Forecasting of the Traffic Situation in the Hannover Region

The main requirement of road traffic participants is to know the current traffic situation. Such data is typically obtained from routing services where the time of many different individual trips is taken into account.

In the context of Data4UrbanMobility tools were developed that allow to predict the traffic situation based on such time series data. The following figure presents an interface to visualize typical time series patterns as well as outliers present in the data:

The prediction of the traffic situation is made available in the form of a map based interface for the end user:

Data4UrbanMobility Data Protection Regulation

The work on the Data4UrbanMobility data protection regulation is completed. The document is publicly available and can be found here.

First Version of MiC-App Available

A first version of the novel MiC-App (Move in the City) App is now available for D4UM-associates as well as a protected group of public users. The mobile MiC-App is a tool to gather data.

MiC was developed by the Institute for Sustainable Urbanism at the University of Braunschweig and the Projektionisten GmbH. MiC links the growing  awareness of  digital citizen rights with the potential of evaluation big datasets. Therefore MiC gives the opportunity to citizen to actively participate in a citizen science project to take part in the development of the mobility of the feature.

MiC gathers data of the users movement, where the user has the about which data should be recorded. All data is pseudonymised such that the privacy of the contributing citizen is ensured.

Current Status:

In the first version of the app, the user can easily start and end the tracking of his/her movement. It is worth to point out, that the user decides when he is tracked and when not. A summary of his/her activity is available for the user as well as the opportunity to issue feedback or even delete all of his contributed data.

Updated System with Dashboard V2

With the new version of our system,  the dashboard will provide even more insights into the impact of public events on the traffic situation.

The coloring and labels let us easily distinguish between the different type of events. By clicking on the label we show the typically affected subgraph for that event type. This allows the user to check what specific routes are typically affected by an event at that location.

Examples: Visualisation of a concert and a football game.

In addition, the graph at the top right gives additional information on how big the impact around the events start time tends to be.

{API}
We enriched the api endpoints with additional information from the data models that were developed as part of the research efforts.

D4UM App Version 1.0

We just released the first Version of the D4UM App. Every project member now has access to the application and can try out its features. Let’s quickly go over some of its main features.
The EFA integration (EFA is a routing engine covering Lower Saxony and Bremen ) allows for quick access to tip information using all available public transport options. Our focus, when designing the application, was on quick and easy navigation to provide a simple and easy to use trip planning tool.

Departures and Connections

On the departure screen we show the user the closes stops for public transportation in his immediate vicinity. On the connection screen the user can fill in his desired starting location( either an address or an existing stop ) and destination and query for what connections are available to him. The provided information contains real time data , meaning we are able to visualized delays for any given connection.

Map

On the map screen you can see and or find all available stops of public transportation. This allows for providing the user with a great way to find out what stops are available in their city. By clicking on any of the shown stops will open the departure screen and provide you with the information mentioned above. To better visualize a selected connection, we show the route you plan to travel on the map.

Menu / Settings

Additional features can be found in the settings menu of the application. Here you can find settings that allow you to customize your routing results for both the departures and connection screen. The best way to let us know what you think about the application is to use the feedback module. This can be found here as well. First click on the emoji that best describe how you feel about the app. And then put in any additional information or ideas or thoughts you may have. Now what is left is just to press send and you will send us an email.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Quantification  and Prediction of Impact of Public Events

Current Data4UrbanMobility research results allow for measuring and prediction of spatial impact on road traffic of public events. Connected, affected street segments nearby public events are identified to measure the spatial impact. The approach is depicted in the following figure:

(Karte von https://www.openstreetmap.org)

An event is marked as yellow dot, affected streets in red and the measured impact in dark blue. Moreover, an approach making use of machine learning algorithms was developed to predict the impact determined in this way, resulting an error-reduction of up to 40% when compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.

D4UM – Platform V1 Released

The first version of the Data4UrbanMobiltiy platform has been released. The platform was designed and implemented following a 3-tier-architecture. The platform provides RESTfull Web services for mobility applications like dashboards or mobile apps. As a demonstration, an interactive map application has been developed that visualizes the spatial impact of public events. The following figure shows a screenshot of the application.

The figure shows 4 public events in the city of Hannover. The colors represent different types of public events (e.g. concerts, fairs, sport events). The circles visualize the spatial impact on road traffic caused by the public events.

