HannIT

Die hannIT AöR (Hannoversche Informationstechnologien – Anstalt öffentlichen Rechts) ist der IT-Dienstleister der Region Hannover und ca. 30 weiterer Landkreise und Kommunen in Niedersachsen. Das Sicherheitsrechenzentrum mit verteilten Standorten bildet die systemtechnische Grundlage für den Betrieb und die Weiterentwicklung von Verwaltungsverfahren.

Das Kompetenzcenter Mobilität und GIS betreut Verkehrsinformations- und Planungssysteme, wie die elektronische Fahrplanauskunft oder die Netzverfügbarkeitskarte. Zum Leistungsangebot der hannIT AöR gehören unter anderem

die elektronische Fahrplanauskunft in Niedersachsen und Bremen (EFA) u.a. für GVH (Großraum Verkehr Hannover) und Braunschweig ,
der Betrieb des DELFI-Landesserver für Niedersachsen,
die Echtzeitanbindung der ÖPNV-Unternehmen im GVH
das multimodale Routing (ÖPNV, Auto, Fahrrad, Fußgänger …)

Darüber hinaus ist hannIT als Dienstleister maßgeblich an Projekten wie

Connect GmbH (Datenintegration für Niedersachsen und Bremen),
DELFI e.V. (Deutschlandweite Fahrplanauskunft),
EU-Spirit (Verbund europäischer Auskunftssysteme)

beteiligt.

Im Projekt D4UM stellt hannIT AöR

die Plattform (Hard- und Software) zur Verfügung,
koordiniert die Bereitstellung von SW-Lösungen,
arbeitet bei den Datenschutz- und Sicherheitsregeln mit
schafft die Grundlagen für die Integration von IV-Echtzeitdaten und historischen Ganglinen in die Fahrplanauskunft EFA (Prototype)

Translanguaging in Agricultural ESP: Conceptual Boundaries and Linguodidactic Relevance. qizi, Sobirova Mukhlisa Sadriddin (2026). 4(9) 75–81.

This article examines the theoretical and linguodidactic relevance of translanguaging in profession oriented English language teaching with particular attention to agricultural English for Specific Purposes (ESP). The study treats translanguaging not as unrestricted use of the first language a synonym for code switching or a renewed form of the Grammar-Translation Method but as a theoretical perspective on how multilingual learners mobilise linguistic semiotic and disciplinary resources for meaning-making. A conceptual-comparative analysis of key works on translanguaging multilingual pedagogy language transfer ESP and the CEFR Companion Volume is used to distinguish pedagogical translanguaging from spontaneous multilingual practices and from adjacent concepts. The analysis shows that its relevance to agricultural ESP lies particularly in the asymmetry between students' existing subject knowledge and their still-developing ability to express that knowledge through English terminology and professional discourse. Rather than proposing a competence model or a set of classroom procedures the article clarifies the conceptual scope potential and limitations of translanguaging for agricultural ESP. It argues that multilingual resources may support the activation of prior disciplinary knowledge cross-linguistic awareness and the mediation of specialised meaning while English remains the target language for increasingly independent professional communication. The article also identifies conceptual limitations including the risk of reducing target language exposure and the continuing debate over unitary versus differentiated linguistic repertoires.
Opportunities For Developing the Physical Fitness of Students with Disabilities Based on an Individual Approach. Sodikjonovich, Abdullaev Dilmurod (2026). 4(2) 296–300.

This article discusses the possibilities of developing the physical fitness of students with disabilities (students of higher education institutions) based on an individual approach. An individual approach involves adapting physical activity taking into account the student's functional capabilities health psychological state motivation and study/living conditions. The research methods used were the analysis of regulatory and scientific sources modeling of physical fitness assessment criteria and the development of the “screening - functional assessment - SMART goal - program design (FITT) - adaptation - monitoring - replanning” algorithm for higher education conditions. As a result stages for drawing up an individual plan organizational and pedagogical conditions for creating an inclusive environment as well as rubrics and observation sheets for safe dynamic monitoring of physical fitness were proposed. The discussion justified the importance of cooperation with a medical professional rehabilitation specialist or sports doctor safety protocols motivational support and the use of digital aids in implementing this approach.
Möbius Quantum Computation: A New Topological Resource for Quantum Error Cancellation MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (T. I. School; I. D. C.-H. de Vega, eds.) (2026).
Suciu’s Conjecture on hyperplane arrangements. Aprodu, Marian; Farkas, Gavril; Raicu, Claudiu; Suciu, Alexander I. (2026).
Methodological Approaches to Studying Gender Aspects of Speech Activities in Virtual Environments. Abdumutallibovich, Ismoiljon Nishonov (2026). 4(2) 68–71.

This article analyzes one of the current topical issues of today: methodological approaches to studying gender aspects of speech behavior. Also the following approaches are considered: Interdisciplinary approach quantitative methods qualitative methods experimental methods ethical aspects of research. This helps to determine how different conditions affect the communication style of men and women.
Methodology for Organizing Online Geography Lessons Based on the STEAM Approach (Experimentally and Statistically Substantiated). Ahrorbek, Rejaboyev (2026). 4(2) 162–169.

In this article a methodology for organizing online geography lessons based on the STEAM (Science Technology Engineering Arts Mathematics) approach was developed and its effectiveness was statistically substantiated through experimental research. A quasi-experimental design was applied in the study involving two groups (control and experimental total n = 128 students). For the experimental group interactive modules based on STEAM integration (digital maps GIS elements problem-based projects visual design tasks and mathematical analysis components) were developed and implemented during a 12-week online course. The results showed that the academic achievement indicator in the experimental group was on average 24.6% higher compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The level of spatial thinking increased by 18.3% and problem-solving competence increased by 21.4%. The students’ learning motivation index increased from 0.72 to 0.84 (according to the Likert scale). Student’s t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the statistical analysis and the results were found to be statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). The research findings demonstrated that online geography lessons organized on the basis of the STEAM approach serve as an important methodological tool for developing students’ interdisciplinary thinking enhancing their analytical and creative competencies and strengthening the effectiveness of digital education. The developed methodology is recommended as a practical model for implementing a competency-based approach in a digital learning environment.
Molly Fisk’s Poetry: An Ecocritical Study of Selected Poems. Muhsin, Rusul Badawi (2026). 4(2) 360–372.

