HannIT AöR (Hannoversche Informationstechnologien – Anstalt öffentlichen Rechts) is the IT service provider for the Hannover region and about 30 other districts and municipalities in Lower Saxony. The security computer centre with distributed locations forms the system technical basis for the operation and further development of administrative procedures.
The Competence Centre Mobility and GIS is in charge of traffic information and planning systems, such as electronic timetable information or network availability maps. The services offered by hannIT AöR include

• the electronic timetable information in Lower Saxony and Bremen (EFA), among others for GVH (Großraum Verkehr Hannover) and Braunschweig ,
• the operation of the DELFI-Landesserver for Lower Saxony,
• the real-time connection of the public transport companies in the GVH
• multimodal routing (public transport, car, bicycle, pedestrian …)

In addition, hannIT as a service provider is significantly involved in projects such as

• Connect GmbH (data integration for Lower Saxony and Bremen),
• DELFI e.V. (Germany-wide timetable information),
• EU-Spirit (Association of European directory assistance systems)

In the D4UM project hannIT AöR 

• ensures that the platform (hardware and software) is available
• coordinates the provision of SW solutions,
• collaborates on data protection and security rules
• creates the basis for the integration of IV real-time data and historical charts into the EFA timetable information (Prototype)

• Würzburgs ‘Häuserbuch ohne Häuser’: Digitale Zugänge zur Geschichte einer untergegangenen Stadt. Shtohryn, Tomash; Langhanki, Florian; Ratulovská, Natália; Haitz, Janik; Reul, Christian (S. Schwandt; G. Viehhauser; T. Andrews; T. Wallnig, eds.) (2026).
• Acute Leukemia. o’g’li | Umatillayev Sardor Umid o’g’li | Elmurotova Dilnoza Baxtiyorovna, Xaqqulova Marta Alisherovna | Zokiriy Abdulazim Rustam (2026). 3(1) 59–63.

  This study demonstrates that bleeding gums are often the first clinical sign of acute leukemia, occurring with the slightest contact with the oral mucosa. Necrosis spreads rapidly, and soon an ulcer with a dirty, gray, foul-smelling plaque forms around the tooth. Necrosis is often detected in the tonsils, retromolar region, and other areas of the oral cavity. A characteristic feature of the necrotic process in acute leukemia is its tendency to spread to adjacent areas of the mucosa. Treatment of acute leukemia is performed in a specialized hematology department.
• Thermal Modification of Wood: Mechanisms, Property Changes, and Industrial Applications – A Review. Hadi, Omaima A Hasan | Mohammed Jamal (2026). 3(1) 79–89.

  "Heat treatments to modify wood have become an effective and green methodology of improving wood functionality without use of chemical preservatives. When timber is exposed to high temperatures under harshly regulated circumstances, some significant changes in the chemical and structural characteristics of cell wall polymers take place, leading to enhanced dimensional stability, reduced hygroscopicity, and increased biological longevity. The review summarises the principles, processes and mechanisms involved in thermal modification of wood, specifically the degradation of hemicellulose, alteration of cellulose crystallinity, condensation of lignin and the resulting degradation of hydroxyl functionalities. The effects of thermal modification on of physical and mechanical properties of wood are critically analysed and the effects include variations in density, moisture sorption kinetics, dimensional stability, colouration, thermal conductivity, and strength properties. Although timber treated using thermal treatment shows a high level of resistance to moisture ingress and biological decay, diminished mechanical strength and a higher level of brittleness have been identified as the main limitations thus limiting its use to non-structural cases mostly. The review also outlines the current industrial thermal modification technologies and outlines modern and future uses of thermally modified wood as an exterior and interior product, including cladding, decking, flooring, and furniture. Lastly, the article appraises the benefits and shortcomings of thermal modification in comparison to traditional forms of chemical and mechanical wood modification procedures, and suggests the future research directions intended towards optimising treatment regimes, retaining the strengths properties and enhancing the overall sustainability profile of thermally modified wood products. This literature review leads to the sophisticated perception of thermal modification as the key technology of sustainable use of timber resources. "
• Interactive Effects of Phosphorus Fertilization and Atonic Application on Growth, Productivity, and Phosphorus-Use Efficiency Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Al-Hamdany, Heba M. M. (2026). 3(1) 90–103.

  A pot experiment was conducted during the 2023-2024 growing season at the College of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, Kirkuk University, in the Ronaki area of ​​the Kirkuk Governorate, to study the interaction between phosphorus levels and the growth regulator Atonic on the growth, productivity, and phosphorus use efficiency of the Roselle plant. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1) and three Atonic levels (0, 100, and 150 mg L-1). The traits studied included plant height, number of branches plant-1, chlorophyll content, leaf area, dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations, total yield, and phosphorus use efficiency. The results showed that phosphate fertilization had a significant effect on most of the studied traits. The 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 level achieved the highest values ​​in plant height (78. 10 cm), number of branches/plant (9.2), chlorophyll content (8. 81 mg g-1), leaf area Plant (1. 80 m2), plant dry weight (218. 00 g plant-1), nitrogen concentration (2.70%), phosphorus concentration (0. 32%), potassium concentration (2. 65%), yield (3330. 95 kg ha-1), and phosphorus –use efficiency (198. 64%). The highest phosphorus rate (75 kg P2O5 ha-1) adversely affected all the studied traits. As for the Atonic effect, the 150 mg L-1 level had a significant effect on all the studied traits. It produced plant height (77. 07 cm), number of branches/plant (8.9), chlorophyll content (8. 98 mg g- 1 fresh weight), leaf area index (2.07 m2), dry weight (227. 26 g plant- 1), nitrogen concentration (3. 09%), phosphorus concentration (0. 30%), potassium concentration (2.59%), yield (2973. 80 kg ha-1), and fertilization efficiency (166. 62%), the interaction effect showed that the A 2 B 2 combination gave the highest growth and yield indicators for the Roselle plant. Accordingly, the study recommends using phosphate fertilization at a rate of 50 kg P2 O5 ha-1 and spraying with Atonic at a concentration of 150 mg L⁻1 to achieve optimal growth and productivity of the roselle plant under calcareous soil conditions.
• Morphological Changes Occurring in the Gastric Mucosa of Adult Outbred White Rats under the Influence of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Umarovnas, Toshmamatov Bakhtiyor Norbekovich | Djumanova Nargiza Eshmamatovna | Sultonova Zarina (2026). 3(1) 1–6.

  Anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used in medical practice; however, their effect on the gastric mucosa remains a subject of active research. This study aimed to investigate morphological changes in the gastric mucosa of adult outbred white rats under the influence of anti-inflammatory drugs. Experimental animals were administered anti-inflammatory agents, after which histological and morphometric analyses of the gastric mucosa were performed. The results revealed structural alterations in the gastric mucosa, including changes in glandular cells and mucosal integrity, indicating a drug-induced impact on gastric tissue. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the morphological effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on the stomach and may be useful for improving the safety of pharmacological therapy.
• A Study of the Relationship between Genetic Mutations and Symptom Severity in Thalassemia Patients. Abbas, H. H. (2026). 3(1) 7–28.

  "Background: β-thalassemia is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with variable clinical severity, influenced not only by mutations in the HBB gene but also by fetal hemoglobin (HbF)–modifying loci such as XmnI (HBG2), BCL11A, and HBS1L-MYB. The accurate prediction of disease severity remains a clinical challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate whether a composite genotype score (CGS), integrating both HBB mutation class and HbF-modifying polymorphisms, could effectively discriminate between mild and severe β-thalassemia phenotypes. Additionally, we assessed the interaction between genetic determinants, hematologic parameters, hydroxyurea exposure, and clinical interventions. Methods: In a prospective case–control design, 50 genetically confirmed β-thalassemia patients (25 severe, 25 mild) were enrolled. Clinical severity was defined by standardized hemoglobin thresholds and transfusion dependence over two years. Genotyping was conducted using TaqMan assays and Sanger sequencing; HbF levels were quantified via HPLC. CGS and a quantitative severity index (QSI) were calculated from hematologic and genetic inputs. Statistical comparisons used independent-samples t-tests (with Welch’s correction for unequal variances) and Chi-square tests, with α=0.05. Predictive models were developed using logistic regression and validated internally. Results: Significant differences were found between severe and mild groups for pre-transfusion hemoglobin (6.9 vs. 9.9 g/dL), annual transfusion volume (188.5 vs. 38.8 mL/kg/year), and HbF% (13.7% vs. 25.2%) (all p < 0.001). CGS distribution was significantly associated with disease severity (p < 0.001). Hydroxyurea use and carriage of protective alleles showed trends toward milder phenotypes. The QSI demonstrated excellent group separation (mean 70.0 vs. 33.0, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The CGS effectively stratifies β-thalassemia patients by clinical severity, providing a low-cost, genomically informed approach to individualizing care. Incorporating genetic data into routine assessment can enhance early prediction, especially where imaging and advanced diagnostics are unavailable. "
• Early Differentiation of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bloodstream Infections Using Hematological Indices, Serum Endotoxin Activity, and Procalcitonin in Hospitalized Sepsis Patients. Ibrahim, Hind Tahseen (2026). 3(1) 29–38.

  Prompt and accurate differences in reference to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bloodstream infections are critical for appropriate empiric therapy in case of sepsis. The potential of automated hematological indices together with serum endotoxin activity and procalcitonin for early pathogen-class stratification at the time of hospital admission was evaluated in this study. For this study, 120 participants who were at least 18 years of age and were suspected of sepsis and were admitted to the tertiary care facility were involved for a period of 12 months. The sample size was determined given the medium expected effect size (Cohen's d = 0.5) for differences in endotoxin activity for Gram-negative and Gram-positive infections. Given an 80% power and 5% significance level, 102 participants were necessary. Additional subjects were included to account for cultures that were negative or for case exclusions. Pre-antimicrobial modification and admission, blood samples were taken within six hours of admission. An automated hematology analyzer was used to perform a complete blood count with differential, and NLR, PLR, and SII were calculated. Serum endotoxin activity was measured using an endotoxin activity assay which is standardized and is based on the detection of lipopolysaccharide. Procalcitonin serum levels were conducted via an automated immunoassay that is used routinely. For the definitive etiological classification, the standard hospital blood culture results that were obtained in the standard hospital diagnostics were used exclusively. The patients with Gram-negative bacteremia (n ≈ 65) presented with considerably higher levels of endotoxin activity and procalcitonin than did Gram-positive cases (n ≈ 55) (p < 0.01). Infections of Gram-negative bacteria also had a statistically significantly higher NLR and SII values. In the multivariate analysis, the combination of endotoxin activity, procalcitonin, and NLR had improved predictive accuracy over each marker alone. This confirms the clinical value of straightforward, non-genetic biomarkers for the preliminary classification of sepsis.
• Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Solids. Batirovna, Elmurotova Dilnoza Baxtiyorovna | Nurmatova Sevara (2026). 3(1) 39–43.

  This paper examines changes in the linear dimensions of solids associated with anharmonicity in the thermal vibrations of molecules that make up the crystal lattice of the solid as the temperature changes. As a result of these vibrations, the distances between the solid's particles change with temperature. It is also shown that the thermal expansion coefficients of many solids are small, on the order of 10 -5 ÷ 10 -6 K -1.
• Key Points of Laboratory Diagnostics of Chronic Diffuse Liver Diseases in the Management of Patients. Aziza, Yusupova Nargiza Abdikodirovna | Xamrakulov Ulugbek | Pirimkulova Laziza | Bo`riyeva (2026). 3(1) 44–49.

  Hronic diffuse liver diseases (CDLDs) represent a significant global health problem due to their progressive course and high risk of complications, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Timely and accurate laboratory diagnostics play a crucial role in the effective management of patients with these conditions. This abstract highlights the key laboratory parameters essential for the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of chronic diffuse liver diseases. Core biochemical markers include serum aminotransferases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, bilirubin fractions, and indicators of synthetic liver function such as albumin and prothrombin time. Immunological markers, viral serology, and metabolic tests contribute to etiological identification, while non-invasive fibrosis assessment tools and composite scoring systems enhance disease staging and prognosis evaluation. Regular laboratory monitoring allows assessment of disease activity, therapeutic response, and early detection of complications. Integrating laboratory findings with clinical and instrumental data ensures a comprehensive, patient-centered approach, improving outcomes and guiding personalized treatment strategies in chronic diffuse liver diseases.
• Main Manifestations of Cellular Damage. qizi | Abduvaxobova Sevinch Imom qizi | Elmurotova Dilnoza Baxtiyorovna, Xaqqulova Marta Alisherovna | Mirzayeva Malika Muroddin (2026). 3(1) 50–54.

  This paper describes the fundamental mechanisms of dystrophy and dysplasia. The study demonstrated that disruption of mitochondrial structure leads to significant suppression of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, as well as to an imbalance of ions within the cell. It also explains that pathobiosis can be exemplified by tissue necrosis, while autolysis is the hydrolysis of cellular components and intercellular substance under the influence of lysosomal enzymes.
• Modern Concepts of Hemopoiesis. o’g’li | Elmurotova Dilnoza Baxtiyorovna, Xaqqulova Marta Alisherovna | Mamayusufov Beknazar Abror (2026). 3(1) 55–58.