Comprehensive Set of Requirements

The Data4UrbanMobility analysis of requirements includes requirements of the application partners Region Hannover (RH) and Wolfsburg AG (WAG) as well as non functional requirements. The requirements were collected by MOMA. The L3S derived research question for data analysis which are based  on the requirements of RH and WAG. The research question address especially the information needs of end-users.

The current research questions particularly include

1. Automated verification of traffic warnings and prediction of their impact
2. Identification of events and prediction of their impact
3. Investigation of correlation of road traffic data, public transportation query logs, traffic warnings and twitterfeeds
4. Determination of optimal traveling timepoints

Growing Data Collection

ISU create a comprehensive data matrix containing potential source of mobility related data. The Data4UrbanMobility data model describes all project relevant data sets and sets them into context. This makes the data available in a unified manor for both analysis and applications. The selected data sources were transformed according to the Data4UrbanMobility data model by L3S. The data quality of selected data sources (i.e. public transportation query logs and road traffic data) was examined.

Tools for extracting the relevant information from the datasets were developed to enable the integration of the datasets.

• Street and graph extraction from OpenStreetMap
• Bulkloader for public transportation queries
• Integration of “Zentrales Haltestellen Verzeichniss” (central registry of public transportation stops)

The current collection (December 12th 2017) contians

EFA-Logs: 17 million public transportation queries
Road traffic data: 174 thousand street sements with a frequency of 15 minutes
GTFS-data: 90 thousand. public transportation stops, 2.6 thousand routes
Weather: Radolan “Regenraster” (rain grid)
Twitter: 2,5 Mio. Tweets starting at June 2017

OSM: 440 thousand streets 
Events: 21 thousand public events (August 14th 2016-July 17th 2018)

Traffic warnings: 13 thousand warning (since June 2017)

Visualization of Public Transportation Information

In order to allow intuitive analytics of public transportation information, the PROJEKTIONISTEN (PROJ) developed a dashboard web application. First prototypes visualize queries addressed to the regional timetable information system EFA (www.efa.de). The prototypes serve as foundations for exploration analyses as well as the implementation of future versions of the dashboard. The following figure shows an integrated visualization of the most frequent origins and destinations of the queries.

Analysen der EFA-Logs

Analysis of EFA Public Transportation Query Logs

Analyses regarding the impact of public events on public transportation are currently conducted to address early research questions. To this extend, explorative data analyses of the impact of major public events such as football games and medium sized events such as concerts were conducted. Visual analytics were used as a first step towards comprehensive analyses, which show start-like patterns for city center which identify mobility hubs of central importance.

The figure shows the direct connection between origin and destination of public transportation queries. Darker colors correspond to more frequent queried trips. Star-like pattern identify the central train station and the central metro station.

Analyses of single stations reveal weekday dependent patterns.

The figure depicts the average number of queries with the destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke”. Differences emerge between Weekends and workdays.

The impact of public events on the queries can be visualized  as well.

The figure shows the number of queries with the Destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke” for Wednesday, April 26th 2017 (orange) as well as the average number of queries on a Wednesday for the same destination. On this day a concert took place in venue nearby. The concert start at 8 pm. The significant deviations between 5 pm and 7 pm is highly likely to be caused by visitors of the concert. This shows that public transportation queries are a valuable information source to investigate the impact of public events on mobility infrastructure.

• Phụ kiện Limit - Mang đến phong cách độc đáo và cá tính cho bạn!. Hiền, Thúy (T. Hiền, ed.) (2024).
• An impulsive geomagnetic effect from an early-impulsive flare. Hudson, Hugh S.; Cliver, Edward. W.; Fletcher, Lyndsay; Diver, Declan A.; Gallagher, Peter T.; Li, Ying; Osborne, Christopher M. J.; Stark, Craig; Su, Yang (2024).
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• Home Exercise Programme Better Treatment Outcomes PT.in, Smart (Smartpt.in, ed.) (2024).
• Joint vs Sequential Speaker-Role Detection and Automatic Speech Recognition for Air-traffic Control. Blatt, Alexander; Krishnan, Aravind; Klakow, Dietrich (2024).
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• A two-sorted theory of nilpotent Lie algebras. d’Elbée, Christian; Müller, Isabel; Ramsey, Nicholas; Siniora, Daoud (2024).
• Am I the odd one? Exploring (in)congruencies in the realism of avatars and virtual others in virtual reality. Mal, David; Döllinger, Nina; Wolf, Erik; Wenninger, Stephan; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich (2024). 5