This research explores environmental issues including global warming due to industrialization technology and misuse of natural resources. These issues in turn lead to ecological imbalance pollution and diseases that affect the land oceans and air which in turn make harm on all living creatures including human being. This study aims to trace ecocritical evidences through the lens of the American ecofeminist poet Molly Fisk. "Anthem" "Explanation" "American River" "Particulate Matter" and "The Give and Take " are selected poems by Fisk who calls for environmental justice. Fisk as an ecofeminist sheds light on ecological balance harmony and unity with nature as the only way to protect the present environmental system. Moreover she focuses on serious practices towards such a catastrophic danger that threatens the present and the future of the next generation through spreading environmental awareness that encourages people to find substitutions for the present resources such as recycling clean energy in terms of environmentally friendly practices.
Moral Disengagement and Engagement in Internet Fraud among Undergraduates in Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. Fortune, Obindah (2026). 4(2) 262–270.

This study examines the relationship between moral disengagement and engagement in internet fraud among undergraduates of Ignatius Ajuru University of Education. The study specifically focused on two subvariables of moral disengagement: moral justification and euphemistic labelling. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and a sample of 400 undergraduates was selected using stratified random sampling from the university population of 11500 students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The reliability of the instrument was confirmed through a pilot study yielding Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.82 0.79 and 0.85 for moral disengagement moral engagement and internet fraud sections respectively. Findings revealed that both moral justification (r = 0.612 p < 0.05) and euphemistic labelling (r = 0.534 p < 0.05) were positively and significantly related to engagement in internet fraud. This indicates that undergraduates who rationalize or soften the perception of fraudulent acts are more likely to participate in online fraud. The study concluded that moral disengagement mechanisms play a crucial role in shaping students’ engagement in internet fraud highlighting the need for interventions that enhance moral awareness and accountability. Based on the findings it was recommended that ethics education digital literacy programs workshops peer mentoring and parental involvement be strengthened to mitigate fraudulent online behaviours among undergraduates. The study contributes to understanding the psychological processes underlying cybercrime among Nigerian tertiary students and provides insights for policy and educational strategies aimed at promoting ethical online conduct.
Motivational Typology in Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Farhodovna, Xayrullayeva Gulasal (2026). 4(2) 6–9.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) has undergone significant development since its early formulation leading to more refined accounts of how and why metaphors emerge in human cognition. One of the most influential advances is the introduction of motivational typology which explains the cognitive and experiential grounding of metaphorical mappings. This article examines motivational typology within conceptual metaphor theory focusing on empirically grounded distinctions such as correlation-based and resemblance-based motivation as well as later extensions incorporating cultural pragmatic and discourse-based factors. Drawing on the works of Joseph Grady Zoltán Kövecses Raymond Gibbs Gerard Steen and N. D. Arutyunova the study analyzes how different motivational mechanisms contribute to metaphor formation and why these mechanisms complicate attempts at systematization. The article argues that metaphorical concepts cannot be classified solely by structural or semantic criteria as their motivation reflects dynamic interactions between embodied experience cognition culture and discourse.
NEP 2020 and the Changing Landscape of Indian Education: Impacts on Learner Mental Health and Academic Development. Das, Dr. Debasish (2026). 4(2) 228–238.

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a significant shift in the Indian education system aiming to transform traditional learning into a more inclusive flexible and learner-centered framework. One of the core objectives of NEP 2020 is to promote holistic development by reducing academic stress and prioritizing the mental well-being of learners. This study explores the changing landscape of Indian education under NEP 2020 and examines its impact on learner mental health and academic development. The policy introduces competency-based assessments multidisciplinary learning flexible curricular structures and vocational integration all of which are designed to move away from rote memorization toward meaningful learning experiences. Such reforms have the potential to reduce examination pressure enhance learner engagement and improve emotional resilience among students. Additionally the emphasis on formative assessment experiential learning and inclusive education fosters a supportive academic environment that promotes both cognitive and socio-emotional growth. Digital integration and technology-enabled learning platforms further contribute to personalized education enabling learners to progress at their own pace and according to their interests. The successful implementation of NEP 2020 faces several challenges. Issues such as inadequate teacher training digital divides infrastructural limitations and disparities between urban and rural educational institutions may hinder the effective realization of policy goals. Without proper support systems and continuous monitoring the intended benefits for learner mental health and academic development may not be uniformly achieved. This study highlights the importance of sustained policy evaluation teacher capacity-building and equitable resource distribution to ensure the effective implementation of NEP 2020. By addressing these challenges the policy can significantly contribute to enhancing learner well-being reducing academic stress and promoting overall academic success in India’s evolving educational landscape.
Nodim Namangoniy as an Enlightened Poet in the Intellectual and Literary Milieu of Namangan in the Second Half of the 19th Century and the Early 20th Century. Gulomjonovna, Nazarova Xilola (2026). 4(2) 27–30.

The creative processes of the Kokand Khanate period the intellectual collaboration of scholars from Namangan and their literary traditions are analyzed. Based on historical and literary sources Namangan is presented as a historically significant cultural center that has long produced prominent poets and enlightened thinkers. The life and creative activity of Nodim Namangoniy his attitude toward the socio-political events of the colonial period as well as his satirical and didactic views are examined on a scholarly basis. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of the Namangan literary environment in the history of Uzbek literature and the significance of Nodim Namangoniy as an enlightened poet.
Parental Involvement and Reading Readiness of Kindergarten Learners: Teachers’ Perspectives. Añero, Lyka T. Lim | Lilibeth C. Pinili | Kaitlin Marie M. Opingo | Raymond C. Espina |Reylan G. Capuno | Helen O. Revalde | Marjorie B. (2026). 4(2) 37–67.