  This paper presents information on the blood system, which includes hematopoietic organs and peripheral blood cells, united by neurohumoral regulation of the dynamic processes of hematopoiesis and hematopoietic breakdown. It is shown that cells gradually age, the enzyme composition and structure of cell membranes change, and energy production decreases, leading to their destruction. Monocytes circulate briefly in the peripheral blood; they are carried by the bloodstream to organs and tissues and transform into macrophages, forming the mononuclear phagocyte system.
• Pathophysiology and Clinical Outcomes of Vaginal and Cesarean Delivery. qizi | Elmurotova Dilnoza Baxtiyorovna, Urmanbekova Dilfuza Sanatullayevna | Zokirjonova Ozoda Omonjon (2026). 3(1) 64–69.

  The study analyzes ultrasound examinations performed before delivery. An attempt at vaginal delivery was made with a uterine scar following a transverse incision, confirmed by ultrasound. The delivery took place in a fully equipped operating room with continuous monitoring of fetal function and uterine contractions.
• Scarcity of Barley and Cotton Cultivation in Kirkuk Governorate (A Community Study). Ibrahim, Layla Ali Abid | Mohammed Yashar Omar | Hashim Mohammed (2026). 3(1) 61–70.

  "The relationship between population growth and the possibility of achieving food security—especially under the conditions of climate extremism, tense political relations between countries, technological progress, and the disparity in the population pyramid between the working and non-working groups—makes agriculture at the forefront of the economic sectors that the state seeks to study and prioritize in both its branches (plant and animal) and find appropriate solutions for its problems. Among the most prominent problems affecting the agricultural community in Kirkuk Governorate is the scarcity of barley and cotton cultivation, particularly after the increase in barley imports from neighboring countries, namely Turkey and Iran, and the closure of the cotton gin in the governorate. Therefore, we studied in the first section the geographical distribution of barley and cotton crops in the governorate and the possibility of representing this through maps using the Geographic Information Systems program (ArcView GIS 10.8.2). The second section focused on explaining the most significant reasons that led to the decline in productivity and the rate of change occurring during the period (2012–2022) and the recession of agricultural lands compared to other crops. As for the third section, it addressed providing the most important proposed solutions through which productivity can be increased, representing this with graphs using Excel, and stating conclusions and recommendations, along with mentioning the sources and the appendix (the questionnaire form) adopted in the study. "
• Issues of Prevention of Oculocardial Reflexes during Anesthesia in Pediatric Ophthalmology. M., Joniyev S. Sh. | Yuldashev (2026). 3(1) 70–78.

  This article presents a literature review dedicated to the issues of improving anesthesia in ophthalmic surgery for children, analyzing the unique anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics of pediatric ophthalmosurgery. The primary focus is on the following challenges: maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) stability, the oculocardiac reflex, the narrowness and propensity for collapse of airways, emergence agitation, sympathetic hyperreactivity, and the high metabolic rate in children. It is emphasized that these factors directly influence the quality and safety of general anesthesia. The review compares the advantages and limitations of volatile anesthetics such as sevoflurane (IOP elevation, emergence agitation) with the positive properties of propofol, ketamine, and particularly dexmedetomidine (IOP reduction, hemodynamic stability, agitation mitigation). Multimodal and opioid-sparing approaches, including dexmedetomidine-based combinations, are highlighted as promising directions in contemporary pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia.
• Molecular Detection of Some Virulent Genes of Klebsiella Pneumonia in Pregnant Women with UTI. Khorshed, Aevar Ashraf (2026). 3(1) 79–88.

  "Background & Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are responsible for most nosocomial UTI. Over the years, it is reported that the emergence of KD and PA resistance seemed to be rising. Objective: The present study was planned with an aim to delineate few virulent genes in K. pneumoniae among pregnant women. Report of the case and discussion Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common bacterial infection during pregnancy. Materials & methods: A total of 148 urine samples were obtained, which used clinically specimens from Kirkuk Hospital (Kirkuk city) between October 2024 and February 2025. The clinical samples were obtained after recruitment of the patients by the consultant urologist. The colonies of E. coli and K. pneumoniae on blood agar and MacConkey agar were identified by the morphological and biochemical characteristics, and then they were cultured and incubated at 37 ◦C for 24 h. Results: K. pneumoniae was detected in 27 (18.2%) of the 148 urine samples. The isolates exhibited high level resistance to Ampicillin (96.3%), Imipenem (81.5%) on the contrary, sensitivity was observed to Azithromycin (85.2) followed by Tobramycin and Amikacin 96.3% 100%, respectively). Of the 14 representative K. pneumoniae strains subjected to molecular analysis, 12 (85.7%) harbored the rmpA gene. Conclusions: Klebsiella pneumoniae was responsible for 18.2% of UTIs, showed high antibiotic resistance and all isolates harbored bssS and most exhibited rmpA genes associated with MDR, XDR and EDR phenotypes."
• Detection of Starch Adulteration in Local Soft Cheeses and Commercial Marketer for International Companies Marketing in Kirkuk City Iraq. Taha, Muna Hashim (2026). 3(1) 89–95.

  This study aims to investigate the prevalence of starch adulteration in local soft cheeses (traditionally known as "Arab Cheese") and commercial brands for international companies like Kerry, Anchor, Puck, and others available in the central market within Kirkuk city, north of Iraq. Despite the nutritional importance of dairy, economic fraud through the addition of thickeners is a growing concern. This study included 34 samples, divided by 17 samples from different commercial sources in market and 17 samples local soft cheeses (traditionally known as "Arab Cheese") Using a qualitative chemical approach centered on the Iodine-Starch reaction and quantitative Analysis by use (Spectrophotometry method), this research screens samples collected from diverse geographical areas in Kirkuk city November2024 to April 2025. Based on recent regional data, The results showed high starch detection rates of up to 35.3% samples contain starch in local soft cheese by using direct chemical examination and 35.3% from samples are samples showed no color change this detecting to absence of starch and 29.4% are slight color change this detecting to no present small amount of starch, In contras cheese commercially marketed where 52.9%of samples positive for starch, 29.4% samples contained trace amounts or no starch and 17.6% have medium of starch. This study provides critical insights into food safety and consumer protection in Northern Iraq.
• Development of Fibrotic Processes in the Liver under Conditions of Long-Term Immunosuppressive Therapy and its Immunohistochemical Prognostic Indicators. qizi | Sanakulova M. Z., Jurayeva Barno G’ulom (2026). 3(1) 96–100.

  "Chronic immunosuppressive therapy, widely used in organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders, is associated with the development of liver fibrosis, a progressive condition that may culminate in cirrhosis and liver failure. Fibrogenesis is driven by persistent hepatocellular injury, activation of hepatic stellate cells, extracellular matrix accumulation, and dysregulation of inflammatory and profibrotic signaling pathways. Immunohistochemical markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and collagen type I, provide valuable prognostic information on the stage and progression of fibrosis. This article comprehensively analyzes the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis in patients receiving long-term immunosuppressants, evaluates immunohistochemical prognostic indicators, and discusses implications for monitoring, early detection, and potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate hepatic damage. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving long-term outcomes in patients under chronic immunosuppressive regimens. Long-term immunosuppressive therapy, a cornerstone in organ transplantation and the management of autoimmune disorders, is closely associated with the development of progressive liver fibrosis, which may ultimately result in cirrhosis and compromised hepatic function. The pathogenesis of fibrosis involves sustained hepatocyte injury, chronic inflammatory responses, activation of hepatic stellate cells, and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components, particularly collagen. Immunohistochemical evaluation using markers such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and collagen type I enables precise assessment of fibrotic activity and prognostic stratification. This article provides a detailed review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis in the context of prolonged immunosuppressive therapy and highlights the utility of immunohistochemical indicators in predicting disease progression. Understanding these processes is essential for optimizing patient management, guiding therapeutic adjustments, and mitigating the long-term hepatic complications associated with chronic immunosuppressive treatment. "
• Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Colostrum and Milk Fed to Calves. Eshimov, H. S. O‘rinov | O. U. Kuldoshev | G.B. Ubaydullayeva | D. (2026). 3(1) 101–105.

  This study investigates the chemical composition and biological properties of colostrum and milk fed to calves under farm conditions. Special attention was given to the dynamics of mineral components, particularly total calcium and inorganic phosphorus, during different stages of lactation. Milk and colostrum samples were collected at various post-calving periods and analyzed using standard biochemical methods. The results showed that the concentration of essential minerals gradually decreased as lactation progressed, which may negatively influence metabolic processes, skeletal development, and natural resistance in calves. Calcium and phosphorus deficiencies during early growth stages can lead to impaired physiological development and increased susceptibility to metabolic disorders. The findings highlight the importance of monitoring milk quality and implementing timely nutritional correction through balanced feeding and mineral supplementation of lactating cows. Ensuring adequate mineral and vitamin content in milk contributes to improved calf health, growth performance, and efficient utilization of genetic potential, thereby enhancing overall productivity in cattle farming systems.
• Mechanisms of Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in Dysregulating the Omentin-1–Immune Axis. Hussein, Afaf Saud (2026). 3(1) 106–115.

  "Background & Objective: Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) has been associated with immune dysregulation and changes in the levels of adipokines; however, its effect on omentin-1–immune axis among Iraqi faces limited investigation. This study was aimed to determine the effect of EBV infection to influence serum omentin-1 and other adipokines as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their diagnostic usefulness. Materials & Methods: One hundred and fifty-seven clinically diagnosed EBV patients along with 75 healthy controls were involved in this study, which is conducted in teaching hospitals clinics in Kirkuk (June–September 2025). The VCA-IgG, VCA-IgM and EBNA-IgG by ELISA kits were employed. Plasma omentin-1, chemerin, vaspin, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were determined. The relationships of adipokines and cytokines were analyzed, and diagnostic values were estimated according to ROC analysis. Results: EBV positive status was found in 45 (28.6%) patients. Cytokine levels IL-6 (29.4 ± 6.1 pg/mL), TNF-α (21.7 ± 5.3 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (25.9 ± 6.7 pg/mL) in EBV-positive patients were significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.001). Omentin-1 was decreased (5.7 ± 1.2 µg/mL versus 8.2 ± 1.3 µg/mL in controls, p < 0.001), while modest reductions were found for chemerin and vaspin as well. There was an inverse relationship between omentin-1 and cytokines (IL-6 r = −0.38, TNF-α r = −0.31, IFN-γ r = −0.29, p < 0.01). ROC analysis indicated that IL-6 and omentin-1 best discriminated between EBV infected cases (AUC 0.81 and AUC 0.78, respectively). Conclusions: The EBV contact in Iraqi patients was accompanied by marked pro-inflammatory status and inhibition of omentin-1, which links systemic inflammation to adipokine disturbance. Serum omentin-1 and IL-6 may be biomarkers for EBV infection. "
• Some Reflections on Piri Reis’s Work “Bahriye”. Rahmatullayeva Sarvinoz Zafarjon qizi, Kamolov Jahongir Mamasidiqovich (2026). 4(2) 1–4.

  In this article, certain reflections are presented on the work “ Bahriya ” by Piri Reis, a sailor and cartographer who lived and worked in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, the article analyzes the focus of the work ’ s content, the regions to which voyages were undertaken, aspects of the author ’ s personality, the purpose for which the work was written and the reason it was named “ Bahriya. ” It also examines information related to the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, the physical appearance and way of life of the indigenous people inhabiting these territories, the arrival of Europeans, and the author ’ s personal views on the ocean s, all of which are explored through detailed analysis
• Women Education in the Muslim World: Some Hard Truths. Maniul Hassan, Dr. Maumita Sengupta (2026). 4(2) 5–12.

  Women Education has always been an important aspect of every civilisation, scholars have famously said “The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world”. India has been known for it’s woman scholars since it’s ancient period, but contemporary India has it’s share of problems in this regard too. The study focuses on the data provided on various parameters for higher education of Muslim women in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. The data are presented alongwith suggested solutions according to educational experts of Murshidabad
• BOʻLGʻUSI TARBIYACHILARNING PEDAGOGIK FAZILATLARINI SHAKLLANTIRISHNING NAZARIY ASOSLARI. Mastura Amanova, Ubaydullayev Normuhammad Xasanovich (2026). 4(2) 13–15.

  Mazkur maqolada bo‘lajak tarbiyachilarning pedagogik fazilatlarini shakllantirish masalasi ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Pedagogik fazilat tushunchasining mazmun-mohiyati, tarbiyachi shaxsiga qo‘yiladigan zamonaviy talablar hamda kasbiy faoliyat samaradorligida shaxsiy va kasbiy sifatlarning o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, pedagogik fazilatlarni shakllantirishning nazariy asoslari, ularning kasbiy kompetensiya bilan o‘zaro bog‘liqligi ochib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari bo‘lajak pedagog kadrlarni tayyorlash jarayonini takomillashtirishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi
• Supervisory Approaches in the Implementation of Game- Based Strategies for Numeracy Improvement. Frichelle S Macahito MAEd, Mark Joseph Q Espia PhD (2026). 4(2) 16–50.