  Virtual humans play a pivotal role in social virtual environments, shaping users’ VR experiences. The diversity in available options and users’ individual preferences can result in a heterogeneous mix of appearances among a group of virtual humans. The resulting variety in higher-order anthropomorphic and realistic cues introduces multiple (in)congruencies, eventually impacting the plausibility of the experience. However, related work investigating the effects of being co-located with multiple virtual humans of different appearances remains limited. In this work, we consider the impact of (in)congruencies in the realism of a group of virtual humans, including co-located others (agents) and one’s self-representation (self-avatar), on users’ individual VR experiences. In a 2 × 3 mixed design, participants embodied either (1) a personalized realistic or (2) a customized stylized self-avatar across three consecutive VR exposures in which they were accompanied by a group of virtual others being either (1) all realistic, (2) all stylized, or (3) mixed between stylized and realistic. Our results indicate groups of virtual others of higher realism, i.e., potentially more congruent with participants’ real-world experiences and expectations, were considered more human-like, increasing the feeling of co-presence and the impression of interaction possibilities. (In)congruencies concerning the homogeneity of the group did not cause considerable effects. Furthermore, our results indicate that a self-avatar’s congruence with the participant’s real-world experiences concerning their own physical body yielded notable benefits for virtual body ownership and self-identification for realistic personalized avatars. Notably, the incongruence between a stylized self-avatar and a group of realistic virtual others resulted in diminished ratings of self-location and self-identification. This suggests that higher-order (in)congruent visual cues that are not within the ego-central referential frame of one’s (virtual) body, can have an (adverse) effect on the relationship between one’s self and body. We conclude on the implications of our findings and discuss our results within current theories of VR experiences, considering (in)congruent visual cues and their impact on the perception of virtual others, self-representation, and spatial presence
• Looking forwards and backwards: Dynamics and genealogies of locally regulated populations. Etheridge, Alison M.; Kurtz, Thomas G.; Letter, Ian; Ralph, Peter L.; Lung, Terence Tsui Ho (2024). 29(none) 1–85.

  We introduce a broad class of mechanistic spatial models to describe how spatially heterogeneous populations live, die, and reproduce. Individuals are represented by points of a point measure, whose birth and death rates can depend both on spatial position and local population density, defined at a location to be the convolution of the point measure with a suitable non-negative integrable kernel centred on that location. We pass to three different scaling limits: an interacting superprocess, a nonlocal partial differential equation (PDE), and a classical PDE. The classical PDE is obtained both by a two-step convergence argument, in which we first scale time and population size and pass to the nonlocal PDE, and then scale the kernel that determines local population density; and in the important special case in which the limit is a reaction-diffusion equation, directly by simultaneously scaling the kernel width, timescale and population size in our individual based model. A novelty of our model is that we explicitly model a juvenile phase. The number of juveniles produced by an individual depends on local population density at the location of the parent; these juvenile offspring are thrown off in a (possibly heterogeneous, anisotropic) Gaussian distribution around the location of the parent; they then reach (instant) maturity with a probability that can depend on the local population density at the location at which they land. Although we only record mature individuals, a trace of this two-step description remains in our population models, resulting in novel limits in which the spatial dynamics are governed by a nonlinear diffusion. Using a lookdown representation, we are able to retain information about genealogies relating individuals in our population and, in the case of deterministic limiting models, we use this to deduce the backwards in time motion of the ancestral lineage of an individual sampled from the population. We observe that knowing the history of the population density is not enough to determine the motion of ancestral lineages in our model. We also investigate (and contrast) the behaviour of lineages for three different deterministic models of a population expanding its range as a travelling wave: the Fisher-KPP equation, the Allen-Cahn equation, and a porous medium equation with logistic growth.
• Habitat niches of bird species along a recovery gradient in the Chocó tropical forest. Falconí-López, Ana; Mitesser, Oliver; Martin Schaefer, H.; Blüthgen, Nico; Busse, Annika; Feldhaar, Heike; Freile, Juan; Gelis, Rudy; Grella, Nina; Heibl, Christoph; Kortmann, Mareike; Newell, Felicity L.; Rabl, Dominik; Schleuning, Matthias; Seibold, Sebastian; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Tinoco, Boris A.; Tremlett, Constance J.; Müller, Jörg; Donoso, David A. (2024). 166 112260.
• Optimal fissioning strategies of social insects with respect to colony dynamics and nest founding probability. Hovestadt, T.; Kohl, P.; Mitesser, O. (2024). 71(2) 171–183.

