reducing the possible ecological effects. The issue of effects of pesticide exposure over the long term and over multiple generations, and the variability of soil when subjected to field conditions should also be viewed in the future research insight into the ecological impacts of accumulation of neonicotinoids in agricultural soils.
• A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms for Biotic and Abiotic Stress Adaptation in Roses. Hamad, Rusul Mahdy Salih | Mohaiman Khalifa Qahar Alzubaidi | Sara Salam (2026). 3(2) 296–310.

  The agricultural sector worldwide faces an unparalleled challenge due to the growth of the population and the increasing impact of climate change. Global food production needs to increase by an estimated 60–110% by 2050 for food security, given a world population of about 9-10 billion. [1] This increasing demand is even aggravated by the rise in abiotic stress such as drought, salinity and extremes of temperature, which remain to be serious constraints to agricultural productivity and result in significant loss of arable land [2].
• Healthy Dietary Patterns Associated with Health Risk. Saeed, Aya Tariq Zayed | Asst. Prof. Dr. Sami Khader (2026). 3(2) 286–295.

  This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary patterns on metabolic syndrome among students and staff at Tikrit University. Metabolic syndrome is associated with health risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia, which in turn increase the likelihood of developing heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The study employed an observational cross-sectional design and was conducted from September 24, 2024, to February 1, 2025. Data were collected using an online questionnaire that included sociodemographic information, an Intended Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and an assessment of dietary intake using the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). A total of 667 participants had their body mass index (BMI) measured, and 223 completed the questionnaire. The results showed that the majority of participants were in the 18–32 age group, with a higher proportion of males than females. Furthermore, 66% of participants engaged in physical activity, and there was a higher proportion of structural and visceral fat in males compared to females. The study revealed that most dietary patterns showed no significant differences between the various groups, with the exception of differences observed in the consumption of potatoes, rice, and pasta, as well as sweets and snacks. The study concluded that the participants' overall metabolic status was relatively good, but highlighted the need to promote nutritional awareness and physical activity within the university environment to reduce weight gain and the risk of future metabolic disorders.
• Synergistic Effects of Combined Herbal Extracts on Immunological and Physiological Markers in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. Hammadi, Mahdi H. (2026). 3(2) 281–285.

  Background: Diabetes mellitus is characterized by metabolic dysregulation, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation. Recently, natural products have gained considerable attention as complementary therapeutic agents. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of cinnamon, turmeric, and fenugreek extracts on metabolic, oxidative, and immunological parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: Male mice were allocated into control, diabetic, metformin-treated, herbal-treated, and combined treatment groups. Diabetes was induced using alloxan, and treatments were administered orally for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, hepatic and renal function markers, oxidative stress indices, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, and IL-1β) were assessed. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Diabetic mice showed significant increases in blood glucose, lipid profile, liver and kidney enzymes, oxidative stress markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.01), accompanied by impaired antioxidant activity. Treatment with the herbal combination significantly improved glycemic control, reduced oxidative stress, and suppressed inflammatory mediators compared with untreated diabetic mice (P < 0.01). Notably, the combined herbal formulation demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy to metformin in several parameters. Conclusion: The combined extracts of cinnamon, turmeric, and fenugreek exhibit potent antidiabetic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, highlighting their potential as promising complementary therapeutic agents in diabetes management.
• Spectrophotometric Determination of Creatinine Using a Modified Diazo Coupling Reaction: A Reliable Approach for Biomarker Analysis in Human Serum. Al-Rammahi, Duaa Abdulzahraa (2026). 3(2) 270–280.

  This study introduces a novel and modified spectrophotometric method for the precise quantitative determination of creatinine in human serum samples, addressing the need for more specific and reliable renal function biomarkers. The proposed approach is centered on a Diazo coupling reaction, which is inherently characterized by high selectivity, sensitivity, and the formation of a stable, dark-colored product that is easily detectable. This method was developed to overcome the well-documented specificity limitations of the traditional Jaffe reaction, which is often susceptible to interference from other chromogens in serum. A key innovation of this work is the introduction of Thymole as a highly effective coupling agent, which, under optimized reaction conditions, significantly enhances the specificity towards creatinine. A systematic optimization of critical reaction parameters, including acid concentration, the choice of base, reaction time, and temperature, was performed to achieve maximum absorbance of the resultant yellow azo product at a wavelength of 403 nm. The developed method demonstrates excellent analytical performance, adhering to Beer–Lambert’s law within a clinically relevant concentration range of 1.2–8.0 mg/dL, with a high coefficient of determination (R² = 0.9982). Furthermore, the low limit of detection (LOD = 0.39 mg/dL) underscores the method's superior sensitivity. Its efficacy was successfully validated through application to real human serum samples, showing a strong correlation with results obtained from the hospital-based Jaffe method. In conclusion, this simple, rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective technique offers a reliable and robust alternative for clinical and diagnostic applications, promising improved accuracy in creatinine measurement.
• Ratgeber Saatgutbibliotheken Corradini, Franziska; Hofmann, Stephanie; Rey, Adriana (2026).

  In diesem Ratgeber verstehen wir unter dem Begriff Saatgutbibliothek einen Ort, an dem Personen kostenlos Saatgut mitnehmen, tauschen oder abgeben (im engeren Sinne bezeichnet der Begriff Saatgutbibliothek eine Saatgutsammlung). Grundsätzlich funktionieren alle Saatgutbibliotheken ähnlich: Nutzer*innen dürfen Pflanzensamen mitnehmen und aussähen. Sofern ihre pflanzen wachsen und reif werden, können sie neue Samen gewinnen und einen Teil davon zurückbringen. Wir unterscheiden in diesem Ratgeber zwischen zwei Modellen: einem Leihmodell mit Rückgabe von Saatgut durch die Nutzenden (Saatgutbibliothek im engeren Sinn) und einem Modell, bei dem das Saatgut auf anderem Weg (Kauf, Kooperationen u.Ä.) beschafft wird (Saatgutbibliothek Light). es ist jeder Bibliothek resp. Betreiber*in überlassen, angesichts ihrer fachlichen, räumlichen und personellen Ressourcen zu entscheiden, welche Art von Saatgutbibliothek sie betreiben kann und will.
• MomentumTouch: How Consistent Haptic Feedback Empowers VR Embodied Learning through Cognitive Resource Reconstruction. Ji, Hailin; Li, Yihang; Zhang, Yiran; Zhang, Hongwen; Hu, Xiaoyan; Luo, Yanhong N. Oliver, D. A. Shamma, H. Candello, P. César, P. Lopes, A. Bozzon, T. Kosch, V. Q. Liao, X. Ma, V. Artizzu, F. Draxler, G. López, A. V. Reinschluessel, X. Tong, P. O. T. Dugas (eds.) (2026). 1618:1–1618:19.
• Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli in Locally Produced Soft Cheese. Mohammed, Dawod Noori M. Shekhani | Dlsher (2026). 3(2) 45–52.