  This research investigated how school leaders and master teachers in the District of Calatrava I supervise and the effectiveness of these approaches in promoting the adoption of game- based strategies aimed at enhancing numeracy in public elementary schools. The study examined demographic characteristics, supervisory practices, and the relationship between supervision and instructional outcomes. The findings indicated that most of the school heads and master teachers were academically qualified, with many having pursued advanced degrees, and professionally seasoned, possessing extensive teaching experience. Consistent application of supervisory approaches across all areas, demonstrating strong instructional leadership and dedication to supporting teachers. Game-based strategies were found to be highly effective, reflecting supervisors' ability to promote innovative teaching practices. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences in supervisory approaches based on age, educational attainment, or length of service. This suggests that supervisory practices are uniform and stable across different demographics. Furthermore, correlation analysis demonstrated a robust positive and statistically significant association between supervisory methods and the efficacy of game-based strategies, emphasizing the crucial role of supervision in ensuring successful implementation. In light of these findings, actionable recommendations were developed for school leaders, master teachers, educators, curriculum developers, the Department of Education, and future researchers to enhance supervisory practices and maintain innovation in numeracy instruction. The study underscored the importance of effective supervision, grounded in experience and academic training, for improving learner outcomes through game-based strategies, particularly in rural and upland settings
• Effect of Mineral Sulfur on the Intensity and Capacity Relationship of Copper in Different Calcareous Soils. Ghafel, Zakia Shihab Hamad | Mijbil M. Al-Jumaily | Asmaa Sami Mahmoud | Rusul Jamal Mohammed | Noor Ammar (2026). 3(1) 71–78.

  The study aims to evaluate the effect of mineral sulfur on the availability of copper in different calcareous soils by adopting some thermodynamic parameters (capacity and intensity relationships, free energy, Gabon’s constant). Three levels of mineral sulfur (1,2,3) g.kg-1 were adopted. The study showed that the coefficient of statistical determination of the amplitude and intensity equations ranged between (0.82 and 0.99), and the values of the regulatory capacity ranged between (282.58, 574.76) (centimol.kg-1), while the values of mobile copper CU-Labile ranged between (0.0093-0.0093). The values of free energy (15.7865, 26.7014) kilojoules.mol-1, while the values of the preference coefficient for Gabon ranged (12.7288, 40.2459). These results indicate that all thermodynamic values decrease (increase in copper availability) with increasing levels of added mineral sulfur (1,2,3) g.kg-1 in the soil.
• Cultivation of Goji (Lycium Barbarum) Plant on Irrigated Gray and Meadow Soils. Eminjonovna, Djurayeva Dilrabo (2026). 3(1) 56–60.

  This article provides a detailed study of the cultivation of goji (Lycium barbarum) under irrigated conditions on gray and meadow soils in Uzbekistan. Attention is given to the climatic and soil requirements of the goji plant, and scientifically based recommendations are provided regarding irrigation regimes, soil preparation, seed selection, fertilization, and care methods. Additionally, information is presented on the advantages of growing goji on gray and meadow soils, harvesting technologies, as well as measures for controlling diseases and pests. The research results demonstrate the potential for successful development of goji cultivation in Uzbekistan and can be applied in the development of agronomically and economically efficient technologies in this field. The article serves as a valuable resource for agricultural specialists, researchers, and producers.
• Digitale Werkzeuge zur Erschließung historischer Schulbücher: ATR, NER und NEL. Keupp, Corinna; Haitz, Janik; Langhanki, Florian; Reul, Christian; Hertling, Anke; Dombrowski, Fabian; Klaes, Sebastian (2026). 46(3) 236–249.
• The Role of Independent and Community Media in Early Warning and Conflict Prevention across Fragile Regions in Nigeria. Udeogu, Chibuzor Chile Nwobueze | Kelechi Belinda (2026). 4(2) 169–182.

  Across the world early warning is crucial for conflict prevention and intergroup relations. This study interrogates the critical yet often undervalued role of independent and community-based media in the architecture of early warning systems (EWS) within Nigeria’s most volatile regions. Federal security plans often focus on top-level intelligence but they can miss the local issues that lead to bigger problems like mass violence. This research argues that community media is so important because it is local and speaks the language giving real-time information that big news places miss. This paper examines how local broadcasting and online platforms stop things from getting worse by condemning fake news about ethnic groups and religions and by helping different groups talk to one another. The paper also highlights a systemic disconnection: the intelligence gathered at the communal level rarely integrates effectively into the state’s formal response mechanisms due to institutional mistrust and the shrinking civic space in Nigeria. The research shows that to turn warnings into action there is the need to switch to a bottom-up information system where local voices are heard. It concludes that independent media is not only a reporting tool but also a primary stakeholder in conflict prevention its sustainability is therefore a prerequisite for national stability. Nigeria can move from reactive militarism to a proactive community-led peacebuilding paradigm when the country empowers indigenous communication channels.
• The Effectiveness of The Sipp Program (Employee Attendance Information System) at The Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Health Office. Setiawan, Muhammad Ikhwan. Irza (2026). 4(2) 188–194.

  An attendance system is a data collection method used to record the presence of employees within an organization company or institution. It functions as a tool to manage employee attendance records and serves as a vital instrument for monitoring performance and productivity. This system utilizes the Waterfall method which consists of five stages: post-analysis system design system implementation system testing and system maintenance. The system is capable of recording arrival and departure times calculating total working hours displaying absenteeism reports and ensuring the security of employee data. It is expected to enhance the discipline and efficiency of the staff at the Hulu Sungai Utara Regency Health Office. The implementation results indicate that the system can automatically record clock-in and clock-out times calculate working hours generate real-time attendance reports and minimize data manipulation. It is anticipated that this system will improve discipline and accountability as well as support management in monitoring employee performance effectively and efficiently. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the Employee Attendance Information System (SIPP) at the Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) Regency Health Office in improving work discipline and attendance data accuracy. Using a descriptive qualitative method this research examines the effectiveness of this technology-based system compared to manual systems. The results show that SIPP significantly increases employee discipline although technical obstacles regarding data synchronization during peak hours are still encountered.
• Compliance with Hand Hygiene in Healthcare Facilities: Analysis Based on the Harnos Model and Who Concepts. qizi | Bazarbayev M. I., Dadayeva Dildora Ikhtiyor (2026). 3(1) 90–92.

  Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain one of the most pressing challenges in modern healthcare systems. The transmission of microorganisms via the hands of medical personnel from one patient to another is considered a leading factor in the spread of these infections. Therefore, strict adherence to hand hygiene is recognized as one of the most effective and cost-efficient measures for infection prevention. Among evidence-based approaches to hand hygiene, the behavior-oriented model developed by Harnos and the “Five Moments for Hand Hygiene” concept proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) are of particular importance. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practical skills related to hand hygiene among medical students and faculty members involved in medical education.
• Hepatobiliary System Involvement in Neonatal Sepsis: A Clinical and Morphological Study. Bakhshillaevna, Bakhshilloeva Rano Bakhronovna | Juraeva Gulbahor (2026). 3(1) 93–97.

  Neonatal sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality in the neonatal period and is frequently accompanied by multiple organ dysfunction. The hepatobiliary system plays a crucial role in metabolic regulation, immune response, and detoxification; therefore, its involvement reflects the severity and systemic nature of septic injury. However, clinical and morphological characteristics of hepatobiliary damage in neonatal sepsis have not been sufficiently systematized.
• THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DEMOCRATIC ASSISTANCE IN NIGERIA: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECT FROM 1999-2023. Barigbon, Abraham Owugbosia Stewart | Christopher Barisi (2026). 4(2) 52–90.

  Democratic governance is the acceptable form of government universally. Nigeria has been one of the major receipts of foreign democratic in recent times dating back to the democratic process with hundreds of billions of dollars and other non-monetary measures from democratic promoters since 1999 till 2023 and Nigerian democratic elections failing to deliver increased stability and development we ask to what extent is Nigeria’s democratic experience since 1999 a reflection of the objectives of foreign democratic assistance to the country this paper will help policy makers and academicians to understand that the threatened fragile democratic experiment in Nigeria is due to the irregularities associated with the elections and not on the enormity of fund from foreign donors. This paper adopted the realistic theory of change by Anderson as its theoretical framework a modification of Carol (2008) change model theory the paper employed personal oral interviews and secondary sources of data to analysis of data qualitatively using tables and simple percentages we show that irrespective of democratic assistance from international partners to Nigeria between 1999-2023 her political development has remained gloomy. The findings show that Nigeria’s effort towards democratic consolidations is still not a reflection of the objective(s) of FDA because her electoral integrity is still threatened by many factors such as the attitude of political leaders electoral corruption and so on. However the study recommends that for FDA to be successful there is need for change in the value oriented of the political elite the war on corruption must be pursued with vigour government at all levels need to be serious or pay more attention to problem of poverty and greater harmonization and alignment in democratization assistance is desirable.
• Estradiol-Induced Testicular Toxic Alterations in Wister Rats During Adolescence: Anatomical and Histological Investigation. AL-Khakani, Saffia Kareem Wally Alumeri | Maha Abdul-Hadi Abdul-Rida Al-Abdula | Fatimah Swadi Zghair | Salim Salih Ali (2026). 3(1) 98–116.

  The present investigation was conducted to characterize the structural susceptibility of the male gonadal tissue to exogenous estrogen exposure during the pubertal window, with particular emphasis on morphological regression and histological remodeling induced by estradiol benzoate administration. Methods: twenty male rats at two months aged were split equally into two groups:(control, and treated). The treatment rats were given subcutaneous injections of 60 μg/ of rat oestradiol benzoate dissolved in 0.26 ml of olive oil for 15 consecutive days; while control rats were given subcutaneous injections of 0.26 ml of olive oil. Twenty-four hours following final treatment dose, Rats in both groups were given general anesthesia and weighed., had their scrotums dissected and had their testicles separated from other organs. Weight, length, width, and volume calculated. For histological examination, sample from testis were kept in 10% natural formalin. Using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, identify general architecture and histopathological changes. A unique stain called Masson's trichrome staining is used to detect collagen fibres. The results showing the testicular morphometric measurements in control rats were similarly to intact; while all data showed a marked decrease in treatment rats (G2). Histological analyses showed that control rat testis in with full structural and histological integrity; while estradiol treated rats testis presenting significantly decreased in diameter and epithelial height of seminiferous tubules (p≤0.05) and there were histological alterations, including irregular, atrophy of seminiferous tubules, and loss of organized stratified epithelium. There was no evidence of typical Leydig cells. This research determined that observed changes clearly demonstrate how estradiol impacted the histological makeup and reproductive capabilities of testis, leading to reduced spermatogenesis and diminished secretory function of interstitial cells. Consequently, overall findings affirm rats subjected 60 μg of estradiol benzoate each rat. during their puberty stage exhibited toxic effecting on testis, ultimately resulting in decreased male fertility.
• Effect of Proteus Mirabilis Biofilm Formation on Antibiotic Resistance in Urinary Tract Infections. Mohammed, Manal Dheyaa (2026). 3(1) 117–126.

  "Introduction & objectives: Proteus mirabilis is a frequent cause of UTIs in women. Its ability to produce biofilms increases the resistance against several antibiotics and makes its treatment even more challenging. The main objectives of this study were to estimate distribution of P. mirabilis in UTI infected female patients, determine the antibiotic resistance patterns, evaluate biofilm formation and explore association between biofilm production and multidrug resistance. Materials & Methods: In total, 175 urine samples were taken from female patients in Kirkuk hospitals. The isolates were characterized by morphology, biochemical testsand VITEK 2 system. Antibiotics sensitivity profile was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique for 14 antibiotics. Biofilm production was measured by 96-well microtiter ELISA). Results: Out of 175 samples, 87 (49.7%) were positive for P. mirabilis. All isolates were confirmed by biochemical tests and VITEK 2. Furthermore, molecular confirmation revealed that all 17 selected isolates (100.0%) carried the 16S rRNA gene, confirming their identity as P. mirabilis. Resistance was highest against ampicillin (78%), cefotaxime (65%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (60%), while amikacin (90%) and meropenem (88%) were largely effective. MDR isolates were 36 (41.4%), XDR 12 (13.8%), and EDR 3 (3.4%). Biofilm formation was detected in 75 isolates (86.2%), with 25 strong (28.7%), 30 moderate (34.5%), 20 weak (23%), and 12 non-producers (13.8%). Strong and moderate biofilm producers showed higher MDR/XDR rates (88% and 83%, respectively). Conclusions: P. false mirabilis is a common isolate in female UTIs in Kirkuk, and biofilm formation dramatically increases drug resistance. These results highlight the need to take account of biofilm-based resistance in clinical treatments. "
• The Linguopragmatic Nature of Forms of Address in Arabic and English: Theoretical Foundations and Pragmatic Implications. Mustaqimovich, Nomozov Abdiaziz (2026). 4(2) 133–136.

  Forms of address represent a linguistically and culturally significant phenomenon through which speakers establish regulate and negotiate interpersonal relations. This article examines the linguopragmatic essence of address forms in Arabic and English drawing on pragmatic theory and speech act analysis. The study aims to uncover how address expressions function within different sociocultural frameworks and how they reflect culturally embedded norms of politeness hierarchy and solidarity. A comparative qualitative analysis demonstrates that although both languages employ address forms to manage interactional goals Arabic tends to preserve formalized and honorific patterns rooted in collectivist values whereas English increasingly favors context-driven and egalitarian address strategies. The findings highlight the importance of cultural awareness in pragmatic interpretation and intercultural communication.
• Role of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Modulating Immune Biomarkers and Adipokine Levels. Hussein, Afaf Saud (2026). 3(1) 127–134.