  Social insects demonstrate two fundamentally different modes of reproduction, independent colony foundation (ICF) by single fertilized queens or dependent colony foundation (DCF) by fissioning of existing colonies into two or several new colonies (swarms). In some species, both reproductive modes occur in parallel. The benefits and disadvantages of DCF vs. ICF have been widely discussed and been subject to empirical studies, but a formal theoretical treatment of the topic is still incomplete. Taking honey bees as example, we provide a resource allocation model of colony dynamics to analyze the ecological conditions under which DCF may be favored over ICF. Using mathematical and numerical methods, we show that it critically depends on the survivorship function linking swarm size to the probability of swarm establishment whether ICF or DCF results in a higher output of surviving new colonies. Because building larger swarms requires larger inter-swarm time intervals, DCF can only be a better strategy if this disadvantage is over-compensated for by a strong size-dependent swarm survivorship and survival of single queens is very low. Colony growth rate has no effect on this decision and the impact of maximum possible colony size is negligible. Further, there is a discontinuity in the optimal swarm size, so that either a swarm size of 1 (ICF) is the best strategy, or emitting swarms of considerable size (DCF). Consequently, a direct evolutionary transition from ICF to DCF appears unlikely and may have been triggered by selective pressures promoting movement of complete nests or distributing single colonies over several nests (polydomy).
• Leading IT company-zronesystems systems, Zrone (Z. systems, ed.) (2024).
• Isothermal Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals Driven by Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Martínez, Daniel; Schlossarek, Tim; Würthner, Frank; Soberats, Bartolome (2024). 63(26)

  The dynamic nature of calamitic liquid crystals is exploited to perform isothermal phase transitions driven by dynamic covalent chemistry. For this purpose, nematic (N) arrays based on aldehyde 1 were treated with different amines (A–E) in an on-surface process, which resulted in different isothermal phase transitions. These phase transformations were caused by in situ imination reactions and are dependent on the nature of the added amine. Transitions from the N to crystal (1A, 1E), isotropic (1B), and smectic (Sm) (1C, 1D) phases were achieved, while the resulting materials feature thermotropic liquid crystal behavior. A sequential trans- formation from the N 1 to the Sm 1C and then to the N 1B was achieved by coupling an imination to a transimination processes and adjusting the temperature. All of these processes were well characterized by micro- scopic, spectroscopic, and X-ray techniques, unlocking not only the constitutional but also the structural aspects of the phase transitions. This work provides new insights into designing constitutionally and structurally adaptable liquid crystal systems, paving the way toward the conception of programable evolutive pathways and adaptive materials.
• MPSDynamics.jl: Tensor network simulations for finite-temperature (non-Markovian) open quantum system dynamics. Lacroix, Thibaut; Dé, Brieuc Le; Riva, Angela; Dunnett, Angus J.; Chin, Alex W. (2024).
• OCR4all 1.0 – Flexible open-source OCR/HTR based on various single-step Solutions. Nöth, Maximilian; Baier, Herbert; Reul, Christian (2024).

  Recent progress in Automatic Text Recognition (ATR) has been bolstered by the continuous release of open-source implementations addressing individual steps of the workflow. Since the optimal approach varies depending on the material at hand and individual quality requirements, we argue that the next crucial step is the establishment of user-friendly software that facilitate flexible, integrative, and sustainablecombinations of current and future solutions. To this end, we introduce the fully reworked OCR4all which empowers even non-technical users to independently perform ATR achieving high-quality results. OCR4all is 100% open-source and integrates a variety of solutions, ensuring that users can leverage the best tools available for their specific needs.
• Evapotranspiration trends over the last 300 years reconstructed from historical weather station observations via machine learning. Shi, Haiyang (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Bieruń. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Żywiec. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Czechowice-Dziedzice. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Pszów. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Radzionków. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Wodzisław Śląski. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Czerwionka-Leszczyny. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Łazy. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Imielin. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Orzesze. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Połaniec. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Tarnowskie Góry. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Kalety. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Miasteczko Śląskie. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Lędziny. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Tworzenie Stron Internetowych Włoszczowa. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Sędziszów. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Suchedniów. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Strony Internetowe Stąporków. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Sequential Synthesis and Secondary Structure Analysis of Two Classes of Perylene Bisimide Oligomers. Teichmann, Ben; Liu, Bin; Hirsch, Marcel; Dubey, Rajeev K.; Würthner, Frank (2024). 26(26) 5544–5548.