  "The cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolates of 100 consignments of local production soft cheeses in Sulaymaniyah, Erbil, Duhok, and Halabja in the months of June-August 2025. There were five types of cheese, including white, feta, local curd, blended soft cheese, and mozzarella. Methodology Isolation and identification of E. coli was done as standard microbiological procedures and the primary culture was done on MacConkey and EMB agar after which biochemical tests were done. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines such as amoxicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Results – Prevalence coli was found within 55% of all the cheese samples with the highest prevalence rate in local curd (70%), and white cheese (60%), but with the lowest prevalence in mozzarella (25%). Findings- Antimicrobial Resistance. The amoxicillin (85 03) and tetracycline (70 03) had the highest resistance rates, with chloramphenicol (40 03) coming next. On the other hand ciprofloxacin and gentamicin showed reduced resistance levels (30% each). Ciprofloxacin (65 seriously) and gentamicin (55 -percent) had the most favourable susceptibility. Geographical Variation The level of contamination also differed geographically, with 55 0-25 0 percent in Sulaymaniyah and Duhok, respectively, indicating that there were differences in processing hygiene practices in the different regions studied. Conclusion These results highlight the fact that artisanal soft cheese processed using raw milk is a major source of multidrug-resistant E. coli in the Kurdistan province of Iraq. These statistics demonstrate the essential role of proper pasteurization, establishment of improved deposition measures and the application of better foresight of antibacterial agents at each of the production phases of dairy products to protect the health of the people."
• Chemical Linkers and Activation Mechanisms in Stimuli-Responsive Prodrug Design. Alamgir, Hadiya Irfan | Lohar Fatama Qausar (2026). 3(2) 22–25.

  Stimuli-responsive prodrug design has emerged as an advanced strategy to improve drug selectivity, therapeutic efficacy, and safety by enabling controlled activation of pharmacologically inactive compounds at specific target sites. Central to this approach is the rational selection of chemical linkers and activation mechanisms that respond to endogenous or exogenous stimuli such as pH variations, redox gradients, enzymatic activity, hypoxia, or external triggers like light and heat. Chemical linkers act as molecular switches that maintain prodrug stability during systemic circulation while ensuring efficient and predictable drug release at the desired site of action. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the structural characteristics, cleavage behaviors, and biological performance of commonly used linkers in stimuli-responsive prodrugs. By integrating insights from medicinal chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and nanomedicine, this review highlights how linker chemistry and activation pathways directly influence drug release kinetics, targeting precision, and clinical potential, offering guidance for the rational development of next-generation prodrug systems. Stimuli-responsive prodrug systems represent an advanced paradigm in modern drug delivery, aiming to achieve precise control over therapeutic activation while minimizing off-target toxicity. Central to these systems is the incorporation of cleavable molecular connectors that regulate the transition from an inactive precursor to an active pharmaceutical agent under specific physiological or externally applied conditions. These connectors are engineered to remain intact during systemic circulation and to undergo selective transformation within pathological environments characterized by distinct biochemical or physicochemical features. Comprehensive evaluation of experimental evidence demonstrates that rationally engineered activation pathways significantly enhance tissue selectivity, improve pharmacokinetic behavior, and reduce systemic adverse effects. This analysis consolidates current understanding of how molecular architecture governs activation efficiency and therapeutic performance, emphasizing the critical role of controlled responsiveness in the development of next-generation precision medicines.
• Effect of Iron and Molybdenum Fertilization on Growth, Yield, and Protein Content of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Grown in Gypsum Soil. Al-Janabi, Sura Hameed Bahar (2026). 3(2) 68–76.

  A field experiment was conducted during the 2024–2025 growing season in gypsum soil belonging to the College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, to study the effect of iron (Fe) and molybdenum (Mo) on growth, yield, and protein concentration in broad bean plants. Iron was added at 0, 3, 6, and 12 kg ha⁻¹, and molybdenum at 0, 2, 4, and 8 kg ha⁻¹. The results showed that increasing iron levels led to a significant improvement in all studied traits, with plant height increasing from 70.25 cm at 0 kg ha⁻¹ to 84.38 cm at 12 kg ha⁻¹, leaf area from 3285 cm² plant⁻¹ to 5317 cm² plant⁻¹, plant dry weight from 13.50 g plant⁻¹ to 20.50 g plant⁻¹, and the number of bacterial nodules from 16 plant nodules⁻¹ to 34 plant nodules⁻¹. Grain yield increased from 3141 kg ha⁻¹ to 3929 kg ha⁻¹, and pod yield from 8057 kg ha⁻¹ to 10620 kg ha⁻¹, while the protein concentration in the grains increased from 17.6% to 23.1%. Regarding the effect of molybdenum, the average levels (4 kg ha⁻¹) showed the highest significant improvement in all traits, with plant height reaching 83.90 cm, leaf area 4787 cm² plant⁻¹, dry weight 18.64 g plant⁻¹, number of nodes 31 plant⁻¹, grain yield 3764 kg ha⁻¹, pod yield 10174 kg ha⁻¹, and protein concentration 21.4%. The interaction between the two elements showed a clear and significant effect, with the treatment (Fe 12 kg ha⁻¹ × Mo 4 kg ha⁻¹) giving the highest values for all traits: plant height 92.10 cm, leaf area 6218 cm² plant⁻¹, dry weight 22.95 g plant⁻¹, number of nodes 38 plant⁻¹, grain yield 4187 kg ha⁻¹, pod yield 11725 kg ha⁻¹, and protein concentration 24.5%.
• Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Endocrine Diseases in Children and Adolescents. Xalbayeva, Begmatova Sevara | Zubayda (2026). 3(2) 62–66.

  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common chronic liver condition among children, heavily linked to obesity and endocrine malfunction. In this context, comorbidities of NAFLD together with endocrine diseases such T2DM, insulin resistance (IR), hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), growth hormone deficiency and Cushing's syndrome significantly increase the risk of metabolic impairments as well as NAFLD progression. The purpose of the present study was to investigate clinical, and metabolic features associated with NAFLD in children and adolescents having concomitant endocrine diseases, assess laboratory and imaging profiles, and determine their effects on the severity of a disease. Cross sectional observational design was used to measure anthropometry, hormones, lab indices and liver of Ultrasound. The findings show an interaction of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hormones and hepatic steatosis. Children with concomitant endocrine pathology had higher alanine aminotransferase, hepatic fat content and systemic inflammation markers than those with normal hormonal studies. Early recognition, together with a more comprehensive management approach is necessary to avoid progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and consequential long-term cardiometa*bolic health implications. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents has emerged as a major metabolic comorbidity associated with endocrine dysregulation. Hepatic steatosis and endocrinopathies (frequently in the form of obesity-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, growth hormone deficiency, hypercortisolism and polycystic ovary syndrome) coexist in many instances and have considerable effect on the onset, progression and outcome of these conditions. This paper reviews the clinical manifestations, metabolic disturbances, and functional hepatic alterations encountered in children with hepatopathy occurring simultaneously with endocrinopathy. Evidence suggests that the imbalance of hormones further aggravates lipid deposition in hepatocytes, inflammation and fibrotic alteration. Administrative health data Children with endocrine co-morbid conditions show more significant biochemical changes, such as elevated transaminases of the liver, dyslipidemia and disturbed glucose metabolism. An early detection of endocrine risk factors may provide an opportunity for early intervention with a focus on restoring metabolic stability and preventing severe liver damage. Comprehensive, collaborative and integrated management approaches are required to optimize long-term outcomes and minimize cardiometabolic risk in this vulnerable population.
• Types and Classification of The Most Common Cereal-Like Annual and Perennial Weeds in Unused Agricultural Lands. Togaeva, Nilufar Turdiyeva | Maftuna Qalandarova | Qobil Murtazaev | Abdulaziz Abdumalikovich Yoldoshev | Dilnura Akbarovna (2026). 3(2) 77–80.