  "Background & Aim: Immune dysregulation and changes in adipokine levels are one of the characteristics of chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The present study was designed to assess the significance of HBV infection in modulation of immune (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-10) and adipokine (adiponectin, leptin and visfatin) biomarkers in Iraqi patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk, Iraq from April through August 2025; a total of 87 patients with chronic HBV and an equivalent number of healthy controls were included. The immune biomarkers and adipokines concentrations in serum were determined by ELISA, and statistical methods consisting of comparison testing between groups, correlation analysis and ROC curve assessment were adopted. Results: All HBV patients were HBsAg positive (87/87, 100%), while all controls were negative. HBV patients showed significantly higher levels of IL-6 (42.5 ± 12.8 pg/mL), IL-8 (35.6 ± 10.7), TNF-α (28.9 ± 9.3), IL-10 (14.8 ± 5.2), adiponectin (12.6 ± 3.8 µg/mL), and visfatin (18.7 ± 5.6 ng/mL), whereas leptin was slightly lower (9.4 ± 3.1 ng/mL) compared to controls (all p < 0.01). Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and adiponectin/visfatin, and negative correlations with leptin. ROC analysis indicated that IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and visfatin had the highest diagnostic potential (AUC >0.90). Conclusion: Chronic HBV-infected Iraqi patients showed increased immune activity and adipokine imbalance. Immune biomarkers and adipokines, including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and visfatin could be used as potential diagnostic and monitoring parameters in HBV. "
• Organizational and Technological Aspects of the Creation and Operation of Ostrich Farms. Ozoda, Babayeva Shaxlo Aliyevna | Mamatova (2026). 3(1) 135–137.

  This article examines the main organizational and technological approaches to the establishment and operation of ostrich farms. Various models for farm development are analyzed, including egg incubation, rearing of young birds, fattening of birds, and breeding stock. The economic aspects of ostrich farming, cost structure, and factors influencing production profitability are presented. Particular attention is paid to the biological and behavioral characteristics of the African ostrich, the impact of stress factors on productivity, and the requirements for poultry husbandry. It is shown that the greatest economic efficiency is achieved by selling young birds aged 1 to 6 months, strictly adhering to technological and sanitary standards
• The Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Benefits of Timely Dietary Supplementation with Green Tea Powder in Awassi Sheep. Rebat, Salam Ketab (2026). 3(1) 138–142.

  The aim of this investigation was to evaluate, over time, the effect of dietary supplementation with green tea (Camellia sinensis) powder on liver protection and antioxidant activity in Awassi sheep. The 12 clinically healthy adult Awassi sheep (3–4 years old) were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 4 sheep each. For 30 days, a standard feed was supplied to the control group (G1) and a standard feed supplemented with green tea powder at a rate of 150 g/10 kg of feed (G2) and 250 g/10 kg of feed (G3) respectively. On day 0, day 15 and day 30, blood samples were obtained from the same animals to determine the levels of serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), markers of oxidative stress (MDA) and antioxidant capacity (GSH, TAC). All groups had similar baseline values at day 0. Early improvements were mainly seen in ALP, MDA and GSH levels by day 15 particularly in the higher dose group. The supplementation with green tea led to significant dose-dependent improvements by day 30 with decreased concentrations of ALT, AST, ALP and MDA and increased concentrations of GSH and TAC. The present results showed that treatment with green tea powder may improve the biochemical stability of the liver and strengthen the antioxidant defence mechanisms in Awassi sheep, depending on the dose and duration. Article title: Effect of green tea powder on the activities of liver enzymes in Awassi sheep.Article.
• Effect of Foliar Application of Boron, Auxin, and Methionine and Their Interactions on Some Quality Attributes of ’Shada Al-Aswad’ Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) Fruits. Lateef, Sabreen Mohammed (2026). 3(1) 45–55.

  This experiment was carried out in a private vineyard in Al-Dujail District, Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq for the growing season of 2024 to study the influence of foliar application boron, auxin and methionine on some qualitive properties of 'Shada Al-Aswad' grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) fruits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications and included two boron levels (0 and 10 g L-¹), three auxin concentrations [0, 0.015 and 0.030 mg L-1] and three methionine concentrations [0, 0.010 or 0.030 g L-1]. Results indicated that foliar boron significantly improved some fruit quality attributes by elevated the concentration of sugar, anthocyanin and carbohydrate contents of 7.04%0-1 (793.15 mg 100 g⁻¹), 283.68 mg 100 g⁻¹; 13.71%, at mean levels with early spring among two treatments with decreasing in acidity and nitrate content recorded to be %0-1;and mmg/ mi01g⁻¹,.respectively. This emphasizes the importance of boron in controlling physiological processes associated with fruit quality. Moreover, the elicited metabolite content by auxin at 0.030 mg L⁻¹were significantly higher in TSS (14.47%), sugars (6.77%) anthocyanins(TSAC) (271.48 mg/100 g),CHO(13.48%) and much lower in acidity than nitratesabout or equal to 6 h (0.60% and 0,87mg/100g). This is indicative of its regulatory role on fruit ripening and synthesis of quality-related compounds. Additionally, foliar methionine application (0.030 g L⁻¹) was able to enhance fruit quality by increasing anthocyanin pigment and carbohydrate contents and decreasing acidity percentages at 271.42 mg 100 g⁻¹, 13.48%, and 0.60% respectively. This is a proof of its contribution to biochemical pathways leading to better quality of crop. In general, the results indicate that the application of these compounds especially at the highest applied concentrations can successfully improve quality characteristics of 'Shada Al-Asward' grapes. It is advisable to include them in the current nutrition programs of vineyards placed under similar environmental conditions.
• Truth on Trial: A Kripkean Analysis of Nigeria’s ‘Go to Court’ Logic. Obah, Omiete Idoniboye | Remigius Achinike (2026). 4(2) 155–168.

  In the epistemic labyrinth of Nigerian democracy the phrase “Go to Court” transcends a mere appeal to justice it functions as a modal migration from empirical reality (World₁) to judicial abstraction (World₂). Through Saul Kripke’s semantics and logical formalism this paper exposes the fragility of the accessibility relation between these worlds where judicial truth (□L) often fails to reflect empirical truth (◇E) resulting in what Habermas termed a legitimation crisis. The study argues that Nigeria’s judiciary mistaking necessity for infallibility perpetuates the fallacy of affirming the consequent confusing institutional validation with democratic truth. This paradox transforms law into an autopoietic system where logic is valid yet justice remains void echoing Wittgenstein’s insight that “the limits of my language mean the limits of my world.” To remedy this the paper proposes the B.E.S.T. model Bimodal Verification Empirical Accessibility Semantic Consistency and Truth Preservation as a Kripkean framework for aligning legal necessity with empirical reality. By restoring coherence between legality and legitimacy the model redefines judicial affirmation as a communicative act grounded in truth rather than procedural formality. Ultimately the paper concludes that the future of Nigerian democracy depends on bridging the gap between what is legally affirmed and what is empirically lived ensuring that justice in all possible worlds becomes both logically necessary and morally real.
• Repeatable Experiments, Inspectable Results: Lessons from Private 5G Campus Networks. Schumann, Lukas Kilian; Raffeck, Simon; Geißler, Stefan; Hoßfeld, Tobias (2026).

  Private 5G campus networks provide flexible environments for studying future mobile systems, but the same flexibility makes measurement results difficult to interpret and compare. Configuration choices, software versions, modem behavior, radio placement, and observability limitations can all affect reported QoS and energy metrics. This work synthesizes lessons from our prior and ongoing work on reproducibility-oriented 5G campus-network experimentation, including an automation workflow, energy-aware parameter studies, and a comparative measurement study of modem-specific influences. From this, we argue that trustworthy private network measurements require experiment state reporting, artifact preservation, explicit observability limits, and multi-artifact corroboration. Examples from our work include configuration-dependent UE power, non-linear gain effects, incomplete or implausible channel metrics, and modem-specific throughput, delay, and SNR behavior. We derive methodological requirements for inspectable results and outline open challenges around larger modem pools, RedCap devices, MCS-aware energy modeling, segmentation- and retransmission-aware delay attribution, and future O-RAN split integration.
• Mapping the evidence on interventions to reduce potentially inappropriate prescriptions in older adults: a scoping overview of 127 systematic reviews. Álvarez, Ángel García; Malih, Narges; Hernández, David Morales; Cruz, Roberto Santa; Ricci-Cabello, Ignacio; Serra, Pau Riera; Gonçalves-Bradley, Daniela C.; Gallardo-Alfaro, Laura; Ripoll, Maria Jesús Serrano; Villalonga, Catalina Calafat; Jaillard, Barbara A. Ferrer; Blanco, Manuel Pinteño; Bombardó, David Medina; Doronzo, Maria Angela; Gayà, Sebastián Jaume; Fiol deRoque, Maria A. (2026).

  Background: Potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) are highly prevalent among older adults and associated with adverse outcomes, including hospitalisations and mortality. Numerous interventions have been evaluated and synthesised in reviews, but the review-level evidence remains heterogeneous and difficult to use for decision-making. Methods: We conducted a scoping overview of systematic, scoping, and realist reviews evaluating interventions to reduce PIPs in adults aged ≥ 65 years across healthcare settings, excluding palliative care. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from inception to March 2025. Reviews were mapped by intervention category, setting, drug focus, outcome domain, and methodological quality. Intervention categories were pragmatic: medication review, drug-specific focused deprescribing, educational interventions, clinical decision support systems (CDSS), comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), and multifaceted interventions. Methodological quality was assessed using AMSTAR-2. Results: We included 127 reviews comprising 1,259 unique primary studies. Medication review was the dominant category (76 reviews; 59.8%) and had the broadest outcome coverage, especially for prescribing appropriateness, hospitalisations or readmissions, mortality, and quality of life. Multifaceted interventions (28; 22.0%), drug-specific focused deprescribing (27; 21.3%), educational interventions (24; 18.9%), CGA (22; 17.3%), and CDSS (17; 13.4%) were less frequently or more selectively represented. Focused deprescribing mainly addressed reducing, discontinuing, or substituting specific medicines or drug classes and showed a narrower outcome profile, with attention to prescribing appropriateness, falls, and adverse withdrawal events. Most reviews combined several settings, whereas reviews focused specifically on primary care and emergency departments were scarce. Outcomes were concentrated on prescribing indicators and selected clinical or healthcare-use endpoints, whereas safety, physical and cognitive function, adherence, acceptability and qualitative feedback, implementation processes, and formal economic evaluations were less consistently addressed. Methodological quality was predominantly low: 92 reviews (72.4%) were rated as critically low confidence and only 7 (5.5%) as high confidence. Conclusion: Review-level evidence on interventions to reduce PIPs in older adults is extensive but uneven, concentrated on medication review and prescribing outcomes, with more selective review-level coverage for other strategies, including focused deprescribing, CDSS, CGA, educational, and multifaceted interventions. Future syntheses should use rigorous methods and prioritise settings with limited review-level coverage, scalable technology-enabled strategies, patient-centred and safety outcomes, implementation-relevant evidence, and formal economic evaluations.
• Role of L-Carnitine and Herbal Methionine in Improving Meat Quality Traits and Economic Efficiency of Broiler Chicken Production. Mohammed, Mohammed Hasib Mohamed | Diyar Jaafar (2026). 3(1) 1–8.

  "The current study was carried out to determine the impact of dietary supplementation using L -carnitine and herbal prepared methionine, either as a single dietary supplement or in combination with each other, on the quality of meat characteristics and the financial stability of the broiler chicken production. The experiment involved Ross308 broiler chicks of randomly selected eight dietary treatments whose arrangement was completely randomized. Each of the experimental diets was created to meet the nutrient requirements and used 5‛ percent sunflower oil as the source of fat. Meat samples at the end of the 42 days of the experimental period were to be harvested in order to determine chemical composition, water-holding capacity, and sensory evaluation and also an evaluation of economic efficiency in terms of feed cost per kilogram of live body weight. The results revealed that both L-carnitine and herbal produced methionine supplementation had a significant alteration on the chemical characteristics of the meat based on the higher level of crude protein and lower level of fat in the sample of both the breast and thighs of the meat compared to the control diet. There was also a significant improvement in the supplemented groups in terms of water-holding capacity and sensory properties, which are colour, texture, flavour, taste and overall acceptability. In addition, the combination treatment was the most efficient in terms of relative economic efficiency thus signaling an increase in profitability. Altogether, broiler diets supplemented with L-carnitine and herbally derived methionine, and especially when used simultaneously is an effective nutritional intervention to improve meat quality traits and increase the economic gain of broiler production. "
• Nigella Sativa (Black Seed) as a Valuable Medicinal Plant in Uzbekistan. qizi, Zebo Satibaldiyeva Shuxratullayevna | Tavakkalova Zuxraxon Dilmurod (2026). 3(1) 9–14.

  Nigella sativa, commonly known as black seed or "Qora Zira," is one of the rare and valuable medicinal plants growing in Uzbekistan. Its medicinal properties have been well-documented and utilized in various traditional medicine systems for centuries. Rich in bioactive compounds such as thymoquinone, fatty acids, and flavonoids, Nigella sativa exhibits a wide range of therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. This plant is increasingly recognized for its potential in modern medicine and agricultural applications, particularly in regions like Uzbekistan, where its cultivation can offer economic and health benefits. This review explores the medicinal significance, bioactive components, and applications of Nigella sativa, with a particular focus on its role within Uzbekistan’s ecological and agricultural context.
• Genotype-Associated Variations in Hematology, Serum Metabolites and Carcass Characteristics in Local, ISA Brown and Rose Chickens. Albayati, Husham Jaafar Musa (2026). 3(1) 15–22.