  An iterative step-by-step synthetic approach is employed to form perylene bisimide (PBI) oligomers of defined sizes by connecting the PBI units through their imide positions via a benzyl linker. The versatility of this approach was showcased by its successful implementation on two different PBI building blocks to achieve two separate series of oligomers (up to the pentamer) with modulated conformations: one with an open random coil oligomer and one with an H-type foldamer architecture.
• Strony Internetowe Cieszyn. Kaczorowski, Karol (2024).
• Climate Change in Hell: Long-Term Variation in Transits of the Evaporating Planet K2-22b. Gaidos, E.; Parviainen, H.; Esparza-Borges, E.; Fukui, A.; Isogai, K.; Kawauchi, K.; de Leon, J.; Mori, M.; Murgas, F.; Narita, N.; Palle, E.; Watanabe, N. (2024).
• Why Custom Web Design and Development Services Are Essential for E-commerce Success. Sana (Sana, ed.) (2024).
• Automating routine tasks how physiotherapy software enhances efficiency smartpt.in (smartpt.in, ed.) (2024).
• Object Motion Manipulation and time perception in virtual reality. Landeck, Maximilian; Unruh, Fabian; Lugrin, Jean-Luc; Latoschik, Marc Erich (2024). 5

  This paper presents a novel approach to altering how time is perceived in Virtual Reality (VR). It involves manipulating the speed and pattern of motion in objects associated with timekeeping, both directly (such as clocks) and indirectly (like pendulums). Objects influencing our perception of time are called ‘zeitgebers‘; for instance, observing a clock or pendulum tends to affect how we perceive the passage of time. The speed of motion of their internal parts (clock hands or pendulum rings) is explicitly or implicitly related to the perception of time. However, the perceptual effects of accelerating or decelerating the speed of a virtual clock or pendulum in VR is still an open question. We hypothesize that the acceleration of their internal motion will accelerate the passage of time and that the irregularity of the orbit pendulum’s motion will amplify this effect. We anticipate that the irregular movements of the pendulum will lower boredom and heighten attention, thereby making time seem to pass more quickly. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with 32 participants, exposing them to two types of virtual zeitgebers exhibiting both regular and irregular motions. These were a virtual clock and an orbit pendulum, each operating at slow, normal, and fast speeds. Our results revealed that time passed by faster when participants observed virtual zeitgebers in the fast speed condition than in the slow speed condition. The orbit pendulum significantly accelerated the perceived passage of time compared to the clock. We believe that the irregular motion requires a higher degree of attention, which is confirmed by the significantly longer gaze fixations of the participants. These findings are crucial for time perception manipulation in VR, offering potential for innovative treatments for conditions like depression and improving wellbeing. Yet, further clinical research is needed to confirm these applications.
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• Definitions and symptoms of the post-COVID syndrome: an updated systematic umbrella review. Gutzeit, Julian; Weiß, M.; Nürnberger, C.; Lemhöfer, C.; Appel, K. S.; Pracht, E.; Reese, J.-P.; Lehmann, C.; Polidori, M. C.; Hein, G.; Deckert, J. (2024).

  Post-COVID syndrome (PCS) describes a persistent complex of symptoms following a COVID-19 episode, lasting at least 4 to 12 weeks, depending on the specific criteria used for its definition. It is often associated with moderate to severe impairments of daily life and represents a major burden for many people worldwide. However, especially during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, therapeutic and diagnostic uncertainties were prominent due to the novelty of the disease and non-specific definitions that overlooked functional deficits and lacked objective assessment. The present work comprehensively examines the status of PCS definitions as depicted in recent reviews and meta-analyses, alongside exploring associated symptoms and functional impairments. We searched the database Pubmed for reviews and meta-analysis evaluating PCS in the period between May 31, 2022, to December 31, 2023. Out of 95 studies, 33 were selected for inclusion in our analyses. Furthermore, we extended upon prior research by systematically recording the symptoms linked with PCS as identified in the studies. We found that fatigue, neurological complaints, and exercise intolerance were the most frequently reported symptoms. In conclusion, over the past eighteen months, there has been a notable increase in quantity and quality of research studies on PCS. However, there still remains a clear need for improvement, particularly with regard to the definition of the symptoms necessary for diagnosing this syndrome. Enhancing this aspect will render future research more comparable and precise, thereby advancing and understanding PCS.
• The Benefits of Affordable Custom Website Design for Small Businesses. Sana (Sana, ed.) (2024).
• LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS SUPPORTING EARLY ALZHEIMER’S DIAGNOSIS THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING – A LITERATURE REVIEW. Gewald, Fabian Thaler;Heiko (2024). 10(1) 1–19.