This research evaluated on the significant relationship between parental involvement and reading readiness of kindergarten learners at Lahug Elementary School located in Cebu City Division for School Year 2025-2026. A descriptive-correlational research design was used to examined if the degree of parent involvement in supporting early literacy instruction correlated to the learning readiness of learners. Twelve Kindergarten teachers assessed the reading readiness levels of 120 randomly selected Kindergarten pupils. This study utilized from a standardized expert validated survey which used a fifteen-item Likert scale to measure reading readiness and parental involvement. The data were analyzed applying frequency count percentage weighted mean standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient methodology. Findings indicated the level of parental involvement was very high with respect to home and literacy strategies including supporting reading tasks reading materials and communicating with the teacher on a regular basis while identified levels of involvement in literacy community and school-based activities were lower. Reading readiness levels were also very high foundational skills such as letter-sound identification and print awareness were strong but performance on the higher-level phonological skills such as blending and segmenting levels indicated advanced reading readiness attitudes. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive significant relationship between parental involvement and kindergarten's reading readiness. The study concludes that parental involvement is essential in developing children's reading preparedness and it makes recommendations to strengthen home-school collaboration to provide parent literacy training and to offer targeted interventions developing advanced phonological awareness skills.
Mapping the evidence on interventions to reduce potentially inappropriate prescriptions in older adults: a scoping overview of 127 systematic reviews. Álvarez, Ángel García; Malih, Narges; Hernández, David Morales; Cruz, Roberto Santa; Ricci-Cabello, Ignacio; Serra, Pau Riera; Goncalves-Bradley, Daniela C.; Gallardo-Alfaro, Laura; Ripoll, Maria Jesús Serrano; Villalonga, Catalina Calafat; Jaillard, Barbara A. Ferrer; Blanco, Manuel Pinteño; Bombardó, David Medina; Doronzo, Maria Angela; Gayà, Sebastián Jaume; Fiol deRoque, Maria A. (2026).

Potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) are highly prevalent among older adults and associated with adverse outcomes, including hospitalisations and mortality. Numerous interventions have been evaluated and synthesised in reviews, but the review-level evidence remains heterogeneous and difficult to use for decision-making.
Phonics and the Acquisition of Literacy Skills among Preschoolers in Early Childhood Education Centres in Rivers East Senatorial District. Ogadi, Ejekwu Princewill Okechukwu | Amadi Joy (2026). 4(2) 21–26.

This study examines phonics and the literacy skills acquisition of preschoolers in early childhood education centres in Rivers East Senatorial Districts of Rivers State. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of phonics on the acquisition of literacy skills among preschoolers in early childhood education centres in Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State. The study adopted the pre-test and post-test control group quasi-experimental research. Two objectives and two hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study was 2399 preschoolers. 66 preschoolers constituted the sample size for the study. The instrument for data collection was the research designed Preschoolers literacy skill acquisition Observation Checklist which was validated. The data generated from the study was analyzed using analysis of co- variance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 significant levels. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference between the Synthetic Phonics instructional strategies and Conventional Method on the literacy skills development of preschoolers in public early childhood centers in Rivers East Senatorial District of Rivers State. The study recommended among others that caregivers in the Early Childhood Centers should be encourage in the use of synthetic phonics instructional strategy by providing enabling environment for them.
Pragmatic Functions of Euphemisms in German and Uzbek. Shodmonovich, Shoimov Amriddin (2026). 4(2) 138–147.

Pragmatics originally derived from the Greek word pragma meaning action or activity is a linguistic field that examines the relationship between linguistic signs and their users. Within modern linguistics euphemisms have attracted growing scholarly attention particularly from a pragmatic perspective. This article investigates the pragmatic functions of euphemisms in German and Uzbek focusing on how speakers employ them to achieve communicative goals such as politeness mitigation manipulation and social adaptation. The study is based on comparative analysis of examples drawn from literary texts media discourse and everyday communication in both languages. The findings demonstrate that euphemisms function not merely as lexical substitutes but as pragmatic tools shaped by social norms cultural taboos and contextual factors. While the pragmatic purposes of euphemisms in German and Uzbek show significant similarities the domains of taboo and acceptable indirectness differ according to cultural traditions. In Uzbek euphemisms are more frequently associated with family religion and moral values whereas in German they are commonly linked to death illness disability and political correctness. The study highlights the importance of euphemisms as a dynamic linguistic phenomenon reflecting the interaction between language culture and pragmatic intention.
Bolalarda O‘Tkir Ichak Infeksiyalari Va Profilaktikasi. Alisherovna, Sadullayeva Zulayho (2026). 4(3) 54–58.

Ushbu maqolada bolalarda o‘tkir ichak infeksiyalarining kelib chiqish sabablari, klinik belgilari, tashxislash usullari hamda profilaktik chora - tadbirlari ilmiy asosda tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot natijalari bolalarda gigiyena qoidalariga rioya qilmaslik va s ifatsiz oziq - ovqat iste’moli asosiy xavf omili ekanligini ko‘rsatdi. Profilaktik yondashuvlar orqali kasallanishni sezilarli darajada kamaytirish mumkinligi aniqlandi
PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS CONTAINING THE LEXEMES “GOOD” AND “BAD”. Abdusalomovna, Ergasheva Dilafruz (2026). 4(2) 382–387.