  This article identifies and classifies the most common annual and perennial weeds on unused agricultural land. Identifying and controlling weeds growing on unused land is important, as they are the primary source of overwintering, reproduction, and development of pests and diseases.
• Effectiveness of a nurse-led phone intervention on body composition in adults with prediabetes and overweight/obesity: PREDIPHONE secondary analysis. Garcia-Coll, Natalia; Arias-Fernández, María; Abbate, Manuela; Torres-Carballo, Marina; Huguet-Torres, Aina; Zamanillo-Campos, Rocío; Ricci-Cabello, Ignacio; Bennasar-Veny, Miquel; Yañez, Aina Maria; Galmes-Panades, Aina M (2026). 17 1911675–1911675.

  BACKGROUND: Prediabetes and obesity are strongly linked to metabolic risk, with visceral adipose tissue playing a central role. Lifestyle interventions combining physical activity and healthy diet are effective for body composition improvement, but most are resource-intensive. Evidence on low-intensity, scalable approaches delivered by primary care professionals, such as nurse-led telephone interventions, remains limited. This secondary analysis of the PREDIPHONE randomized controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of a low-intensity nurse-led telephone lifestyle intervention on body composition outcomes at 4 months (mid-intervention), 9 months (end of intervention), and 15 months (6 months post-intervention). METHODS: The analysis included 174 participants with available body composition data originally enrolled in the PREDIPHONE trial. Original group allocation was retained. Body composition parameters (fat mass, muscle mass, and visceral adipose tissue) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at each time point. Physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were assessed using validated questionnaires. Group differences were evaluated using general linear models adjusted for baseline values, age, and sex. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 61.1 years, and 52.3% were women. Compared with the active SMS-based control group, the intervention group achieved short-term reductions in visceral adipose tissue and fat mass at 4 months. These changes were not maintained at 9 or 15 months. No significant differences were observed in muscle mass or body mass index. CONCLUSION: In this population, a low-intensity, nurse-led telephone intervention produced modest short-term improvements in body composition without sustained effects. More intensive or prolonged strategies may be required to produce clinically meaningful and sustainable changes in primary care settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04735640.
• Parameterized Fuzzy Negation for Complex Query Answering over Knowledge Graphs. Kapoor, Sourabh; Sharma, Arnab; Heindorf, Stefan; Demir, Caglar; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille (2026).
• Tokenizing the Graph: Attentive Byte-pair Encoding for Knowledge Graph Embeddings. Kouagou, N’Dah Jean; Sharma, Arnab; Purohit, Harshit; Demir, Caglar; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille (2026).
• Effectiveness of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Cardioesophageal Junction Cancer. Tuychiev, Yakhyo Sheraliyevich | Abrorjon Ahmadjonovich Yusupbekov | Gafur Normurodovich Saidov | Elyor Ergashboevich Juraev | Bekzod Boymatovich Usmonov | Otabek Dilshodovich (2026). 3(2) 134–137.

  "Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) plays an important role in the multimodal treatment of cardioesophageal junction cancer (CEJC), particularly in locally advanced stages. This study evaluated the clinical and pathological effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy administered according to FLOT and DCF regimens in patients with stage IIIb–IVa disease. Forty-seven patients received 4–6 cycles of chemotherapy, and treatment response was assessed using MSCT or PET-CT imaging and repeat histological examination. Overall treatment response was achieved in 87.2% of patients, including complete regression in 19.1% and partial regression in 68.0% of cases. Pathological response assessment according to Lavnikova’s criteria demonstrated grade III–IV therapeutic pathomorphosis in 12.8% of patients. Although adverse effects were observed in 59.4% of cases, severe toxicity (grade III) was rare and manageable. The findings confirm the clinical effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced cardioesophageal junction cancer, while indicating its partial but not definitive impact on tumor regression."
• Effects of Low-Energy Ion Implantation on the Physicochemical Properties of Si Oxides. qizi, Allayarova Gulmira Xolmuratovna | Allanazarova Sarvinoz Shavkat (2026). 3(2) 128–133.

  "Thin SiO2 films were obtained by implanting O2+ ions into Si combined with thermal annealing. Oxide films obtained in an UHV setup by thermal oxidation were also used for comparison. Auger electron spectra revealed that these regions contain Si atoms (Figure 2). The degree of coverage of the Si surface with silicon oxide was estimated by the ratio of the area of the Auger peak L23VV of silicon in Si (91 eV) and in SiO2 (76 eV). By varying the ion dose within the range from ~ 8•1015 to 4•1016, the sizes of nanosites can be regulated within the range from 5 – 10 nm to 20 – 25. At D ≤ 8•1016 cm-2, the formation of an island film of SiO2 was observed. Based on experimental studies, it was established that when bombarding SiO2 with Ar+ ions in the surface region of SiO2 at low doses (D ≤5• 1015 cm-2), individual nanocluster regions enriched with up to 50−60 at.%."
• A Comparative Study of the Prevalence of Bl00d Gr0ups System and Rhesus Factor in a Sample of Donors from the Cities of Samawah and Rumaytha. Alfahad, Ahmed A. N. (2026). 3(2) 121–127.

  An analysis of the distribution pattern and prevalence of (ABO) blood group and (Rh) rhesus factor among the targetwas studied among 780 individuals in the cities of Samawah and Rumaitha. The findings of our study revealed that blood group O had the highest prevalence among both males and females, with 266 individuals (34.2%). In contrast, blood group AB showed the lowest prevalence, accounting for 62 individuals (7.9 %). Blood group A was observed in 246 individuals (31.5 %), while blood group B was identified in 206 individuals (26.4 %). Analysis of the distribution of Rh that O⁺ was the most common phenotype, observed in 246 individuals (31.5 %), whereas AB⁺ was the least common among Rh-positive groups, with 60 cases (7.7 %). Among Rh-negative phenotypes, O⁻ showed the highest proportion, with 19 individuals (2.4 %), while AB⁻ represented the lowest proportion, with 2 individuals (o.3 %). This research was undertaken to determine the patterns of distribution of the ABO and Rh blood group systems within the general population of Samawah and Rumaytha.
• Oxidative Stress in Animals and the Balance Between Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Antioxidant Systems. Mohammed, Asmaa Jamal (2026). 3(2) 111–120.