  The paper tested hematological indices, serum biochemical parameters, and carcass traits in three different chicken genotypes i.e. local chickens, ISA-Brown (layer-type), and Rose (broiler-type). The design was properly randomized, where 18 market-sourced birds were used, six per genotype. Hematological variables assayed were red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and the erythrocyte indices were mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Serum measurements included glucose level, total protein and total cholesterol. The weights of carcass mass, specific cut-up areas and weights of edible organs were taken after slaughter. The statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the three genotypes in terms of red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and packed cell volume. On the other hand, erythrocyte indices had significant differences: the mean corpuscular volume was higher in local chicken, and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher in the case of ISA-Brown and Rose chicken. There are also significant differences between serum parameters of glucose, total protein and cholesterol. The ISA-Brown chickens were found to have higher weights of the breast, thighs, and wings as compared to the local chickens, which had higher weights of the gizzard. It was found that there were strong positive relationships between the weights of the breast and thigh with the serum glucose and cholesterol levels. To conclude, it is possible to state that significant physiological, metabolic, and carcass-related differences were observed among the investigated genotypes. These differences seem to be attributed by a difference in metabolic status and previous management habits instead of pre-existing genetic differences. Therefore, the results highlight the importance of the type of chicken in the comprehension of hematological and biochemical features.
• Chromatographic Separation and Identification of Many Chemical Compositions and Antibacterial Activity of Laurus nobilis. Mohammed, Fatimah I. Sultan | Mohammed Fadhil Haddad | Yassar Yahya AL-Tamer | Mahmood Esmail (2026). 3(1) 23–33.

  Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening leaves of Laurus nobilis , It was included the separation and identification of some active constituents from the leaves of Laurus nobilis and their activities were tested  against some types of gram positive, gram negative bacteria.  The active constituents were separated through Soxhlet and Column Chromatography (CC) and The column was eluted using petroleum - ether-ethyl acetate at 10:1 V/V intervals to separate various terpene compounds and fatty acids of L1F1 extract from Laurel leaves, As 20 active compounds were diagnosed by a device GCMS analysis technique, an of them (Terpinen-4-ol, . Linalool, gamma.-Terpinene, Eucalyptol, Eucalyptol, alpha.-Terpinyl acetate)and separating of some free phenolic compounds. As 6 Phenolic compounds (Luteolin, Kaempferol, Kaempferol, Qurcetine, Rutin, Apigenin, P. Coumaric acid) were identified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The active separated compounds (terpene ,fatty acids, phenolics), each according to it's separation and purification, showed a different inhibitory effect against the micro-organisms (m.o) under study by using Disc Diffusion Method.
• Response of Barley Variety Noor to Different Levels of DAP Fertilizer at Different Planting Dates. Dhannoon, Raad Ahmed Hameed | Husham Abdul-Rahman Ahmed | Jasim Abdullah Hayawi | Alaa Younis (2026). 3(1) 34–40.

  Study was conducted at Rashidiya Research Station, Nineveh Governorate, during the 2024–2025 agricultural season to determine the optimal sowing date and DAP fertilizer level for the Noor barley cultivar. Three replications of a factorial experiment were set up in an RCBD design, including three sowing dates (15 Nov., 15 Dec., and 15 Jan.) and three DAP levels (0, 120, and 150 kg ha⁻¹). Results showed that sowing on 15 Nov. significantly outperformed other dates in plant height, biological yield, and grain yield, while 15 November and 15 Dec. were superior in spike number and grains per spike compared with 15 Jan. Fertilizer at 150 kg ha⁻¹ resulted in the tallest plants, whereas 120 kg ha⁻¹ achieved the best performance in most yield components. The interaction on 15 November with 150 kg ha⁻¹ yielded the highest values for growth and yield traits., highlighting the critical role of synchronizing sowing date and fertilization level to maximize barley productivity.
• Robotic Milking Systems: A Review. Alhamdany, Amer N. N. Kakahy | Rawezh D. Sidiq | Naz M. Ghazi | Omar H. Mohammad | Heba Mohammed (2026). 3(1) 41–55.

  In dairy farming, robotic milking systems (RMS) replace manual labor with automatized, data-driven methods. This review focuses on the technological advancement, benefits, challenges, and future development of RMS in relation to milk production, animal welfare, and farm efficiency. RMS enables precision livestock management by integrating sensors, AI, and real-time analytics. This enables proactive health tracking and tailored cow management. The improved milk quality, more frequent milking, and lower labor costs are among the main advantages. Machine learning and system integration are needed to maximize sustainability and scalability. However, there are barriers to adoption, such as a high initial investment cost, technical complexity, and the need for skilled maintenance. RMS is ready to revolutionize how milk is produced as the dairy industry embraces Industry 4.0 by balancing environmental and ethical concerns with productivity.
• Effectiveness of Proline (B), Humic Acid (H), and Salinity (S) on the Vegetative Indicators and Chemical Properties of Wormwood Plants. Yaseen, Manar Abdullah Hamza | Ahmed Adnan Mohammed | Dalal Fattah Mohammed | Hero Farman Abdalla | Muzhir Saadallah (2026). 3(1) 56–44.

  This study was conducted during the 2023 summer season In the wooden pergola belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University The aim was to study the effect of proline, humic acid, and salinity on the vegetative indicators and chemical properties of the wormwood plant. The results of this work accorded that spraying proline at a concentration of 200 mg/L significantly affected all the studied vegetative and chemical characteristics in this experiment, except for the percentage of dry matter. The addition of humic acid had a positive role in most of the traits studied in this study, as the 3 g L-1 level significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and carbohydrates. The effectiveness of sodium chloride (S) had a significant effect on wormwood plants, exceeding the 10 g/L level in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbohydrates. The interfere between (B) treatment(200 mg L⁻¹) and (S) treatment (10 g L⁻¹) significantly affected all chemical properties except phosphorus. vegetative properties not affected by interfere between (B) treatment and (S) treatment. The interfere between (B) treatment (200 mg L⁻¹) and the control treatment also had a significant effect.
• The Relationship Between Administrative Support and Teaching Performance of Non - Specialized Teachers in Public Junior High Schools in the Division of San Carlos City. Roxette Ann G Perez MAEd, Rommel S. Marcellana Ph.D (2026). 4(2) 51–89.

  This study assessed the relationship between administrative support and the teaching performance of non - specialized teachers in public junior high schools in the Division of San Carlos City, Negros Occidental. The study examined four specific areas of administrative support: mentoring, supervision, professional development, and resource provision, and their relationship to teaching performance metrics, including classroom management, teaching strategies, and assessment practices. The research employed a descriptive - correlational design and engaged 136 purposively selected non - specialized teachers from 13 public secondary schools during the academic year 2025 – 2026. Data were gathered using a validated Likert - type questionnaire and were analyzed through descriptive statistics and Pearson’s r to determine the relationship among the variables. The results indicated that administrative support was generally perceived as high, with supervision identified as the strongest domain. Teaching performance was also rated high, particularly in classroom management. A strong positive correlation was found between administrative support and teaching performance; however, the relationship was not statistically significant. This finding suggests that although administrative support coexists with high teaching performance, other factors may exert a greater influence on teaching outcomes among non - specialized teachers. Based on these results, a professional development plan was proposed to improve resource alignment, strengthen supervision, and enhance specialized training to better support non - specialized teachers in becoming more effective in the classroom
• ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГАСТРОПАТИЧЕСКОЙ КОМОРБИДНОСТИ ПРИ РЕВМАТОИДНОМ АРТРИТЕ. Бобокуловна, Джаббарова Мияссар (2026). 4(2) 90–93.

  Представлен анализ современных данных о коморбидных состояниях при ревматоидном артрите (РА). Раскрыты факторы риска (ФР) и патогенетические взаимосвязи между РА и гастропатическими нарушениями. Результаты многочисленных исследований посвящены вопросам базисной терапии больных РА. Длительный прием нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов (НПВП) отрицательно воздействует на слизистую ЖКТ, вызывая эрозивно-язвенные поражения верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта у больных РА
• Influence Of Demographic Variables on Organizational Commitment of Women Teachers of Higher Secondary School: A Study on Chhattisgarh State. Bharat Yadav, Mrs Kalpana Priya (2026). 4(2) 94–100.

  Organizational commitment is one of the determinants that affect the effectiveness and stability of schools. For higher secondary schools, teachers' organizational commitment greatly affects student achievement, institutional culture, and the quality of education. Organizational commitment is the psychological bond and devotion that teachers have for their school, including their desire to do good and stay with the organization. Different demographic and occupational factors like gender, age, years of teaching experience, subject specialization, type of management, and residential area may influence teachers' commitment differently. Additionally, training opportunities, continuous professional development (CPD), and salary structure are critical factors in influencing teachers' motivation and long - term participation. This study aims to study the organizational commitment of women teachers of higher secondary school in relation to type of school, type of institutional residence, discipline, maritial status and teaching experience. It is important to know how these variables influence the commitment of teachers in order to enhance teacher retention, motivation, and general school performance. The study utilizes a descriptive research design using standardized questionnaires to collect data from a representative sample of female teachers. Findings are anticipated to yield insights into what factors most strongly correlate with commitment levels, thus informing evidence - based policy - making and institutional interventions aimed at boosting teacher involvement and satisfaction
• NOUVEAU MECANISME TOPOLOGIQUE DE MOBIUS POUR LA CANCELLATION D’ERREURS QUANTIQUES. MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (T. I. School; I. of Astro-Physics Chalonge de Vega, eds.) (2026).
• Boshlang‘Ich Sinf Ko‘Zi Ojiz O‘Quvchilarida Mo‘Ljal Olish Ko‘Nikmalarini Shakllantirishning Zamonaviy Tendensiyalari. Sodikovich, Saliyev Tolib (2026). 4(2) 292–295.

  Ushbu maqola, boshlang‘ich sinf ko‘zi ojiz o‘quvchilarida mo‘ljal olish ko‘nikmalarini shakllantirishning zamonaviy tendensiyalarini o‘rganadi. Maqolada, O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining ta’limga oid qarorlari, maxsus maktab internatlarida o‘tiladig an darslar va zamonaviy tiflopedagogika metodlari tahlil qilinadi. Yangi metodikalar, xususan, 3D modellashtirish, sensorli texnologiyalar va smartfon ilovalarining ta’lim jarayoniga qo‘shgan hissasi muhokama qilinadi. Tadqiqotda, shuningdek, ko‘zi ojiz bolalar uchun yangi o‘quv vositalarini qo‘llashning samaradorligi va ularning mustaqil harakatlanish ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishdagi o‘rni ko‘rsatilgan
• Encouragement of Women Teachers by means of Gender - conscious Educational Leadership: Viewpoints from NEP 2020 and Savitribai Phule. Gopal Adhikari, Bidhan Mantri (2026). 4(2) 296–305.

  Even while women's involvement in the teaching field is growing, unequal leadership representation and decision - making power continue to be fairly major. This study investigates how gender - conscious leadership helps women teachers to become empowered in the Indian educational scene. Using the theoretical inheritance of Savitribai Phule and the policy goals of National Education Policy 2020, the study uses a qualitative interpretative framework based on thematic analysis and document analysis. The results indicate that women teachers' profession al agency, participation, and identity can all be improved by leadership techniques sensitive to gender dynamics. Entrenched socio - cultural standards and institutional restrictions, however, keep fair leadership chances back. The research highlights Phule' s emancipatory vision's ongoing relevance in influencing inclusive educational leadership in accordance with current policy changes. It offers suggestions for including gender - sensitive leadership approaches into institutional management and teacher traini ng
• The Evolution of India’s Knowledge System: Implications for 21st - Century Education. Maiti, Dr. Jayati (2026). 4(2) 306–314.

  India's knowledge system has evolved over millennia, rooted in ancient traditions and philosophies, such as Vedas, Upanishads, and diverse regional practices. Over time, this knowledge system integrated various influences, including Islamic, colonial, and modern Western educational frameworks. Today, the challenge lies in adapting this rich legacy to meet the demands of 21st - century education. With rapid technological advancements, shifting glo bal dynamics, and a diverse societal fabric, India must innovate while preserving its cultural heritage. The evolution of the Indian knowledge system provides unique opportunities to integrate traditional wisdom with contemporary pedagogies, ensuring that education fosters creativity, critical thinking, and holistic development. The historical evolution of India's knowledge system and examines its implications for modern education, focusing on how to blend ancient wisdom with 21st - century needs for a more i nclusive, sustainable, and forward - looking education system
• Отражение концепта «Труд» во фразеологической картине мира русского и узбекского языков. Рашидовна, Баратова Ситора (2026). 4(2) 247–252.

  Статья посвящена сопоставительному анализу фразеологических единиц (ФЕ) русского и узбекского языков, объективирующих концептуальную оппозицию «Труд». На материале паремий и фразеологизмов рассматриваются национально-культурные особенности восприятия трудовой деятельности и праздности в двух неродственных лингвокультурах. Выявляются универсальные черты, обусловленные общечеловеческим опытом, и специфические характеристики, связанные с историческим укладом, религией и менталитетом русского и узбекского народов. Особое внимание уделяется ценностному компоненту фразеологического значения.
• La Thematique Dans Eve Et L’enfer De Houevi Georgette Tomede. Joyce Adaku Iroegbu, Ph.D (2026). 4(2) 345–351.