This article examines the pragmatic features of English phraseological units containing the lexemes “good” and “bad”. The study focuses on the relationship between phraseological meaning contextual interpretation speaker intention evaluation emotional expressiveness cultural identification stylistic variation and social positioning. The theoretical discussion draws on the approaches of Charles Morris Geoffrey Leech Sh. Safarov Isro Burhoniddin Abdurrahman N. M. Shansky N. A. Lukyanova A. V. Kunin V. N. Teliya and other scholars cited in the source material. The empirical part analyzes phraseological expressions such as “a good egg” “bad blood” “give a good account of yourself” “have something on good authority” “good call” “in someone’s good/bad books” “of good cheer” “be in good company” “put a brave face on something” “so far so good” “give as good as you get” “while the going is good” “all to the good” “as good as” and “as good as gold”. The analysis demonstrates that the pragmatic interpretation of these units depends substantially on context and that the lexemes “good” and “bad” frequently function as carriers of positive or negative evaluation emotional and expressive meaning cultural associations and interpersonal positioning.
Preschool Aged the Children’s Aesthetic Education Methods: An Integrative Approach and Practical Assessment. Masuda, Abdullaeva (2026). 4(2) 301–304.

This article discusses the theoretical foundations principles and practical methods of aesthetic education of preschool children based on an integrative approach. Aesthetic education forms the child's skills in perceiving feeling evaluating and creatively expressing beauty and serves the development of emotional stability speech thinking and fine motor skills. The methods used were the analysis of normative documents and pedagogical sources observation of classes and the modeling of a practical model consisting of the components 'environment-activity-communication evaluation'. As a result systematic recommendations for the organization of aesthetic education in preschool conditions and an observation-based assessment rubric were proposed.
Rauf Parfi And World Literature. Oltinbek, Olim (2026). 4(2) 76–79.

The article is aimed to analyze the views of the Uzbek poet Rauf Parfi on the twentieth century world poetry and its representatives. In particular analyzed his views on creativity of P.Neruda R.Tagor and N.Hikmet. In addition considered R.Parfi’s translations from world poetry and draw appropriate conclusions.
Sehrlandiya: A Heroic Mission. Maftuna, Oydinova (2026). 4(2) 80–84.

This article provides a comprehensive design analysis of the groundbreaking Uzbek animated feature "Sehrlandiya" focusing on the innovative synthesis of national cultural heritage and modern digital animation standards. Through a professional designer’s lens and an interview with Creative Director Shukhrat Asayev the research explores the technical "re-engineering" of medieval Central Asian armor into functional 3D assets a process termed "Digital Blacksmithing." The study examines the application of the "Marvel Formula"—global visual silhouettes and cinematic lighting—to historical Uzbek figures to enhance their appeal to a modern global audience. Furthermore the paper analyzes the emotional resonance of the film specifically how high-quality visual effects and traditional musical motifs (such as the alla) create a visceral experience for the viewer. The findings suggest that "Sehrlandiya" sets a new benchmark for national animation by successfully balancing high-tech 3D logic with deep cultural semiotics proving that historical identity can be effectively revitalized through contemporary visual storytelling.
Innovations in Technology and Science Education Clinical Audit in Healthcare: Principles, Process, and Application to Patient Waiting Times. Akramov Azamat Aziz o’g’li, Rami M F Abuaradeh (2026). 4(3) 59–62.

Clinical audit is a cornerstone of quality improvement in modern healthcare, providing a systematic framework for evaluating and enhancing patient care by comparing current practices against established standards. This review outlines the fundamental principles of clinical audit, including its definition, types, benefits, and the cyclical process of implementation. The audit cycle involves identifying a problem, defining standards, collecting data, analysing results, implementing change, and re-auditing. To illustrate practical application, this paper presents a hypothetical clinical audit focused on patient waiting times in an outpatient setting. Evidence indicates that satisfaction declines after 30 minutes, and it is recommended that at least 90% of patients be seen within 30 minutes of their scheduled appointment. By auditing this key performance indicator, healthcare providers can identify inefficiencies and implement targeted interventions, ultimately improving patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes. This paper synthesises current evidence to demonstrate how clinical audit serves as an effective, cyclical quality improvement tool in contemporary healthcare settings
Lipofilling: Yuzda Yumshoq To‘Qimalar Nuqsonlarini Korreksiya Qilishda Zamonaviy Usul. Muzaffarovna, Aminova Bahora (2026). 4(3) 50–53.

Mazkur maqolada lipofilling usulining yuz sohasidagi yumshoq to‘qima nuqsonlarini bartaraf etishdagi ahamiyati o‘rganilgan. Travmatik, tug‘ma va yoshga bog‘liq o‘zgarishlar natijasida yuzaga keladigan deformatsiyalarni tuzatishda autolog yog‘ transplantats iyasining samaradorligi tahlil qilingan. Yog‘ni olish, qayta ishlash va retsipient zonaga yuborish texnikalari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, usulning afzalliklari, kamchiliklari va mumkin bo‘lgan asoratlari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari lipofillingning z amonaviy rekonstruktiv jarrohlikda muhim o‘rin tutishini ko‘rsatadi
Social and Psychological Characteristics of the Worldview of Modern Youth. Nilufar, Abdullaeva (2026). 4(2) 292–295.

The article analyzes the socio-psychological characteristics of the worldview of modern youth its formation factors and diagnostic indicators. The worldview is interpreted as an integrative mental structure consisting of such components as the value system of a young person social identity civic position attitude to the future and self-awareness in the digital environment. The research methods used were the analysis of scientific literature and normative and strategic documents conceptual modeling design of questionnaires and monitoring tools and expert assessment. As a result a 5-component model for assessing the worldview of young people (cognitive value-normative social-identifying emotional-evaluative behavioral-attitudinal) and a set of practical indicators for them were proposed. Also recommendations were developed for planning prevention and development work in educational institutions taking into account individual psychological differences family-community influence and media-socialization features. The discussion argues that factors such as digitization globalization the speed of information flow and social unrest are intensifying the processes of polarization (conflict of values) and hybridity (harmony of tradition and modernity) in the worldview of young people.
MÖBIUS QUANTUM COMPUTATION: A NEW TOPOLOGICAL RESOURCE FOR QUANTUM ERROR CANCELLATION MAC LOUGHLIN, José Luis; SANCHEZ, Norma G. (2026).
Effectiveness of a nurse-led phone intervention on body composition in adults with prediabetes and overweight/obesity: PREDIPHONE secondary analysis. Garcia-Coll, Natalia; Arias-Fernández, María; Abbate, Manuela; Torres-Carballo, Marina; Huguet-Torres, Aina; Zamanillo-Campos, Rocío; Ricci-Cabello, Ignacio; Bennasar-Veny, Miquel; Yañez, Aina Maria; Galmes-Panades, Aina M (2026). 17 1911675–1911675.