  Oxidative stress which results from the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant defense is a fundamental issue influencing animal health and productivity. Excessive ROS can cause oxidations of lipids, proteins and DNA, which results in growth retardation, reproductive depression, immunosuppression of animals and low quality of animal products. In this review, the main sources of ROS will be addressed along with how they play a role in oxidative stress in biological systems and how antioxidant defenses - both enzymatic and non-enzymatic -come into play. Regular management strategies and environment are identified as effective measures to counteract oxidative stress, as well as based nutritional interventions (i.e., vitamins, trace elements and phytochemicals). Furthermore, recent techniques of biomarkers and molecular diagnosis allow the early detection, the phytoplanktic redox imbalance as well as species specific management. The balance between ROS and the antioxidant system is absolutely necessary to optimize growth, reproduction, immune status, and product quality in animals. Further studies are required for the optimization of interventions and to explore new biomarkers in order to more accurately assess oxidative stress.
• Mapping the evidence on interventions to reduce potentially inappropriate prescriptions in older adults: a scoping overview of 127 systematic reviews. Álvarez, Ángel García; Malih, Narges; Hernández, David Morales; Cruz, Roberto Santa; Ricci-Cabello, Ignacio; Serra, Pau Riera; Goncalves-Bradley, Daniela C.; Gallardo-Alfaro, Laura; Ripoll, Maria Jesús Serrano; Villalonga, Catalina Calafat; Jaillard, Barbara A. Ferrer; Blanco, Manuel Pinteño; Bombardó, David Medina; Doronzo, Maria Angela; Gayà, Sebastián Jaume; Fiol deRoque, Maria A. (2026).

  Potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) are highly prevalent among older adults and associated with adverse outcomes, including hospitalisations and mortality. Numerous interventions have been evaluated and synthesised in reviews, but the review-level evidence remains heterogeneous and difficult to use for decision-making.
• Molecular Characterization and Identification of Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Poultry Feed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Okpabi, Ngozi O. Izuchukwu Thankyou Saturday (2026). 3(2) 86–98.

  "The contamination of livestock feeds by aflatoxigenic fungi poses significant health and economic risks, affecting both animal productivity and human food safety. This study investigated the occurrence, molecular characterization, and aflatoxigenic potential of fungal contaminants in commercial poultry feeds obtained from Rumuolumeni, Mile III, and Choba in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. About nine feed samples (starter, grower, and finisher) were aseptically collected and analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Ten grams of each sample were serially diluted and inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with chloramphenicol to isolate fungal species. Distinct colonies were purified and identified based on morphology and molecular characteristics. DNA was extracted using the CTAB method, and the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region was amplified with ITS1/ITS4 primers. The resulting PCR products were sequenced, analyzed via BLAST on the NCBI database, and phylogenetically compared using MEGA 11 software. Aflatoxin production was confirmed through culture on YES agar, methanol extraction, immunoaffinity purification, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) quantification. Results revealed that all feed samples were contaminated with fungi, with Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus species identified. Molecular analysis confirmed A. flavus as the predominant aflatoxigenic fungus, clustering with known aflatoxin-producing lineages (bootstrap 85–92%). HPLC analysis showed that A. flavus isolates produced Aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, and G₂, with B₁ being the most dominant and toxic (45.6–60.2 µg/kg). It is concluded that poultry feeds in the study area are significantly contaminated with aflatoxigenic A. flavus, posing serious food and feed safety concerns. The study recommends strict quality control during feed production, proper storage conditions, and routine screening for aflatoxins to safeguard animal and public health."
• Effect of Low-Energy Ion Implantation on Semiconductors. Odilova Nilufar Jurayeva, Allayarova Gulmira Xolmuratovna (2026). 3(2) 79–85.

  "This paper provides a physical definition of the concept of ion implantation and a schematic of an ion implantation setup. It is shown that the key parameters for determining ion implantation modes are the energy of accelerated ions and the irradiation dose. The results demonstrate that ions exhibit significant lateral scattering, which leads to changes in the size of the selective implantation regions, where theory allows for the calculation of ion ranges in solids."
• Structure and Functions of the Liver (HEPAR). qizi, Kattaxodjayeva Dinara Utkurxodjayevna | Samatov Akmal Xushbakovich | Samatova Maftuna Gulom (2026). 3(2) 74–78.

  This paper examines the growing liver anlage , which is divided into two parts – cranial and caudal. The liver is the second-largest organ in the human body (the largest being the skin) and the largest gland, weighing approximately 1-1.5 kg. It also serves as a link between the digestive system and the bloodstream. Most of its blood (70-80%) comes from the portal vein, which collects blood from the stomach, intestine, and spleen; only a smaller volume (20-30%) comes from the hepatic artery.
• Impact of Heavy Metal Accumulation on Physiological and Immunological Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Hussien, Nour Alaa Aldein (2026). 3(2) 67–73.

  Background & Aim: Heavy metal exposure has been associated with metabolic alteration and inflammation, which could promote the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Heavy metals along with detection limit results on physiological and immunological parameters were carried out in T2DM patients. Materials & Methods: Case-control study was performed among 110 T2DM patients and 110 healthy subjects at Kirkuk Teaching Hospital (May–September 2025). Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS), HbA1c, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β) and blood levels of Pb, Ni and Cd were evaluated. Relationships of heavy metals to clinical and immunological parameters were examined. Results: FBS (168.4 ± 35.2 vs 92.6 ± 11.8 mg/dL) and HbA1c (8.3 ± 1.2 vs 5.4±0.5%) were significantly higher in T2DM patients compared to the controls (p <0.001). Liver enzymes, TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β and blood heavy metals (Pb: 12.3 ± 3.1 µg/dL, Ni: 7.8 ± 2.4 µg/L,Cd: 1.9 ± 0.7 µg/dL) levels were significantly higher among patients compared with controls (all p < 0.01). Pb and Cd were strongly correlated with FBS, HbA1c and cytokines levels (r = 0.39–0.61, p < 0.01), whereas Ni exerted a less pronounced but significant correlation. Conclusion: Chronic heavy metals exposure is related with unsatisfactory glycemic control and systemic inflammation in T2DM patients, which underscores the significance of environmental toxicants as a modifiable risk factor.
• Neonatal Bacteremia Caused by Staphylococcus Epidermidis in Kirkuk City. Abdulsalam, Zahraa Ayid Ahmed | Ahmed Mahdi Hassan | Mustafa J. Jalal | Rabia Khalid (2026). 3(2) 99–110.