  Cette communication est une tentation de montrer le rapport défavorisé dont vit la femme africaine dans la société africaine. Suite la classe de subalterne réservé à celle-ci, tant d’œuvres littéraires témoignent que la femme africaine est le genre gravement dominé dans la société africaine. L’œuvre littéraire fait l’objet auquel les écrivains ou les critiques littéraires évoquent les événements politiques, économiques ainsi que les nuances sociales qui affectent la vie des individus ou des citoyens ou socioculturels. Comme un chien de garde dans la société, la littérature vise à équilibrer les comportements du peuple. C’est dans ce regard que le roman Eve et l’enfer d’Houévi Georgette Tomédé se cadre bien dans cette étude. Les questions qui s’imposent ici sont : Est-ce que l’homme et la femme ont les mêmes droits dans la société africaine ? La femme africaine joue-t-elle des rôles pertinents dans la société ? Est-ce que la société reconnait les rôles et les droits de la femme? Afin de bien aborder ces questions, l’étude se base sur l’approche qualitatif. Nous nous appuierons l’enquête sur la sociologie et le féminisme dont le but de mettre en évidence la domination, l’injustice, l’humiliation, l’inégalité et la subordination pour en citer quelques-uns à l’encontre la femme africaine et son aspiration à un nouveau monde. L’étude découvre que la société africaine joue des rôles majeurs dans l’épanouissement de la femme. L’étude suggère qu’il est pertinent que la société abolit des traditions, des cultures et des religions qui empêchent la femme de se réaliser ainsi que promouvoir la complémentarité entre des sexes
• Culture and gene expression profiling of Schwann cells from human sural nerve. García-Fernández, Patricia; Bischler, Thorsten; Sodmann, Annemarie; Grüner, Julia; Koch, Maximilian; Meller, Eva; Gräfenhan, Tom; Blum, Robert; Üçeyler, Nurcan; Sommer, Claudia (2026). 9(1) 1273.

  Polyneuropathies (PNP) are diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) whose pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Schwann cells (SC) are the principle glial cells in the PNS, and their dysfunction can lead to demyelination and secondary axonal degeneration, causing or exacerbating PNP. The study of SC can thus shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in PNP. Protocols have been developed to isolate and culture human and animal SC from large amounts of starting material. The isolation of human SC from patients, where only small biosamples are available, remains a challenge. In this study, we present a protocol to culture human SC from ~4-mm diagnostic sural nerve biopsies and a comprehensive transcriptome analysis to characterize their phenotype. Our protocol allows the reproducible establishment of cultures containing proliferative human Schwann cells that can be stored, expanded, and used as tools for diagnostic applications.
• NUEVO MECANISMO TOPOLOGICO DE MOBIUS PARA LA CANCELACION DE ERRORES CUANTICOS. MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (T. I. School; I. of Astro-Physics Chalonge de Vega, eds.) (2026).
• NEW QUANTUM TOPOLOGICAL MOBIUS RESOURCE FOR QUANTUM ERROR CANCELLATION. MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (T. I. School; I. of Astro-Physics Chalonge de Vega, eds.) (2026).
• Interrelationships among Communicative English Perception, Career Aspiration, and Self - Efficacy: A Correlational Study of Undergraduate Students in West Bengal. Maitra, Dr. Monalisa (2026). 4(2) 283–288.

  This study investigates the interrelationships among perception towards communicative English (PCE), career aspiration (CA), and self - efficacy (SE) among undergraduate students in West Bengal, India. Drawing on a sample of 639 students (186 male, 453 female) from 16 colleges across four districts, the research employed validated scales for PCE (44 items, α = 0.887), CA (37 items, α = 0.919), and SE (44 items, α = 0.915). Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships among all three variables: PCE and CA (r = 0.503, p < 0.01), PCE and SE (r = 0.492, p < 0.01), and CA and SE (r = 0.721, p < 0.01). One - way ANOVA demonstrated significant effects of CA level s (F = 42.090, p < 0.001) and SE levels (F = 37.318, p < 0.001) on PCE. Post - hoc comparisons showed significant differences between higher, middle, and lower levels of CA, while for SE, significant differences emerged between lower and middle, and lower an d higher levels, but not between middle and higher levels. Regression analysis revealed that CA and SE jointly explained 35.5% of variance in PCE (R² = 0.355, F = 63.634, p < 0.001), with CA (β = 0.265, p = 0.001) showing stronger predictive power than SE (β = 0.153, p = 0.003). These findings demonstrate that students' perceptions of communicative English are significantly associated with their career aspirations and self - efficacy beliefs, with career aspirations emerging as the stronger predictor. The res ults underscore the need for integrated educational interventions addressing language perceptions, career development, and confidence building simultaneously
• October 2026: Top 10 Read Articles in Programming Languages and Applications (IJPLA). IJPLA (2026). (10)

  October 2026: Top 10 Read Articles in Programming Languages and Applications (IJPLA)
• Die Forschungsfrage finden – Setze die Pfeiler für deine wissenschaftliche Arbeit Martin, Gertler. (2026).

  Die meisten wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten geraten nicht wegen schwacher Methoden ins Stocken. Sie geraten ins Stocken, weil zu Beginn nicht klar war, welches Problem gelöst werden soll, mit welcher wissenschaftlichen Zielsetzung und welcher passenden Methode.
• PLUMERIA RUBRA O’SIMLIGINI KO’PAYTIRISH. qizi, Karimova Gulsevar Erkinjon (2026). 4(2) 1–3.

  Ushbu maqolada Plumeria rubra o‘simligini ko‘paytirishning asosiy usullari, jumladan, qalamcha va urug‘ orqali ko‘paytirish texnologiyalari yoritiladi. O‘simlikning biologik xususiyatlari, ildiz hosil qilish jarayoni, parvarish talablari hamda issiq iqlim sharoitidagi o‘sish omillari ilmiy asosda tahlil qilinadi. Amaliy tavsiyalar ham keltiriladi.
• Eco-Tourism in India - Present Status, Key Challenges and Future Prospects. Pradeep Kumar Nayak, Dr. Gayatri Sahoo (2026). 4(2) 4–12.

  Tourism has emerged as one of the world's largest and fastest-growing economic sectors. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism contributes approximately 10.4% to global GDP and supports one in every ten jobs worldwide. In India, tourism's contribution to GDP has been steadily increasing, reaching around 6.8% in 2019, with projections indicating continued growth in the coming decades.
• Sustainability Challenges and Rural Livelihoods in the Aravali Region: Assessing the Impact of Mining – Pathway to Vikshit Bharat 2047 (A Case Study of Girwa Tehsil, Udaipur, Rajasthan). Rubi Kumari, Dr Pankaj Rawal (2026). 4(2) 13–19.

  The Aravalli Hills, among India’s oldest geological formations, play a vital ecological role as a natural barrier against desertification and as a protector of biodiversity and groundwater recharge. Extending across nearly fifteen districts of Rajasthan, the range is central to the state’s environmental and socio - economic balance. Rajasthan, often termed a “museum of minerals,” is one of India’s most mineral - rich states, and the Aravalis serve as a significant repository of diverse mineral deposits. Field research reveals that livelihoods in mining - affected areas of the Aravalis are increasingly under stress. Two critical concerns have emerged: a sharp decline in underground water levels and the loss of flora and fauna essential for ecological stability and animal sustenance. Mining leases within spans of 3 – 5 kilometers are simultaneously extracting minerals, groundwater, and biological resources, intensifying environmental degradation. This study highlights the dual role of the Aravalis as both a mineral repository and an ecological lifeline, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable resource management to safeguard biodiversity, water security, and rural livelihoods
• Muzey Turizmining Hududiy Iqtisodiy Rivojlanishga Ta’siri. Yulduz Urinbayeva Pirnazarovna, Sharipova Shahnozabonu (2026). 4(2) 20–22.

  Mazkur maqolada muzey turizmining hududiy iqtisodiy rivojlanishga ta’siri makroiqtisodiy yondashuv asosida tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot jarayonida madaniy turizm tarkibida muzeylarning o‘rni, ularning turizm oqimini shakllantirishdagi roli hamda hududiy iqtisodiy o‘sishga qo‘shayo tgan hissasi o‘rganildi. Statistik ma’lumotlar asosida muzey turizmi turistlar sonining oshishi, turizm daromadlarining ko‘payishi hamda xizmatlar sektorining rivojlanishiga ijobiy ta’sir ko‘rsatishi aniqlandi. Tadqiqot natijalari muzey turizmi hududiy iqt isodiy rivojlanishning muhim omillaridan biri ekanligini ko‘rsatadi
• Ekologik Turizmni Rivojlantirish Istiqbollari. o’g’li, Ravshanov To’lqin Nodirjon (2026). 4(2) 23–28.

  Mazkur maqolada ekoturizmni rivojlantirishning nazariy va amaliy jihatlari, shuningdek, uning O‘zbekiston sharoitidagi istiqbollari tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqotda atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish, tabiiy resurslardan oqilona foydalanish hamda turizm faoliyatini ekologik tamoyillar asosida tashkil etish masalalariga alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Ekoturizmning iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va ekologik ahamiyati, uning barqaror rivojlanishdagi o‘rni hamda hududiy turistik salohiyatni oshirishdagi roli yoritilgan. Shuningdek, mamlakatimizdagi mavjud tabiiy va madaniy resurslardan samarali foydalanish orqali ekoturizmni rivojlantirish yo‘nalishlari hamda ushbu sohani takomillashtirish bo‘yicha ilmiy asoslangan takliflar berilgan.
• Maks Veberning Legitimlik Nazariyasida Hokimiyat Turlari. o‘g‘li, Saypillayev Bexruz O‘tkir (2026). 4(2) 289–291.

  Ushbu maqola Maks Veberning legitimlik nazariyasiga asoslangan holda siyosiy hokimiyat turlarini o‘rganadi. Nazariyaning asosiy qoidalari, jumladan an’anaviy, xarizmatik va ratsional-huquqiy hokimiyat shakllari batafsil tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada nazariy asoslar zamonaviy siyosiy jarayonlar bilan bog‘lanib, ularning amaliy qo‘llanilishi va dolzarbligi ko‘rib chiqiladi. O‘zbekiston va Markaziy Osiyo kontekstida misollar keltirilgan holda legitimlikning jamiyat barqarorligidagi roli baholanadi.
• Visual Schedules and Visual Aids Effectiveness in Inclusive Learners’ Reading Skills. MAEd, Jocely O. Bacaron (2026). 4(2) 315–344.

  Visual schedules were implemented to enhance reading comprehension, vocabulary, and phonological awareness among inclusive learners in multi - school settings in Bohol and Cebu, Philippines. Pre - intervention assessments revealed that most learners scored at beginner levels in comprehension and vocabulary, with moderate skil ls in phonological awareness, reflecting challenges related to attention, task organization, and neurodevelopmental barriers aligned with national Phil - IRI data. Post - intervention results demonstrated significant improvements, with the majority reaching in termediate to advanced proficiency across all three reading domains and complete elimination of beginner - level scores. Statistical analysis confirmed that visual schedules effectively scaffolded comprehension, lexical processing, and phonemic skills, addre ssing foundational literacy deficits among learners with diverse needs. This evidence supports integrating visual schedules into DepEd’s 2025 – 2026 inclusive literacy framework as a scalable, effective pedagogical intervention. Recommendations include forma l curriculum incorporation, educator training, creation of culturally relevant visual materials, and multi - sensory instructional strategies to sustain literacy gains for inclusive learners
• O’quvchilarni Bilishga Bo’lgan Qiziqishlarini Oshirishda Shaxsga Yo’naltirilgan Yondashuvlar. Bahora, Shamsiddinova (2026). 4(2) 277–282.

  Maqolada shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan ta’limning o‘quvchilarning bilimga bo‘lgan qiziqishi va faolligini oshirishdagi roli O‘zbekiston ta’lim tizimi kontekstida ko‘rib chiqiladi. Individual xususiyatlar, qiziqishlar va o‘rganish tezligini hisobga olgan holda ta’lim jarayonini tashkil etish motivatsiya, mustaqil fikrlash va ta’lim samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili sifatida baholanadi. O‘zbek olimlarining tadqiqotlari asosida shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan yondashuvning afzalliklari va qo‘llash mexanizmlari tahlil etiladi
• The Impact of Active Learning Strategies on Social Studies Achievement among Third - Grade Intermediate Students (Clustered Learning as a Model ). Hadi, Malik Ghazi (2026). 4(2) 269–276.