BACKGROUND: Prediabetes and obesity are strongly linked to metabolic risk, with visceral adipose tissue playing a central role. Lifestyle interventions combining physical activity and healthy diet are effective for body composition improvement, but most are resource-intensive. Evidence on low-intensity, scalable approaches delivered by primary care professionals, such as nurse-led telephone interventions, remains limited. This secondary analysis of the PREDIPHONE randomized controlled trial assessed the effectiveness of a low-intensity nurse-led telephone lifestyle intervention on body composition outcomes at 4 months (mid-intervention), 9 months (end of intervention), and 15 months (6 months post-intervention). METHODS: The analysis included 174 participants with available body composition data originally enrolled in the PREDIPHONE trial. Original group allocation was retained. Body composition parameters (fat mass, muscle mass, and visceral adipose tissue) were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis at each time point. Physical activity and adherence to the Mediterranean diet were assessed using validated questionnaires. Group differences were evaluated using general linear models adjusted for baseline values, age, and sex. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 61.1 years, and 52.3% were women. Compared with the active SMS-based control group, the intervention group achieved short-term reductions in visceral adipose tissue and fat mass at 4 months. These changes were not maintained at 9 or 15 months. No significant differences were observed in muscle mass or body mass index. CONCLUSION: In this population, a low-intensity, nurse-led telephone intervention produced modest short-term improvements in body composition without sustained effects. More intensive or prolonged strategies may be required to produce clinically meaningful and sustainable changes in primary care settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT04735640.
The Pragmatic Functions of Rhetorical Strategies in Senator Ademola Adeleke’s Acceptance Speech. Benita, Azoma N. Desmond | Ukwajunor (2026). 4(9) 119–129.

Political acceptance speeches are strategic communicative events in which a newly declared winner consolidates legitimacy reconciles a divided electorate and projects a governing vision. This study examines the pragmatic functions of the rhetorical strategies deployed in the acceptance speech delivered by Senator Ademola Adeleke following his re-election as Governor of Osun State Nigeria. Adopting a qualitative descriptive design the study integrates Austin's and Searle's speech act theory Grice's theory of conversational implicature and Brown and Levinson's politeness theory with the classical Aristotelian appeals of ethos pathos and logos to interrogate how meaning is strategically constructed and performed. The speech was analysed at the level of individual utterances and larger discourse units to identify the dominant rhetorical strategies and the pragmatic acts they perform. The findings reveal that Adeleke employs a cluster of interrelated strategies including inclusive personal pronouns repetition and parallelism antithesis metaphor religious and political allusion and gratitude formulae and that these strategies perform identifiable pragmatic functions such as asserting thanking promising conceding reconciling and appealing. The study concludes that rhetorical strategy in the speech is not ornamental but functional: it enacts speech acts generates implicatures and manages the face wants of a heterogeneous audience in the service of political legitimation and national reconciliation. The study contributes to the pragmatics of Nigerian political discourse and offers a replicable framework for analysing the persuasive architecture of acceptance speeches.
Biomarkers Used in Screening Patients for Diabetic Nephropathy and Their Target Indicators. Xalbayeva, Murodova Asila | Donaldo Francis | Zubayda (2026). 3(2) 56–61.

Diabetic nephropathy continues to be a common cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. Early identification using reliable biomarkers is necessary for intervention preventing irreversible kidney injury. We review established and novel biomarkers that have the potential to screen patients with diabetes for nephropathy, and assess the diagnostic accuracy, predictive ability and practical application of these predictors. Urinary albumin excretion, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, serum creatinine levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are traditional measures still routinely used for screening purposes. New biomarkers such as cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, transforming growth factor-β and inflammatory cytokines offer the advantage of earlier detection of tubular and glomerular injury. The findings suggest that when using the conventional markers and emerging markers of sensitivity for risk assessment are enhanced. End points used for screening are microalbuminuria, lowered GFR, structural kidney damage and risk of progression. Novel multiple biomarker panel for the early detection of end-stage renal disease in patients with diabetes. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a relentlessly progressive renal disease in diabetes mellitus (DM) that accounts for an increasing proportion of chronic kidney failure globally. Successful screening requires sensitive and specific biomarkers that distinguish early structural and functional kidney alterations prior to the development of irreversible damage. This review investigates common and novel laboratory markers used in simple and more complex screening protocols, with particular regard to the clinical targets addressed and their prognostic relevance. Traditional markers including U ACR and eGFR only offer fundamental evaluation of glomerular function and filtration efficiency. Other biomarkers such as cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1 and pro-inflammatory mediators can detect more subtle tubular injury and early fibrogenic activity. There is evidence for an integrated biomarker approach to increase diagnostic accuracy, improve risk prediction, and aid early treatment. Estimation of optimal target values for each indicator is necessary to retard the progression of diabetic disease and minimize the long-term consequences on the kidney and cardiovascular system.
An Economic and Econometric Analysis of the Impact of Key Economic Variables on Cotton Production in Iraq. Al-Tamimi, Dawood Fahad Abdullah | Abbas Abd Ahmed (2026). 3(2) 109–123.