  This study investigated cases of neonatal bacteremia and identified the causative agent in Kirkuk City. Eighty blood samples were collected from a cohort of neonates presenting with clinical signs of bloodstream infection who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for sick and preterm infants. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated and identified based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological tests. Twenty-five (25) of the eighty samples (31.25%) yielded positive cultures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of selected isolates indicated susceptibility to vancomycin, amikacin, and teicoplanin, and demonstrated that penicillin was ineffective for the treatment of the bacteremia. The production of certain virulence factors by the isolates under study was also examined; the isolates differed in their ability to produce beta-lactamase enzymes and other virulence determinants.
• Biomarkers Used in Screening Patients for Diabetic Nephropathy and Their Target Indicators. Xalbayeva, Murodova Asila | Donaldo Francis | Zubayda (2026). 3(2) 56–61.

  Diabetic nephropathy continues to be a common cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. Early identification using reliable biomarkers is necessary for intervention preventing irreversible kidney injury. We review established and novel biomarkers that have the potential to screen patients with diabetes for nephropathy, and assess the diagnostic accuracy, predictive ability and practical application of these predictors. Urinary albumin excretion, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are traditional measures still routinely used for screening purposes. New biomarkers such as cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, transforming growth factor-β and inflammatory cytokines offer the advantage of earlier detection of tubular and glomerular injury. The findings suggest that when using the conventional markers and emerging markers of sensitivity for risk assessment are enhanced. End points used for screening are microalbuminuria, lowered GFR, structural kidney damage and risk of progression. Novel multiple biomarker panel for the early detection of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a relentlessly progressive renal disease in diabetes mellitus (DM) that accounts for an increasing proportion of chronic kidney failure globally. Successful screening requires sensitive and specific biomarkers that distinguish early structural and functional kidney alterations prior to the development of irreversible damage. This review investigates common and novel laboratory markers used in simple and more complex screening protocols, with particular regard to the clinical targets addressed and their prognostic relevance. Traditional markers including U ACR and eGFR only offer fundamental evaluation of glomerular function and filtration efficiency. Other biomarkers such as cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 and pro-inflammatory mediators can detect more subtle tubular injury and early fibrogenic activity. There is evidence for an integrated biomarker approach to increase diagnostic accuracy, improve risk prediction, and aid early treatment. Estimation of optimal target values for each indicator is necessary to retard the progression of diabetic disease and minimize the long-term consequences on the kidney and cardiovascular system.
• Distinct Humoral Immune Profiles in Non-Hospitalized Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Autoimmune Flare versus Bacterial Pneumonia. Jomah, Ashraf Fadhil (2026). 3(2) 13–18.

  Humoral immune dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and serves as a useful tool for differentiating disease activity from infectious processes in pediatric patients. In routine clinical settings the pediatric SLE flares and bacterial infections frequently present with overlapping clinical features and creating diagnostic uncertainty and potentially delaying appropriate treatment. This study evaluated multiple humoral immune indicators that including complement proteins (C3 and C4), total complement activity (CH50), autoantibodies (anti–double-stranded DNA and antinuclear antibodies), and serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA). The analysis included two groups of ambulatory children aged 5–10 years: one group experiencing SLE disease activity (n = 30) and another with SLE complicated by bacterial pneumonia (n = 30). Laboratory measurements were performed using nephelometric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoturbidimetric techniques. Children with active SLE exhibited pronounced reductions in C3, C4, and CH50 levels and along with significantly increased anti-dsDNA titers, reflecting active immune complex–driven inflammation. patients diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia demonstrated elevated IgM and IgA levels which is consistent with an infection-related humoral immune response. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a combined assessment of C3, C4, and anti-dsDNA provided high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing disease flare from infection (AUC = 0.92). humoral immune marker evaluation represents a practical outpatient tool for differentiating SLE flares from bacterial infections and guiding appropriate therapy in pediatric patients.
• Evaluating the Performance of Excavator Plows Equipped With Smart Systems to Improve Plowing Efficiency. Mohsin, Yahya Y. (2026). 3(2) 81–87.

  This  exploration aims to  estimate the performance of excavator plows equipped with smart systems grounded on detector and automatic control technologies, and their  part in  perfecting  furrowing  effectiveness, reducing energy consumption, and  adding  productivity in agrarian operations. The study was conducted on three different models of plow harrows, one of which was conventional, another equipped with a GPS system, and the third equipped with an automatic detector system to acclimate the  furrowing depth and blade inclination. The  trials were conducted in  complexion soil with a  humidity content of 18 and a constant operating speed of 5 km/ h. The results showed that the smart plow equipped with GPS and automatic depth  adaptation technology achieved a 17.8 reduction in energy consumption and a 23.4 increase in depth uniformity compared to the traditional plow. Field productivity also increased by 19.7. These results indicate the effectiveness of smart systems in  perfecting the performance of dig plows, which has a positive impact on the  profitable and environmental aspects of  husbandry. The study recommends the relinquishment of these systems in agrarian  outfit, with the need to train drivers to  insure effective performance.
• Identification of Economic Characters and Agro-biological Characters of Cotton at Various Growth Stages. Bolqiyev, Sh.U. Rakhmonov | G.Q. Diyarov | Z.T. (2026). 3(2) 88–92.

  A feature of the progressive development of this article is an assessment of major economic traits of cotton and agobiological properties of cotton during the developmental process. An assessment of various cotton phenotypes in respect to productivity potential, stress tolerance, and biotic and abiotic features. These results provide a scientific foundation to improve cotton cultivation efficiency and appropriate variety selection and agronomy management.
• Changes in the Body of a Pregnant Woman as a Result of Hyperthyroidism. qizi | Togayeva Gulnora Siddikovna, Abduganiyeva Malika Bekzod (2026). 3(2) 51–55.

  Pregnancy with hyperthyroidism is a major clinical endocrine disorder, which seriously affects the physiological state and development of the mother and fetus. Sustained overproduction of thyroid hormone changes metabolic, cardiovascular, thermal and immune response function, adding maladaptive traits to the normal physiologic responses characteristic of pregnancy. Given that pregnancy by itself causes a significant hormonal and hemodynamic modification, differentiating between abnormal hyperthyroidism and gestational thyroid fluctuations can be difficult for the physician. This article reviews the systemic changes in a pregnant patient with hyperthyroidism, specifically the metabolic, cardiovascular ,hematologic, and obstetric outcomes. Emphasis is given to pathophysiological mechanisms, maternal–foetal interactions, and clinical implications for observation and management. Understanding these physiological adaptations is crucial for preventing adverse outcomes such as preeclampsia, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction and neonatal thyroid dysfunction. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is characterized by dramatic changes in metabolism, cardiovascular and endocrine function, all potentially affecting the health of both mother and fetus. Excessive thyroid hormone overstimulates resting metabolic activity, heart work and nutrients utilization as it adds to the normal physiological states of gestation. There is evidence that untreated or suboptimally treated hyperthyroidism leads to adverse obstetric outcomes such as miscarriage, preterm birth, and low-birth-weight newborns and that the infants have an increased incidence of neonatal thyroid dysfunction. This review compiles the current knowledge on systemic manifestations of maternal hyperthyroidism, focusing on mechanisms underlying metabolic alterations, cardiac stress and immune modulation. In the following we focus on clinical management and intervention measures directed at reducing maternal and fetal risks.
• An Economic and Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Key Economic Variables on Cotton Production in Iraq. Al-Tamimi, Dawood Fahad Abdullah | Abbas Abd Ahmed (2026). 3(2) 109–123.