  In this research, we focused on the cluster learning model to examine the effect of the active learning strategy on social studies achievement among third - grade intermediate students. The study used an experimental design of two groups (experimental and control). (A sample of third - year intermediate students was chosen and divided into two groups: an experimental group of 28 who studied using the cluster learning strategy, and a control group of 28 who studied using the traditiona l method. The validity and reliability of the research instrument, which consists of an objective achievement test, remain to be confirmed. The results also indicated statistically significant differences in the experimental group, favoring the display and clustering of historical and geographical information, corroborating our understanding from the experiments. This results in improved educational achievement and the development of organized thinking skills among students. The importance of social studies (geography in particular) lies in its role as one of the basic pillars for building national and cognitive awareness among intermediate school students. It seeks to engage students with the geography where they live and its deep history, and to help them learn about the nuanced interactions between people and place. In more detail, as educational theories have evolved across various levels, the trend has shifted from traditional, lecture - and rote - memorization - based instruction to active learning models fo cused on learner - centered approaches. From a teaching method perspective, this is where the cluster learning strategy comes into play as the connecting visual and cognitive tool that can structure geographical knowledge; it has turned scattered knowledge i nto an interlinked hierarchical network of concepts. Geography: The profound impact of this strategy on the academic achievement of third - grade middle school students, based on sound methodological and experimental foundations
• IQTISODIYOT ATAMALARINING FONETIK GRAMMATIK XUSUSIYATLARI. Atabekovna, Djumanazarova Venera (2026). 4(2) 243–246.

  Mazkur maqolada iqtisodiyot terminologiyasining fonetik va grammatik xususiyatlari lingvistik nuqtayi nazardan chuqur tahlil etilgan. Iqtisodiy atamalarning shakllanishi, o‘zlashma terminlarning fonetik moslashuvi, bo‘g‘in tizimi va urg‘u me’yorlari bilan bog‘liq qonuniyatlar ilmiy asosda yoritiladi. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy birliklarning morfologik tuzilishi, so‘z yasalishi modellari, o‘zbek tiliga xos affikslar bilan moslashuvi hamda sintaktik qo‘llanishidagi o‘ziga xos jihatlar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari iqtisodiy terminlarning milliy terminologiya tizimidagi o‘rnini, ularning barqaror qo‘llanilishiga ta’sir etuvchi lingvistik omillarni va zamonaviy iqtisodiy nutqning shakllanish jarayonini ilmiy asosda ochib beradi
• п - БРОМФЕНОЛНИНГ ВИНИЛ ЭФИРИНИ Hg(II) ИОНЛАРИНИ АМПЕРОМЕТРИК ТИТРЛАШДА АНАЛИТИК РЕАГЕНТ СИФАТИДА ҚЎЛЛАШ. Нурмаматова Фарида Умир кизи, Косимова Огулхон Хакимджоновна (2026). 4(2) 130–133.

  Мазкур тадқиқотда п - бромфенолнинг винил эяири иштирокида симоб(II) ионларини сирка кислотали муҳитда амперометрик титрлаш орқали аниқлашнинг назарий ва амалий асослари кенг қамровда ўрганилди. Комплекс ҳосил бўлиш механизми, координацион ўзаро таъсир табиати, фон электролит табиати ва концентрациясининг титрлаш эгри чизиғи шаклига, ток – концентрация боғлиқлигига ва ярим тўлқин потенциалига таъсири таҳлил қилинди. Статистик қайта ишлаш натижалари 0,2 М калий ацетат муҳитида нисбий стандарт четланишнинг минимал қийматларда бўлишини ва эквивалент нуқтанинг аниқ, такрорланувчан белгиланишини кўрсатди. Олинган натижалар п - бромфенол винил эфирининг Hg(II) ионларини селектив, юқори сезгирлик билан ва ишончли аниқлаш имконини берувчи самарали аналитик реагент эканини тасдиқлайди
• Inclusive Education Practices and the Education 2030 Agenda in Public Secondary Schools in Mezam Division, North-West Cameroon. Kebeh Yannick Kangha, Emmanuel Shu Ngwa (2026). 4(2) 1–22.

  This study assessed inclusive education practices in public secondary schools in Mezam Division, North-West Cameroon, in relation to the attainment of the Education 2030 Agenda. The research focused on two specific indicators: the provision of inclusive infrastructure and inclusive staff development and training practices. Employing a concurrent nested mixed-method research design, data were gathered from a sample of 351 participants, including 335 teachers through questionnaires and 16 administrators using interview guides. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics, including Spearman Rank correlation and multiple regression analysis (ANOVA) to test the hypotheses, while qualitative data from interviews were processed through thematic analysis. Quantitative overall findings for inclusive infrastructure revealed a slightly positive trend (Mean=2.75), where ramps (Mean=3.43) and flexible layouts (Mean=3.36) were primary strengths, but adaptive playgrounds (Mean=1.73) were a major deficiency. Qualitatively, administrators exhibited a "knowing-doing gap," where moral commitment was hindered by structural and financial barriers. On this basis, research hypothesis one was accepted, as infrastructure significantly influences the attainment of the Education 2030 Agenda (p=0.004). Regarding staff development, the overall results also highlighted a slightly positive trend (Mean=2.89), yet 81.8% reported a lack of school-organized training (Mean=2.09). The staff development hypothesis was also accepted, showing a highly significant implication for the attainment of Education 2030 Agenda (p=0.000). It was generally recommended that educational authorities provide more inclusive infrastructures and ensure teachers receive adequate, continuous training and seminars in specialized pedagogy to transform the Education 2030 Agenda into a reality
• The Impact of Educational Videos on Kindergarten Learner’s Literacy Performance. Mariecar I. Gregorio, MAED (2026). 4(2) 23–57.

  This study investigated the impact of educational video integration on the literacy performance of kindergarten learners. A descriptive – correlational research design was employed to determine the extent of educational video integration in literacy instruction, the level of literacy development of learners, the challenges encountered by teachers, and the relationship between video integration and literacy outcomes. The respondents were kindergarten teachers from Ibo Elementary School, Lapu - Lapu City, Cebu, during the School Year 2025 – 2026. A tot al enumeration method using quota sampling was utilized. Data were gathered through a researcher - adapted questionnaire based on Creswell and Creswell (2018). Statistical treatment included descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, weighted mean, and s tandard deviation) and Pearson’s product – moment correlation for inferential analysis. Findings revealed that the respondents were adequately qualified and experienced, demonstrated a high level of educational video integration, and employed visual and tech nology - assisted teaching strategies. Kindergarten learners exhibited a high level of literacy development in letter recognition, vocabulary acquisition, listening comprehension, and alignment with curriculum standards. Teachers encountered challenges relat ed to technological resources, internet connectivity, time constraints, and professional training. A strong positive and statistically significant relationship was found between educational video integration and literacy development. The study concluded th at educational videos significantly enhance the literacy performance of kindergarten learners. It is therefore recommended that schools implement a phased multimedia - based literacy action plan, strengthen teacher training, improve technological support, an d encourage parental involvement to further enhance early literacy instruction
• The Influence of Administrative Supervision on Teacher’s Instructional Performance and Students’ Academic Achievement. Marnelli C. Lorezo, Dr. Cybill Ann A. Ramirez (2026). 4(2) 58–85.

  This study determined the influence of administrative supervision on teachers’ instructional performance and students’ academic achievement at Julio Ledesma National High School. Specifically, it examined supervision practices in terms of classroom observa tion, mentoring, coaching, and feedback, and their relationship with teaching performance and learner outcomes. A descriptive correlational research design was employed. Data were gathered from teachers handling Grades 9, 10, and 12 of Julio Ledesma Nation al High School, San Carlos City, using validated survey questionnaires, while students’ academic achievement was obtained from school academic records. Statistical tools such as weighted mean and Pearson’s product – moment correlation coefficient were used t o analyze the data. The results revealed that administrative supervision was highly practiced and development - oriented. Teachers’ instructional performance was rated as high, whereas students’ academic achievement was generally satisfactory. A strong and s ignificant relationship was found between administrative supervision and teachers’ instructional performance, indicating that effective supervision enhances teaching effectiveness. However, no significant direct relationship was established between adminis trative supervision and students’ academic achievement, suggesting an indirect influence through improved instructional performance. The study concludes that administrative supervision is essential for strengthening instructional quality and recommends the continued implementation of development - focused supervisory practices to support effective teaching and improved learning outcomes
• Administrative Support and its Effectiveness on Teachers’ Professional Contentment and Retention. Genevive Ann C Po, Dr Cybill Ann A Ramirez (2026). 4(2) 86–129.

  This study examined the effectiveness of administrative support and its relationship with teachers’ professional contentment and retention in rural public elementary schools in Calatrava District I. This addresses the lack of empirical research focusing on rural school settings. Specifically, it assessed administrative support in terms of professional development opportunities, workload management, and stress reduction interventions; teachers’ professional contentment in terms of overall satisfaction, well - being, and motivation; and teacher retention as reflected in the intention to stay and commitment to the school. The study also considered recent Department of Education policies, such as the removal of non - teaching administrative tasks, and was aligned wi th the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, specifically SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth). A quantitative correlational research design was employed. Data were collected from 160 teachers selected through strat ified random sampling from 22 schools using a validated self - made questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis. The results revealed that administrative support, teachers’ professional contentment, and teacher reten tion were rated as Very High. Significant positive relationships were found between administrative support and both teachers’ professional contentment and retention rates. These findings indicate that strong administrative support systems contribute to imp roved teacher satisfaction, well - being, motivation, and long - term commitment in rural settings. Based on the findings, a Faculty Development Plan was proposed to strengthen administrative practices related to professional development, workload management, and stress reduction interventions. The plan serves as a practical guide for school administrators to promote teacher growth, workplace well - being, and organizational stability in rural schools
• Aholining Ijtimoiy-Iqtisodiy Ehtiyojini Ta’minlashda Madaniy- Maishiy Xizmatlar Roli. qizi, Masharipova Maftuna Davronbek (2026). 4(2) 127–129.

  Ushbu maqolada aholining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy ehtiyojlarini qondirish jarayonida madaniy- maishiy xizmatlar sohasining o'rni va ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. Madaniy-maishiy xizmatlar aholining turmush darajasini yaxshilash, iqtisodiy rivojlanishga hissa qo'shish hamda ijtimoiy barqarorlikni ta'minlashda muhim omil sifatida ko'rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot davlat va xususiy sektorning ushbu sohadagi o'zaro hamkorligi, xizmatlar sifatini oshirish choralari hamda raqamli texnologiyalarning ta'siri masalalarini qamrab oladi.
• The Effect of Fennel Extract Solution on Surface Roughness and Light Absorption of Flexible Denture Base Material. bdulrahman Khalaf | Assist. Prof. Israa Mohammed Hummudi, Prof. Dr. Hanan A (2026). 3(1) 79–89.

  "Background: commercially used chemical dental cleansers adversely affect mechanical properties of denture, therefore there is need for finding alternative which will not change the surface properties of denture base material. Aim: the aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of fennel’s extract solution on Surface roughness and light absorption of flexible denture base material. Materials and method: 40 specimens were prepared from thermoplastic acrylic resin with dimension of (65×10×2.5mm) and divided into control and experimental groups(n=20) according to the immersion time which done at 15 days and 30 days. Surface roughness test was performed for control group by digital surface roughness tester. Light absorption test was done by visible spectrophotometer. Results: The highest average value for surface roughness was found in the control group, while the lowest average value of surface roughness was found in the experimental group, but statistically no significant difference. For Visible light absorption, there was significant difference between experimental and control group at day 15 and 30. Conclusion: Based on our findings, the fennel extract did not adversely affect the surface roughness and light absorption of flexible denture base surface. "
• Raqamli Transformatsiya Va Uning Iqtisodiy Boshqaruvdagi Ahamiyati. o‘g‘li, Qo‘ziboyev Xusan Shirinboy (2026). 4(2) 130–132.

  Ushbu tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi raqamli transformatsiyaning iqtisodiy boshqaruvdagi ahamiyatini tahlil qilishdir. Tadqiqotda raqamli texnologiyalarning iqtisodiy boshqaruvga ta’sirini, iqtisodiy tizimlarning raqamli integratsiyasini va yangi boshqaruv yondoshuvlarini o‘rganish orqali iqtisodiy samaradorlikni oshirish imkoniyatlarini aniqlashga qaratilgan. Tadqiqotda empirik va nazariy tahlil metodlari qo‘llanilgan. Raqamli transformatsiyaning iqtisodiy boshqaruvga ta’sirini o‘rganishda, statistik ma’lumotlar, ilg‘or tajribalar va global trendlar asosida raqamli texnologiyalar va boshqaruv samaradorligi tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot natijalari shuni ko‘rsatdiki, raqamli transformatsiya iqtisodiy boshqaruvni optimallashtirish va samaradorlikni oshirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Blokcheyn, sun’iy intellekt, raqamli valyutalar va boshqa innovatsion texnologiyalar, iqtisodiy jarayonlarni tezlashtirish va soddalashtirishga yordam bermoqda. Tadqiqot raqamli transformatsiyaning iqtisodiy boshqaruvdagi roli haqida yangi nazariy yondoshuvlarni taqdim etadi. Tadqiqot natijalari, siyosatchilar va iqtisodchilar uchun raqamli transformatsiyani iqtisodiy boshqaruvda samarali joriy etish bo‘yicha amaliy tavsiyalarni taqdim etadi. Tadqiqot faqat iqtisodiy boshqaruv va raqamli transformatsiyaning o‘zaro aloqalariga e’tibor qaratgan
• Evaluating Engagement: A Case Study of Circle Time Routines in a K - 1 Special Day Class. Duque, Hapibel (2026). 4(2) 260–268.