Cotton remains an essential crop for Iraq’s industry, contributing substantially to its gross domestic product, employment, and input to local industry. Despite its importance, cotton production in Iraq was subject to fluctuations between 1995 and 2021, averaging a land area of 13,690 hectares (range from 3 to 26,995 hectares) and averaging a production level of 24,078 tons (range from 3 to 45,278 tons). This study examined the influence of some major economic factors, including the land area, gross domestic product, crop price index, and productivity, on cotton production in Iraq through a time-series econometric model. The results from the unit roots tests, including the Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Phillips-Perron tests, showed that the variables were non-stationary at their level but became stationary after first differencing. This study adopted the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model, which was appropriate for this study due to its ability to capture the short-run and long-run effects, especially for small samples. The results showed that the variables explained about 94% of the fluctuations in cotton production, thereby indicating the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. The error term was -0.339, which indicated that deviations from equilibrium correct themselves after a period of about three years. The Gross Domestic Product was found to have a significant positive influence on cotton production in Iraq, while the crop price index was seen to positively influence cotton production, with a small degree of responsiveness for farmers in the short-run as well as the long-run. Productivity was seen to positively influence cotton production in Iraq. This study therefore highlights the need for the use of cointegration and error correction models for more reliable results compared to regression models. It therefore recommended that the government should ensure that cotton farmers are provided with essential items, irrigation systems, as well as price support, while at the same time improving their productivity through integrated strategies for marketing and agricultural credit to stabilize cotton production in Iraq. From the results obtained, this study showed that for cotton production in Iraq to improve, there was a need for economic interventions to ensure that cotton was not neglected.
Haematological Parameters and on Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Garlic and Turmeric Powder Mixture. J.O, Oluwafemi R.A. | Azeezat Olayinka Olatunji | Agubosi O.C.P. | Sadiq Hauwa | Alagbe (2026). 3(2) 1–12.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) powder mixture at ratio 1:1 on the performance of broiler chickens. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) day old (Arbor Acres) broiler chicks were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated three times, with ten birds per replicate. A basal diet was formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of broiler chicks and served as the control diet (treatment 1). Birds on treatments 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed the basal diet with garlic and turmeric powder mixture at 0.2g, 0.4g, 0.6g, and 0.8g inclusion levels, respectively. Feed and clean water were provided ad-libitum throughout the experimental period, which lasted for 56 days. Data were collected on blood indices. Results of phytochemical composition show alkaloids (6.22%), terpenoids (5.78%), flavonoids (12.12%), phenols (4.67%), saponins (3.09%), oxalates (0.21%), and tannins (7.88%). The result of the haematological parameters indicated a significant difference (P<0.05) in packed cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration. The white blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes indicate significant (P<0.05) differences in dietary treatments. The serum biochemistry result showed significant (p<0.05) difference in all the parameter measured. Creatinine (mg/dl) indicated a higher significant (P<0.05) effect in 0.8 g than other dietary treatments. However, cholesterol (mg/dl), alanine phosphatase (µ/L), aspartate aminotransferase (µ/L), and alanine transaminase (µ/L) indicated a higher significant effect (P<0.05) in the control diet. Hence the results obtained from this research can be recommended for the inclusion of a garlic and turmeric powder mixture up to 0.8 g that improves blood indices and overall health of the chickens; this implies that their use can be recommended to farmers in place of antibiotics and growth promoters.
Distinct Humoral Immune Profiles in Non-Hospitalized Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus with Autoimmune Flare versus Bacterial Pneumonia. Jomah, Ashraf Fadhil (2026). 3(2) 13–18.

Humoral immune dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and serves as a useful tool for differentiating disease activity from infectious processes in pediatric patients. In routine clinical settings the pediatric SLE flares and bacterial infections frequently present with overlapping clinical features and creating diagnostic uncertainty and potentially delaying appropriate treatment. This study evaluated multiple humoral immune indicators that including complement proteins (C3 and C4), total complement activity (CH50), autoantibodies (anti–double-stranded DNA and antinuclear antibodies), and serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, and IgA). The analysis included two groups of ambulatory children aged 5–10 years: one group experiencing SLE disease activity (n = 30) and another with SLE complicated by bacterial pneumonia (n = 30). Laboratory measurements were performed using nephelometric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunoturbidimetric techniques. Children with active SLE exhibited pronounced reductions in C3, C4, and CH50 levels and along with significantly increased anti-dsDNA titers, reflecting active immune complex–driven inflammation. patients diagnosed with bacterial pneumonia demonstrated elevated IgM and IgA levels which is consistent with an infection-related humoral immune response. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a combined assessment of C3, C4, and anti-dsDNA provided high diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing disease flare from infection (AUC = 0.92). humoral immune marker evaluation represents a practical outpatient tool for differentiating SLE flares from bacterial infections and guiding appropriate therapy in pediatric patients.
Long-Term Clinical Performance of Zirconia-Based Prostheses in Posterior Teeth Rehabilitation. ugli | Akhmedov Alisher Astanovich, Abdukhamidov Jurabek Laziz (2026). 3(2) 19–22.

The use of zirconia-based prostheses for posterior teeth rehabilitation has gained widespread acceptance due to their favorable mechanical properties, esthetic potential, and biocompatibility. This study evaluates the long-term clinical performance of zirconia restorations in posterior regions, focusing on survival rate, marginal integrity, chipping incidence, wear patterns, and periodontal health. Evidence from longitudinal clinical trials and systematic reviews indicates that monolithic and veneered zirconia crowns and bridges demonstrate high survival rates, low complication frequencies, and predictable functional outcomes over periods exceeding five years. Factors influencing performance include material composition, sintering protocols, prosthesis design, occlusal scheme, antagonist material, and cementation technique. Clinical outcomes are assessed in terms of structural stability, occlusal adaptation, patient-reported satisfaction, and biological response of supporting periodontal tissues. Findings support the use of zirconia prostheses as a reliable restorative option for posterior dentition, combining durability, esthetics, and periodontal compatibility. The study underscores the importance of meticulous preparation, appropriate occlusal adjustment, and adherence to manufacturer guidelines to optimize long-term success.
Wear Resistance and Longevity of Contemporary Dental Restorative Materials. ugli | Islamova Nilufar Bustanovna, Turayev Ismoil Allayor (2026). 3(2) 23–26.