  Cotton remains an essential crop for Iraq’s industry, contributing substantially to its gross domestic product, employment, and input to local industry. Despite its importance, cotton production in Iraq was subject to fluctuations between 1995 and 2021, averaging a land area of 13,690 hectares (range from 3 to 26,995 hectares) and averaging a production level of 24,078 tons (range from 3 to 45,278 tons). This study examined the influence of some major economic factors, including the land area, gross domestic product, crop price index, and productivity, on cotton production in Iraq through a time-series econometric model. The results from the unit roots tests, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests, showed that the variables were non-stationary at their level but became stationary after first differencing. This study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, which was appropriate for this study due to its ability to capture the short-run and long-run effects, especially for small samples. The results showed that the variables explained about 94% of the fluctuations in cotton production, thereby indicating the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The error term was -0.339, which indicated that deviations from equilibrium correct themselves after a period of about three years. The Gross Domestic Product was found to have a significant positive influence on cotton production in Iraq, while the crop price index was seen to positively influence cotton production, with a small degree of responsiveness for farmers in the short-run as well as the long-run. Productivity was seen to positively influence cotton production in Iraq. This study therefore highlights the need for the use of cointegration and error correction models for more reliable results compared to regression models. It therefore recommended that the government should ensure that cotton farmers are provided with essential items, irrigation systems, as well as price support, while at the same time improving their productivity through integrated strategies for marketing and agricultural credit to stabilize cotton production in Iraq. From the results obtained, this study showed that for cotton production in Iraq to improve, there was a need for economic interventions to ensure that cotton was not neglected.
• Haematological Parameters and on Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Garlic and Turmeric Powder Mixture. J.O, Oluwafemi R.A. | Azeezat Olayinka Olatunji | Agubosi O.C.P. | Sadiq Hauwa | Alagbe (2026). 3(2) 1–12.

  A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder mixture at ratio 1:1 on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) day old (Arbor Acres) broiler chicks were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times, with ten birds per replicate. A basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of broiler chicks and served as the control diet (treatment 1). Birds on treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed the basal diet with garlic and turmeric powder mixture at 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g, and 0.8g inclusion levels, respectively. Feed and clean water were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period, which lasted for 56 days. Data were collected on blood indices. Results of phytochemical composition show alkaloids (6.22%), terpenoids (5.78%), flavonoids (12.12%), phenols (4.67%), saponins (3.09%), oxalates (0.21%), and tannins (7.88%). The result of the haematological parameters indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) in packed cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The white blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes indicate significant (P<0.05) differences in dietary treatments. The serum biochemistry result showed significant (p<0.05) difference in all the parameter measured. Creatinine (mg/dl) indicated a higher significant (P<0.05) effect in 0.8 g than other dietary treatments. However, cholesterol (mg/dl), alanine phosphatase (µ/L), aspartate aminotransferase (µ/L), and alanine transaminase (µ/L) indicated a higher significant effect (P<0.05) in the control diet. Hence the results obtained from this research can be recommended for the inclusion of a garlic and turmeric powder mixture up to 0.8 g that improves blood indices and overall health of the chickens; this implies that their use can be recommended to farmers in place of antibiotics and growth promoters.
• Interactive Effects of Garlic and Fenugreek on Growth Performance and Serum Biochemical Responses in Awassi Lambs. Baker, Ahmed Gh. (2026). 3(2) 101–108.

  The study was conducted to determine the impact of garlic and fenugreek supplementation on growth performance, as well as the effect of these supplements on the blood biochemical parameters of choice in lambs. Six dietary treatments of three lambs each (completely randomized design, CRD) were used to offer an entire randomized trial to 18 lambs. The treatments were, T1 (control, no additives), T2 (1g garlic), T3 (2g garlic), T4 (1g fenugreek), T5 (2g fenugreek), and T6 (1g garlic + 1g fenugreek) and given one capsule every animal trial was conducted for a period of 60 days, beginning in April. Body-weight characteristics such as initial weight and final weight and change in weight were measured. The measurements of blood biochemical parameters were also performed, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (Ch), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), albumin (Alb), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and chloride (ChL). One-way ANOVA under CRD was used to analyse the data and compare the results of the means of treatment using the multiple range test at P=0.05 as postulated by Duncan. Findings showed that dietary treatments had significant effects on initial body weight (P ⁻ 0.05), final body weight (P ⁻ 0.01), and also weight gain (P ⁘ 0.01). Fenugreek (T4) and combined supplementation (T6) groups of lambs recorded the highest final body weights. There were found no substantial differences between treatments in the parameters of lipid profiles (TG, Ch, LDL, and HDL) and liver enzyme activities (ALT and AST) (P 0.05). Significant differences however existed in chloride levels (P ≤ 0.05) and the combined treatment had lower chloride levels than most of the other treatments. Conclusively, the growth performance of lambs was increased by supplementing with garlic and fenugreek, especially when used in combination with each other, and there were no adverse effects of most blood biochemical parameters and this implies that the supplements of garlic and fenugreek may be used safely as natural feed additives in lamb production.
• Long-Term Clinical Performance of Zirconia-Based Prostheses in Posterior Teeth Rehabilitation. ugli | Akhmedov Alisher Astanovich, Abdukhamidov Jurabek Laziz (2026). 3(2) 19–22.

  The use of zirconia-based prostheses for posterior teeth rehabilitation has gained widespread acceptance due to their favorable mechanical properties, esthetic potential, and biocompatibility. This study evaluates the long-term clinical performance of zirconia restorations in posterior regions, focusing on survival rate, marginal integrity, chipping incidence, wear patterns, and periodontal health. Evidence from longitudinal clinical trials and systematic reviews indicates that monolithic and veneered zirconia crowns and bridges demonstrate high survival rates, low complication frequencies, and predictable functional outcomes over periods exceeding five years. Factors influencing performance include material composition, sintering protocols, prosthesis design, occlusal scheme, antagonist material, and cementation technique. Clinical outcomes are assessed in terms of structural stability, occlusal adaptation, patient-reported satisfaction, and biological response of supporting periodontal tissues. Findings support the use of zirconia prostheses as a reliable restorative option for posterior dentition, combining durability, esthetics, and periodontal compatibility. The study underscores the importance of meticulous preparation, appropriate occlusal adjustment, and adherence to manufacturer guidelines to optimize long-term success.
• Anesthesia-Related Risk Factors and Health Outcomes of Postoperative Urinary Retention in Appendectomy Patients. Abdulkafi, Sabeeh Hussein Salih Mutar | Ahmed Muwafaq Younus Al-Darkazali | Ali Qais (2026). 3(2) 40–45.