  Circle time is a staple teaching strategy in many schools, helping develop speaking, reading, and numeracy skills of students, as well as equipping them with necessary life and social skills during the foundational years of their lives. These are especially important for special needs students who may need additional support in o rder to mainstream or integrate with the rest of society. With the rising number of students in special education, it is more important than ever to create robust practices, strategies, and curricula in order to support their needs. Although there is abund ant literature examining the strengths, weaknesses, and best practices of circle time routines, scholarly papers focusing on special education are limited. This study aims to provide more insight on the use of circle time routines, specifically in the cont ext of a special day class. The study examined how 15 students with autism, speech - language impairment, and intellectual disability engaged with each of the activities in their circle time routine. Through observation it was noted that activities such as t he welcome song, the calendar activity, the rules recap, the emotion song, the question of the day, and the closing song resulted in high engagement, while the calming exercises, attendance activity, and schedule of the day only had moderate engagement. Th e results highlighted the importance of integrating songs into the activities to engage students, ensuring activities can maintain a sense of novelty for the students, and being mindful of the length of each activity
• Особенности Развития Современного Русского Языка. Камоловна, Ашурова Ирода (2026). 4(2) 253–255.

  В данной статье рассматриваются особенности развития современного русского языка в условиях глобализации и цифровизации общества. Анализируются основные тенденции языковых изменений, включая обновление лексического состава, влияние заимствований, развитие интернет-коммуникации и трансформацию стилистических норм. Особое внимание уделяется роли средств массовой информации и цифровых технологий в формировании новых языковых форм. В результате исследования выявлено, что современный русский язык развивается динамично, адаптируясь к новым социальным и культурным условиям, сохраняя при этом нормы литературного языка
• ДАР СТРАДАНИЯ: ЧЕМУ УЧИТ КЛАССИЧЕСКАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА В ТРУДНЫЕ МИНУТЫ. Ахмедов Нумон Нейматович, Шигаева Фироза Шавкатовна (2026). 4(2) 243–247.

  В статье исследуется концепция личного развития через экзистенциальный опыт героинь классической литературы: Татьяны Лариной, Кумуш, Робии и Саодат Ханым. Автор анализирует, как через принятие испытаний, милосердное молчание и верность моральному долгу формируется истинный масштаб личности. Основная мысль текста — духовная трансформация возможна лишь тогда, когда человек воспринимает трудности как «дар Вышнего» для очищения души
• Pedagogical Innovations as Technologies for Developing Intercultural Communication. Yusufova Mubinaxon, Pakirdinova Sharofat Abdumutaljonovna (2026). 4(2) 239–242.

  This article examines the theoretical and practical foundations of technologies for developing intercultural communication through pedagogical innovations. The study analyzes the effectiveness of interactive methods, project-based learning, and digital collaboration technologies within a competency-based approach through experimental research. The findings indicate that innovative pedagogical technologies significantly enhance students’ communicative activity, tolerance, empathy, and level of cultural awareness. The results confirm that integrating an intercultural component into the educational process plays a crucial role in shaping global thinking and developing the social adaptability of the younger generation
• The Relationship between Instructional Leadership, Educational Technology Integration, and Academic Achievement of Key Stage 2 Learners. Jennylin T. Mahilum MAEd, Melissa S. Ygay MAEd (2026). 4(2) 209–238.

  This study examined the academic achievement of key stage 2 learners and the relationship between principal instructional leadership, educational technology integration, and student performance in the district of Salvador Benedicto. Using a cross - sectional , descriptive - correlational quantitative research design, data were collected teachers through validated questionnaires measuring instructional leadership, Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), and students’ achievement levels. Descriptive s tatistics and correlation analysis were employed to evaluate the relationships among variables. The findings revealed a very high positive correlation between principal instructional leadership and educational technology integration, indicating that strong leadership significantly supports teachers in effectively integrating technology into instruction. Conversely, the correlation between principal instructional leadership and students’ academic achievement was weak and statistically insignificant, suggesti ng that leadership alone does not directly ensure higher student performance. Analysis of student achievement showed that the majority of Grade 4 - 6 students attained satisfactory to very satisfactory levels, with only a small proportion achieving outstandi ng performance. These findings highlight the critical role of instructional leadership in facilitating technology use among teachers while emphasizing the need for additional strategies, interventions, and professional development to enhance students’ acad emic outcomes. The Instructional Leadership and Technology Integration Enhancement Program (ILTEP) for key stage 2 learners was created as a result of the study
• The Relationship between Teachers’ Professional Engagement and Competence in Managing Inclusive Classrooms. Oberes, Lorna C; Dev.Ed.D.; Lilibeth C. Pinili, Dev.Ed.D.; Regina E. Sitoy, Dev.Ed.D.; Reylan G. Capuno, Ph.D. Dev.Ed.D.; Dev.Ed.D., Raymond C. Espina Ph.D.; Dev.Ed.D., John V. De Vera; Dev.Ed.D., Niña Rozanne T. Delos Reyes; Ph.D., Marjorie B. Añero (2026). 4(2) 159–208.

  The study examined teachers’ demographic profile, professional engagement and competence in managing inclusive classrooms, as well as the relationship between these variables at Cebu, Philippines during the school year 2025 - 2026. There were 30 teachers identified as respondents and were sought out through purposive sampling. Using a descriptive - correlational design, the data were gathered through a survey questionnaire and treated using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r. The study revealed that most of the teachers had a very strong teaching experien ce of more than 10 years, leaned towards handling a large class size of 31 - 40, and had adequate inclusive trainings or seminars attended of more than 10. In terms of professional engagement, teachers perceived themselves as highly engaged in all the dimens ions, namely, personalized instruction strategies, communicative scaffolding strategies, collaboration strategies, and assessment strategies. When it comes to teachers’ competence, teachers viewed themselves to have a high proficient competence in the dime nsions of noticing diversity and creating a stimulating environment, and highly proficient competence in the dimension of quality of learner interaction. Moreover, it was found out that no significant correlation existed between teachers’ demographic profi le and teachers’ professional engagement, and teachers’ demographic profile and teachers’ competence. Conversely, there was a statistically significant correlation between teachers’ professional engagement and competence. It is concluded that professional development needs to be intensified to enhance teachers’ essential skills in implementing inclusive classrooms. Ultimately, the findings became the basis of designing an action plan for the inclusive classroom management .
• Inclusive Education and Social Justice: Promoting Equal Learning Opportunities for All. Khokan Bhowmik, Sujay Maiti (2026). 4(2) 256–259.

  Inclusive education has become a fundamental principle in modern educational systems, aiming to ensure that all learners, regardless of their social, economic, cultural, or physical differences, have equal access to quality education. The concept is closely associated with social justice, which promotes fairness, equality, and equal participation in society. This pa per examines the relationship between inclusive education and social justice and highlights the importance of providing equal learning opportunities for all students. The study reviews relevant literature to understand the role of inclusive practices in re ducing educational inequalities and promoting participation among diverse learners. The findings indicate that inclusive education enhances academic achievement, social interaction, and mutual respect among students. It also emphasizes the role of teachers , educational institutions, and policy frameworks in implementing inclusive practices effectively. The paper concludes that strengthening inclusive education through teacher training, supportive policies, and improved learning environments is essential for achieving social justice and equitable education systems
• Teachers’ Supervisory Strategies in Managing Students’ Online Gaming Habits and their Relationship to Academic Performance. Jeneliza L Heducos, MAEd (2026). 4(2) 133–158.

  This study focused on the supervisory strategies employed by Junior and Senior High School teachers at Quezon National High School and how these strategies correlate with students’ tendencies to play online games and their academic performance. The study used a quantitative, descriptive - correlational approach and sampled 80 teachers. Data were collected using a validated survey designed by th e researcher which assessed teachers’ supervisory strategies in the three areas of classroom management, motivational strategies, and support mechanisms, and their observation of students’ online gaming behaviors across the dimensions of frequency, intensi ty, and demonstrations of gaming behavior. The academic performance of students was evaluated based on the average of the second - quarter grades of the 2025 - 2026 School Year. The findings showed that teachers viewed their supervisory strategies to be effect ive with mean ratings in the “Strongly Agree” category except for the counseling and support mechanisms, which rated more neutrally. Teachers reported incidents of problematic online gaming behaviors exhibited by students that caused severe negative behavi oral manifestations in the classroom, such as drowsiness, failure to meet deadlines, and lack of attention. Academic performance was rated “Satisfactory” across all the assessed grade levels (overall M=83.23), which means that there was no grade in that ra nge exceeded that category and that there was a need to do better systematically. Despite large sizes, which typically indicate meaningful relationships, the correlation analysis for gaming behavior and academic performance (r= - .622) and supervisory strat egies and academic performance (r= - .657) were not statistically significant (p > .05) in either case. Based on the findings, a Digital Supervision Plan anchored in the Transformational Leadership, Self - Regulated Learning, and Self - Determination theories i s proposed to foster positive digital habits, improve self - regulation, and subsequently enhance academic performance within the school community
• Ag100_xAuxAlloy films: An Approach to Fixing Silver for Durable, Low-Loss Plasmonics. Ewald, Björn; Siebigs, Leo; Zhang, Cheng; Graf, Jonas; Tiwari, Achyut; Rödel, Maximilian; Hammer, Sebastian; Stepanenko, Vladimir; Würthner, Frank; Gompf, Bruno; Hecht, Bert; Pflaum, Jens (2025). 12(11) 6161–6171.
• Biofabrication of a Filtration Barrier by Integrating Electrospun Membranes and Flow in a Glomerular Co‐Culture. Mussoni, Camilla; Rederer, Anna; Stepanenko, Vladimir; Würthner, Frank; Stahlhut, Philipp; Groll, Jürgen; Schiffer, Mario; Ahmad, Taufiq; Müller‐Deile, Janina (2025). 14(23)
• Chiroptical properties of axially chiral indolenine merocyanine dimers: role of the Huang–Rhys factor and interchromophore mixing of electric and magnetic transition dipole moments. Freytag, Emely; Hofer, Michael; Kopp, Michael; Holzapfel, Marco; Stolte, Matthias; Würthner, Frank; Renger, Thomas; Lambert, Christoph (2025). 27(30) 16039–16050.
• Understanding Twisted Triarylboranes from Single Crystals to Heterojunction Blends and Their Applications in Organic Photovoltaics. Han, Jianhua; Xu, Han; Sharma, Anirudh; Asatryan, Jesika; Rauch, Florian; Friedrich, Alexandra; Krebs, Johannes; Swoboda, Lukas; Schuster, Julia; Pagidi, Sudhakar; Kalluvettukuzhy, Neena K.; Alqurashi, Maryam; Thilagar, Pakkirisamy; Schopper, Nils; Krummenacher, Ivo; Stepanenko, Vladimir; Finze, Maik; Braunschweig, Holger; Martín, Jaime; Würthner, Frank; Baran, Derya; Marder, Todd B. (2025). 147(32) 28694–28713.
• Chained to the App: German Bike Couriers Riding into Digital Capitalism. Schreyer, Jasmin (2024). 22(1) 265–291.

  In the digital age of platformization and digital capitalism, this study demonstrates the significant role of institutionalized relationships in influencing autonomy-control dynamics within platform companies. By contrasting multinational food delivery corporations with local cooperative courier services in Germany, we find that algorithmic management centralizes control in commercial platforms, thereby limiting worker autonomy. In contrast, cooperative models prioritize communication, trust, and self-determination. These findings underscore that works councils and collective representation of interests serve as countervailing powers in commercial platforms, actively advocating for worker protections. In summary, this study highlights the pivotal role of institutionalized relationships in shaping the evolving landscape of work, emphasizing their significance in achieving a more equitable and humane work environment.
• A highly fluorescent bora[6]helicene exhibiting circularly polarized light emission. Schnitzlein, Matthias; Shoyama, Kazutaka; Würthner, Frank (2024). 15(8) 2984–2989.
• 2,3 : 6,7‐Naphthalene Bis(dicarboximide) Cyclophane: A Photofunctional Host for Ambient Delayed Fluorescence in Solution. Garain, Swadhin; Li, Pei‐Lun; Shoyama, Kazutaka; Würthner, Frank (2024).
• YOLOv4: Optimal Speed and Accuracy of Object Detection. Bochkovskiy, Alexey; Wang, Chien-Yao; Liao, Hong-Yuan Mark (2020).
• Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks. Ren, Shaoqing; He, Kaiming; Girshick, Ross; Sun, Jian (2017). 39(6) 1137–1149.
• You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection. Redmon, Joseph; Divvala, Santosh; Girshick, Ross; Farhadi, Ali (2016). 779–788.
• Fast MCMC sampling for Markov jump processes and extensions. Rao, Vinayak; Teh, Yee Whye (2013).

  Markov jump processes (or continuous-time Markov chains) are a simple and important class of continuous-time dynamical systems. In this paper, we tackle the problem of simulating from the posterior distribution over paths in these models, given partial and noisy observations. Our approach is an auxiliary variable Gibbs sampler, and is based on the idea of uniformization. This sets up a Markov chain over paths by alternately sampling a finite set of virtual jump times given the current path and then sampling a new path given the set of extant and virtual jump times using a standard hidden Markov model forward filtering-backward sampling algorithm. Our method is exact and does not involve approximations like time-discretization. We demonstrate how our sampler extends naturally to MJP-based models like Markov-modulated Poisson processes and continuous-time Bayesian networks and show significant computational benefits over state-of-the-art MCMC samplers for these models.