The durability of dental restorative materials is critical for maintaining oral function, aesthetics, and patient satisfaction over time. Contemporary materials, including composite resins, glass ionomer cements, ceramics, resin-modified glass ionomers, hybrid ceramics, and high-strength polymers, offer diverse mechanical properties and wear resistance profiles suitable for posterior and anterior restorations. This study aims to evaluate the wear resistance, surface degradation, and long-term clinical performance of commonly used dental restorative materials under simulated masticatory conditions and in vivo follow-up. A total of 200 restorations were evaluated over a five-year period, including direct composite restorations, indirect CAD/CAM ceramic inlays/onlays, and glass ionomer restorations. Wear measurements were assessed using profilometry, digital imaging, and clinical evaluation scales, while longevity was recorded through survival analysis of restoration integrity, fracture, marginal adaptation, and secondary caries incidence. Results indicate that high-strength ceramics and hybrid CAD/CAM materials exhibit superior wear resistance and minimal surface degradation, maintaining functional and aesthetic integrity over time, whereas conventional composite resins demonstrate moderate wear, influenced by filler content, polymerization technique, and occlusal load. Glass ionomer-based materials display faster surface wear, especially under heavy occlusal stress, but offer fluoride release and ease of repair. Overall, material selection should balance mechanical performance, aesthetic requirements, and clinical handling characteristics to optimize long-term restoration success. This comprehensive evaluation highlights the importance of evidence-based material choice, patient-specific occlusal assessment, and regular monitoring to ensure longevity and functional outcomes.
Seminal plasma Oxidative stress (MDA) and Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) its clinical relation to testosterone and prolactin hormon in oligozoospermia men. Khosho, Ammar Talal Salih | Haider Abdul-Kareem Mohammad Alwafi | Edwar Zeya (2026). 3(2) 27–39.

This case-control study aimed to investigate the relationship between reproductive hormones, oxidative stress markers, and antioxidant capacity in men with oligozoospermia. A total of 200 participants were enrolled, comprising 100 oligozoospermic men and 100 fertile controls. Seminal levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were assessed alongside serum concentrations of testosterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol. Compared to controls, the oligozoospermic group exhibited significantly higher oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated MDA levels (p<0.001), and significantly lower antioxidant capacity, reflected by reduced TAC levels (p<0.001). Hormonal analysis revealed significantly increased testosterone (p<0.001) and decreased prolactin (p<0.001) levels in infertile men. Strong inverse correlations were observed between MDA and testosterone, as well as between TAC and prolactin. These findings suggest that oligozoospermia is associated with a distinct biochemical profile characterized by heightened oxidative damage, impaired antioxidant defense, and altered endocrine regulation. The study highlights the potential clinical utility of integrating oxidative and hormonal biomarkers for a more comprehensive diagnostic approach to male infertility, reflecting its multifactorial pathophysiology.
Anesthesia-Related Risk Factors and Health Outcomes of Postoperative Urinary Retention in Appendectomy Patients. Abdulkafi, Sabeeh Hussein Salih Mutar | Ahmed Muwafaq Younus Al-Darkazali | Ali Qais (2026). 3(2) 40–45.

Background: postoperative urinary retention (POUR) can delay recovery after appendectomy and may increase catheter-related complications. This study evaluated anesthesia-related factors and early urinary outcomes in appendectomy patients. Methods: a study of 100 appendectomy patients was analyzed. Variables included anesthesia type, surgical approach, catheter use, time to first void, and POUR status. Association between POUR and categorical variable were tested using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests as appropriate. Time to first avoid was compared between anesthesia group using Student’s t-tests with Mann-Witney U as sensitivity analysis, binomial logistic regression assessed anesthesia type and surgical approach as predictors of POUR. Results: POUR occurred in 7/100 (7.0%) patients. General anesthesia was used in 84% and spinal anesthesia was used in 16%: surgery was laparoscopic in 82% and open in 18%. POUR rates were 6.0% (5/84) under general anesthesia and 12.5% (2/16) under spinal anesthesia, with no significant association (χ² p=0.347: Fisher p=0.311). POUR occurred in 8.5% (7/82) of laparoscopic cases and 0% (0/18) od open cases (χ² p= 0.995: Fisher p=0.345). time to first void did not differ significantly between anesthesia groups (t (98) = -1.04, p=0.302: Mann-Whitney U p=0.449). logistic regression showed no significant predictors (Spinal vs General: β=0.742, p=0.407: open vs laparoscopic β= -17.137, p=0.995: AIC=53.2: McFadden R²= 0.069), with spare data instability due to zero POUR events in open group. Conclusion: POUR incidence was 7% with no statistically significant association with anesthesia type or surgical approach. Larger prospective studies with standardized definitions are warranted.
Treatment of Hoof Diseases in Large Ruminants. Dauletbaev, M.O. Sagizbaev | G.M. Kurbaniyazova | A.R. Yusupov | N.P. (2026). 3(2) 46–50.

Rustergol ulcer is a significant hoof disorder affecting cattle, causing lameness, reduced productivity, and welfare concerns. This study investigated the prevalence of Rustergolz ulcers and compared the efficacy of two treatment protocols: conventional 10% tetracycline ointment and a combination of Amoxicillin 150 antibiotic with Butofan biostimulator. Clinical observations, wound management, and healing outcomes were recorded over a 27-day period. The results demonstrated faster recovery and improved general condition in cattle treated with Amoxicillin and Butofan, highlighting their effectiveness in managing Rustergol ulcers.
Changes in the Body of a Pregnant Woman as a Result of Hyperthyroidism. qizi | Togayeva Gulnora Siddikovna, Abduganiyeva Malika Bekzod (2026). 3(2) 51–55.