  Background: postoperative urinary retention (POUR) can delay recovery after appendectomy and may increase catheter-related complications. This study evaluated anesthesia-related factors and early urinary outcomes in appendectomy patients. Methods: a study of 100 appendectomy patients was analyzed. Variables included anesthesia type, surgical approach, catheter use, time to first void, and POUR status. Association between POUR and categorical variable were tested using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests as appropriate. Time to first avoid was compared between anesthesia group using Student’s t-tests with Mann-Witney U as sensitivity analysis, binomial logistic regression assessed anesthesia type and surgical approach as predictors of POUR. Results: POUR occurred in 7/100 (7.0%) patients. General anesthesia was used in 84% and spinal anesthesia was used in 16%: surgery was laparoscopic in 82% and open in 18%. POUR rates were 6.0% (5/84) under general anesthesia and 12.5% (2/16) under spinal anesthesia, with no significant association (χ² p=0.347: Fisher p=0.311). POUR occurred in 8.5% (7/82) of laparoscopic cases and 0% (0/18) od open cases (χ² p= 0.995: Fisher p=0.345). time to first void did not differ significantly between anesthesia groups (t (98) = -1.04, p=0.302: Mann-Whitney U p=0.449). logistic regression showed no significant predictors (Spinal vs General: β=0.742, p=0.407: open vs laparoscopic β= -17.137, p=0.995: AIC=53.2: McFadden R²= 0.069), with spare data instability due to zero POUR events in open group. Conclusion: POUR incidence was 7% with no statistically significant association with anesthesia type or surgical approach. Larger prospective studies with standardized definitions are warranted.
• Wear Resistance and Longevity of Contemporary Dental Restorative Materials. ugli | Islamova Nilufar Bustanovna, Turayev Ismoil Allayor (2026). 3(2) 23–26.

  The durability of dental restorative materials is critical for maintaining oral function, aesthetics, and patient satisfaction over time. Contemporary materials, including composite resins, glass ionomer cements, ceramics, resin-modified glass ionomers, hybrid ceramics, and high-strength polymers, offer diverse mechanical properties and wear resistance profiles suitable for posterior and anterior restorations. This study aims to evaluate the wear resistance, surface degradation, and long-term clinical performance of commonly used dental restorative materials under simulated masticatory conditions and in vivo follow-up. A total of 200 restorations were evaluated over a five-year period, including direct composite restorations, indirect CAD/CAM ceramic inlays/onlays, and glass ionomer restorations. Wear measurements were assessed using profilometry, digital imaging, and clinical evaluation scales, while longevity was recorded through survival analysis of restoration integrity, fracture, marginal adaptation, and secondary caries incidence. Results indicate that high-strength ceramics and hybrid CAD/CAM materials exhibit superior wear resistance and minimal surface degradation, maintaining functional and aesthetic integrity over time, whereas conventional composite resins demonstrate moderate wear, influenced by filler content, polymerization technique, and occlusal load. Glass ionomer-based materials display faster surface wear, especially under heavy occlusal stress, but offer fluoride release and ease of repair. Overall, material selection should balance mechanical performance, aesthetic requirements, and clinical handling characteristics to optimize long-term restoration success. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the importance of evidence-based material choice, patient-specific occlusal assessment, and regular monitoring to ensure longevity and functional outcomes.
• Treatment of Hoof Diseases in Large Ruminants. Dauletbaev, M.O. Sagizbaev | G.M. Kurbaniyazova | A.R. Yusupov | N.P. (2026). 3(2) 46–50.

  Rustergol ulcer is a significant hoof disorder affecting cattle, causing lameness, reduced productivity, and welfare concerns. This study investigated the prevalence of Rustergolz ulcers and compared the efficacy of two treatment protocols: conventional 10% tetracycline ointment and a combination of Amoxicillin 150 antibiotic with Butofan biostimulator. Clinical observations, wound management, and healing outcomes were recorded over a 27-day period. The results demonstrated faster recovery and improved general condition in cattle treated with Amoxicillin and Butofan, highlighting their effectiveness in managing Rustergol ulcers.
• Seminal plasma Oxidative stress (MDA) and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) its clinical relation to testosterone and prolactin hormon in oligozoospermia men. Khosho, Ammar Talal Salih | Haider Abdul-Kareem Mohammad Alwafi | Edwar Zeya (2026). 3(2) 27–39.