  from memory loss, AD leads to speech disorders. Timely diagnosis is crucial to halt the progression of the disease. However, current diagnostic procedures are costly, invasive, and distressing. Early-stage AD manifests itself in speech disorders, which implies examining those. Machine Learning (ML) represents a promising instrument in this context.
• Finite central extensions of o-minimal groups. Baro, Elías; Palacín, Daniel (2024).
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• Differential Shannon Entropies and Mutual Information in a Curve Crossing System: Adiabatic and Diabatic Decompositions. Schürger, P.; Engel, V. (2024). 20(12) 5012–5021.
• The dahliagram: an interdisciplinary tool for investigation, visualization, and communication of past human-environmental interaction. Frachetti, Michael; Di Cosmo, Nicola; Esper, Jan; Khalidi, Lamya; Mauelshagen, Franz; Oppenheimer, Clive; Rohland, Eleonora; Büntgen, Ulf (2023). 9(47)
• Evolutionary Consequences of Seasonal Migration in North American Birds. Pegan, Teresa (2023).
• Where to Find the Best Hi-Vis Work Jacket?. Caan, Sam (2022).
• The Unsung Hero of Your Car’s Drivetrain: The Front Axle Shaft. Emmbros (2022).
• PyTorch Geometric Temporal: Spatiotemporal Signal Processing with Neural Machine Learning Models. Rozemberczki, Benedek; Scherer, Paul; He, Yixuan; Panagopoulos, George; Riedel, Alexander; Astefanoaei, Maria; Kiss, Oliver; Beres, Ferenc; Lopez, and Guzman; Collignon, Nicolas; Sarkar, Rik (2021). 4564–4573.
• On zeroes in sign and signed rank tests. Dey, Rajarshi; Manjourides, Justin; Randles, Ronald H (2019). 15(2) 319–328.

  When zeroes (or ties within pairs) occur in data being analyzed with a sign test or a signed rank test, nonparametric methods textbooks and software consistently recommend that the zeroes be deleted and the data analyzed as though zeroes did not exist. This advice is not consistent with the objectives of the majority of applications. In most settings a better approach would be to view the tests as testing hypotheses about a population median. There are relatively simple p-values available that are consistent with this viewpoint of the tests. These methods produce tests with good properties for testing a different (often more appropriate) set of hypotheses than those addressed by tests that delete the zeroes.
• AN EVALUATION ON SELFISH BEHAVIOUR ATTACK AND JELLYFISH ATTACKS UNDER AODV ROUTING PROTOCOL. "Bhawna Singla1, A.K.Verma1; ", L.R.Raheja2 (2017). 7(2) 15–28.
• AI-Powered Recruitment: The Next Evolution. Martinez-Gil, Jorge (2017).

  The Human Resources industry is undergoing a revolution through the automation of tedious and time-consuming tasks. AI paradigms, such as deep neural networks and other machine learning methods, excel at making accurate predictions and analyzing vast amounts of information, making them ideal for addressing significant challenges in this field. This overview explores the transformation of the industry, including automatic candidate screening, bias removal in various processes, techniques for discovering potential employees, and new advances aimed at improving the candidate experience.
• A Framework for Summarization of Online Option Using Weighting Scheme More, Mugdha; Tidke, Bharat (2015, July).
• SENSE DISAMBIGUATION TECHNIQUE FOR PROVIDING MORE ACCURATE RESULTS IN WEB SEARCH. Jain, Rekha; Purohit, G. N. (2012). 3(3) 29–38.

  As the web is increasing exponentially, so it is very much difficult to provide relevant information to the information seekers. While searching some information on the web, users can easily fade out in rich hypertext. The existing techniques provide the results that are not up to the mark. This paper focuses on the technique that helps in offering more accurate results, especially in case of Homographs. Homograph is a word that shares the same written form but has different meanings. The technique that shows how senses of words can play an important role in offering accurate search results, is described in following sections. While adopting this technique user can receive only relevant pages on the top of the search result.
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