  This case-control study aimed to investigate the relationship between reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant capacity in men with oligozoospermia. A total of 200 participants were enrolled, comprising 100 oligozoospermic men and 100 fertile controls. Seminal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed alongside serum concentrations of testosterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol. Compared to controls, the oligozoospermic group exhibited significantly higher oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated MDA levels (p<0.001), and significantly lower antioxidant capacity, reflected by reduced TAC levels (p<0.001). Hormonal analysis revealed significantly increased testosterone (p<0.001) and decreased prolactin (p<0.001) levels in infertile men. Strong inverse correlations were observed between MDA and testosterone, as well as between TAC and prolactin. These findings suggest that oligozoospermia is associated with a distinct biochemical profile characterized by heightened oxidative damage, impaired antioxidant defense, and altered endocrine regulation. The study highlights the potential clinical utility of integrating oxidative and hormonal biomarkers for a more comprehensive diagnostic approach to male infertility, reflecting its multifactorial pathophysiology.
• A Neuron-Inspired 0.0032mm2-1.38μW/Ch Wireless Implantable Neural Interface with Direct Multiplexing Front-End and Event-Driven Spike Detection and Transmission. Chen, Jinbo; Wu, Hui; Eskandari, Razieh; Liu, Xing; Lin, Siyu; Hou, Qiming; Tian, Fengshi; Zou, Wenjun; Yang, Jie; Sawan, Mohamad (2024). 1–2.
• From Research to Design: Developing the Social Robotic Persuasive Design Cards and Its Techniques. Liu, Baisong; Tetteroo, Daniel; Markopoulos, Panos (2023). 44–51.
• 3 Key Challenges in Designing Advanced Social Robotic Applications. Liu, Baisong; Tetteroo, Daniel; Markopoulos, Panos (2023). 1004–1011.
• Orthonormal Sketches for Secure Coded Regression. Charalambides, Neophytos; Mahdavifar, Hessam; Pilanci, Mert; III, Alfred O. Hero (2022).
• TFS Recognition: Investigating MPH]Thai Finger Spelling Recognition: Investigating MediaPipe Hands Potentials., url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2201.html#abs-2201-03170, volume=abs/2201.03170, journal=CoRR, date = 2026-10-01,keywords = dblp. Sanalohit, Jinnavat; Katanyukul, Tatpong (2022).
• Auditory Stimuli Degrade Visual Performance in Virtual Reality. Malpica, Sandra; Serrano, Ana; Guerrero-Viu, Julia; Martin, Daniel; Bernal, Edurne; Gutierrez, Diego; Masiá, Belén M. Nandigjav, O. Diamante (eds.) (2022). 23:1–23:2.
• Automating Cutting Planes is NP-Hard. Göös, Mika; Koroth, Sajin; Mertz, Ian; Pitassi, Toniann (2020).
• The application of σ-LFSR in Key-Dependent Feedback Configuration for Word-Oriented Stream Ciphers., url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2003.html#abs-2003-09381, volume=abs/2003.09381, journal=CoRR, date = 2026-10-01,keywords = dblp. Nandi, Subrata; Krishnaswamy, Srinivasan; Zolfaghari, Behrouz; Mitra, Pinaki (2020).
• New non-binary quantum codes from skew constacyclic codes over the ring Fpm+vFpm+v2Fpm., url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2010.html#abs-2010-07175, volume=abs/2010.07175, journal=CoRR, date = 2026-10-01,keywords = dblp. Verma, Ram Krishna; Prakash, Om; Singh, Ashutosh (2020).
• A polynomial time 12-approximation algorithm for restricted Santa Claus problem em (Subsequently a 4-Approximation Algorithm)., url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2007.html#abs-2007-09849, volume=abs/2007.09849, journal=CoRR, date = 2026-10-01,keywords = dblp. Kumar, S. Anil; Narayanaswamy, N. S. (2020).
• Meta Ordinal Regression Forest For Learning with Unsure Lung Nodules. Lei, Yiming; Zhu, Haiping; Zhang, Junping; Shan, Hongming T. Park, Y.-R. Cho, X. Hu, I. Yoo, H. G. Woo, J. Wang, J. C. Facelli, S. Nam, M. Kang (eds.) (2020). 442–445.
• WMEgo: Willingness Maximization for Ego Network Data Extraction in Online Social Networks. Hsu, Bay-Yuan; Shen, Chih-Ya; Chang, Ming-Yi M. d’Aquin, S. Dietze, C. Hauff, E. Curry, P. Cudré-Mauroux (eds.) (2020). 515–524.
• Networks of Uniform Splicing Processors., url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr1909.html#abs-1909-03246, volume=abs/1909.03246, journal=CoRR, date = 2026-10-01,keywords = dblp. Mitrana, Victor; Paun, Mihaela; Martín, José Ángel Sánchez; Sánchez-Couso, José-Ramón (2019).
• Forming Online Support Groups for Internet and Behavior Related Addictions. Shen, Chih-Ya; Shuai, Hong-Han; Yang, De-Nian; Lan, Yi-Feng; Lee, Wang-Chien; Yu, Philip S.; Chen, Ming-Syan J. Bailey, A. Moffat, C. C. Aggarwal, M. de Rijke, R. Kumar, V. Murdock, T. K. Sellis, J. X. Yu (eds.) (2015). 163–172.
• A message-passing decoding algorithm for q-ary LDPC codes with low-complexity. Chen, Chao-Yu; Huang, Qin; Chao, Chi-Chao; Lin, Shu (2010). 501–506.
• An O(log n / log log n. Li, Jian (2008).
• A 2-Dimension Force-Directed Scheduling Algorithm for Register-File-Connectivity Clustered VLIW Architecture. Zhou, Zhixiong; He, Hu; Zhang, Yanjun; Sun, Yihe; Cheng, Adriel (2007). 371–376.
• Sprache und Krisenmanagement – Überlegungen zur Konzeptualisierung von Krisen bei südafrikanischen Wildbeutern. Voßen, Rainer M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 289–292.
• Wirtschaftliche und soziale Stabilisierungsstrategien südäthiopischer Feldbauern. Amborn, Hermann M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 159–177.
• Ressourcensicherung – Armutsbekämpfung: einheimische Konzepte und entwicklungspolitische Konzeptionen. Trittler, Bertold M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 369–375.
• Wildpflanzen als Ressourcen in unterschiedlichen ökonomischen und ökologischen Systemen in Ostafrika. Esser, Monika; Esser, Otto M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 187–226.
• Dorfbezogene Ökomaßnahmen autochthoner Gruppen (Six-S) in Burkina Faso. Schoop, Wolfgang M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 361–367.
• Nomadenfrauen in der Dürre – Das Beispiel der Mahria Kamelnomaden (Nördliche Rizeigat) in Norddarfur/Sudan. Holter, Uta M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 255–273.
• Die Repräsentation von Krisen in traditionellen Prosatexten afrikanischer Erzähler bzw. Autoren. Möhlig, Wilhelm J.G. M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 275–287.
• Nutzung peripherer Wirtschaftsräume in Namibia, Okavango und Caprivi. Schneider, Karl-Günther M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 345–360.
• The Pathways of the Past: !Kung San Hxaro Exchange and History. Wiessner, Polly M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 101–124.
• Vorwort. Kuper, Rudolph M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 9–10.
• Desertifikation in Afrika – Ein ungelöstes ökologisches Problem. Mensching, Horst G. M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 29–46.
• Milchverarbeitung und Nahrungsmittelknappheit bei afrikanischen Pastoralisten. Casimir, Michael J.; Bollig, Michael M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 227–253.
• Anschriften der Autoren. Bollig, Michael; Klees, Frank M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 376.
• Wirtschaftsweisen im Neolithikum der Ostsahara und ihr Einfluß auf die Vegetation. Neumann, Katharina M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 47–65.
• Hungersnöte: Erkundungen zu den demographischen Folgen von Katastrophen. Lang, Hartmut M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 81–100.
• “Der Boden ist meine Haut!” Zur Lebenssituation der Bauern in der oberägyptischen Provinz Qena. Weier, Michael M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 325–343.
• Staatlich verordneter “self-help spirit” versus lokale “self-reliance”: Regionale Kulturfestivals in Ghana als politische Arenen. Lentz, Carola M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 293–316.
• Krisenmanagement und Risikominimierung bei den pastoralnomadischen Pokot Nordwestkenias. Bollig, Michael M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 125–157.
• “Zu wenig Chalzedon” – Kritischer Rohstoffmangel bei prähistorischen Wildbeutern in Namibia. Richter, Jürgen M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 179–186.
• Futterressourcen in der Butana (Rep. Sudan): Zur Problematik der Dynamik ökologischer Tragfähigkeit. Pflaumbaum, Holger M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 67–80.
• Der altägyptische Staat und dezentralisiertes Krisenmanagement. Müller-Wollermann, Renate M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 317–323.
• Einführung: Die “afrikanische Krise” – Medien, Wissenschaft und die afrikanische Perspektive. Bollig, Michael; Klees, Frank M. Bollig, F. Klees (eds.) (1994). 11–28.