Pregnancy with hyperthyroidism is a major clinical endocrine disorder, which seriously affects the physiological state and development of the mother and fetus. Sustained overproduction of thyroid hormone changes metabolic, cardiovascular, thermal and immune response function, adding maladaptive traits to the normal physiologic responses characteristic of pregnancy. Given that pregnancy by itself causes a significant hormonal and hemodynamic modification, differentiating between abnormal hyperthyroidism and gestational thyroid fluctuations can be difficult for the physician. This article reviews the systemic changes in a pregnant patient with hyperthyroidism, specifically the metabolic, cardiovascular ,hematologic, and obstetric outcomes. Emphasis is given to pathophysiological mechanisms, maternal–foetal interactions, and clinical implications for observation and management. Understanding these physiological adaptations is crucial for preventing adverse outcomes such as preeclampsia, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction and neonatal thyroid dysfunction. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is characterized by dramatic changes in metabolism, cardiovascular and endocrine function, all potentially affecting the health of both mother and fetus. Excessive thyroid hormone overstimulates resting metabolic activity, heart work and nutrients utilization as it adds to the normal physiological states of gestation. There is evidence that untreated or suboptimally treated hyperthyroidism leads to adverse obstetric outcomes such as miscarriage, preterm birth, and low-birth-weight newborns and that the infants have an increased incidence of neonatal thyroid dysfunction. This review compiles the current knowledge on systemic manifestations of maternal hyperthyroidism, focusing on mechanisms underlying metabolic alterations, cardiac stress and immune modulation. In the following we focus on clinical management and intervention measures directed at reducing maternal and fetal risks.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Endocrine Diseases in Children and Adolescents. Xalbayeva, Begmatova Sevara | Zubayda (2026). 3(2) 62–66.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most common chronic liver condition among children, heavily linked to obesity and endocrine malfunction. In this context, comorbidities of NAFLD together with endocrine diseases such T2DM, insulin resistance (IR), hypothyroidism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), growth hormone deficiency and Cushing's syndrome significantly increase the risk of metabolic impairments as well as NAFLD progression. The purpose of the present study was to investigate clinical, and metabolic features associated with NAFLD in children and adolescents having concomitant endocrine diseases, assess laboratory and imaging profiles, and determine their effects on the severity of a disease. Cross sectional observational design was used to measure anthropometry, hormones, lab indices and liver of Ultrasound. The findings show an interaction of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hormones and hepatic steatosis. Children with concomitant endocrine pathology had higher alanine aminotransferase, hepatic fat content and systemic inflammation markers than those with normal hormonal studies. Early recognition, together with a more comprehensive management approach is necessary to avoid progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and consequential long-term cardiometa*bolic health implications. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents has emerged as a major metabolic comorbidity associated with endocrine dysregulation. Hepatic steatosis and endocrinopathies (frequently in the form of obesity-related insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, growth hormone deficiency, hypercortisolism and polycystic ovary syndrome) coexist in many instances and have considerable effect on the onset, progression and outcome of these conditions. This paper reviews the clinical manifestations, metabolic disturbances, and functional hepatic alterations encountered in children with hepatopathy occurring simultaneously with endocrinopathy. Evidence suggests that the imbalance of hormones further aggravates lipid deposition in hepatocytes, inflammation and fibrotic alteration. Administrative health data Children with endocrine co-morbid conditions show more significant biochemical changes, such as elevated transaminases of the liver, dyslipidemia and disturbed glucose metabolism. An early detection of endocrine risk factors may provide an opportunity for early intervention with a focus on restoring metabolic stability and preventing severe liver damage. Comprehensive, collaborative and integrated management approaches are required to optimize long-term outcomes and minimize cardiometabolic risk in this vulnerable population.
Parameterized Fuzzy Negation for Complex Query Answering over Knowledge Graphs. Kapoor, Sourabh; Sharma, Arnab; Heindorf, Stefan; Demir, Caglar; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille (2026).
Impact of Heavy Metal Accumulation on Physiological and Immunological Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Hussien, Nour Alaa Aldein (2026). 3(2) 67–73.

Background & Aim: Heavy metal exposure has been associated with metabolic alteration and inflammation, which could promote the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Heavy metals along with detection limit results on physiological and immunological parameters were carried out in T2DM patients. Materials & Methods: Case-control study was performed among 110 T2DM patients and 110 healthy subjects at Kirkuk Teaching Hospital (May–September 2025). Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS), HbA1c, liver function enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β) and blood levels of Pb, Ni and Cd were evaluated. Relationships of heavy metals to clinical and immunological parameters were examined. Results: FBS (168.4 ± 35.2 vs 92.6 ± 11.8 mg/dL) and HbA1c (8.3 ± 1.2 vs 5.4±0.5%) were significantly higher in T2DM patients compared to the controls (p <0.001). Liver enzymes, TNF‑α, IL‑6 and IL‑1β and blood heavy metals (Pb: 12.3 ± 3.1 µg/dL, Ni: 7.8 ± 2.4 µg/L,Cd: 1.9 ± 0.7 µg/dL) levels were significantly higher among patients compared with controls (all p < 0.01). Pb and Cd were strongly correlated with FBS, HbA1c and cytokines levels (r = 0.39–0.61, p < 0.01), whereas Ni exerted a less pronounced but significant correlation. Conclusion: Chronic heavy metals exposure is related with unsatisfactory glycemic control and systemic inflammation in T2DM patients, which underscores the significance of environmental toxicants as a modifiable risk factor.
Structure and Functions of the Liver (HEPAR). qizi, Kattaxodjayeva Dinara Utkurxodjayevna | Samatov Akmal Xushbakovich | Samatova Maftuna Gulom (2026). 3(2) 74–78.

This paper examines the growing liver anlage , which is divided into two parts – cranial and caudal. The liver is the second-largest organ in the human body (the largest being the skin) and the largest gland, weighing approximately 1-1.5 kg. It also serves as a link between the digestive system and the bloodstream. Most of its blood (70-80%) comes from the portal vein, which collects blood from the stomach, intestine, and spleen; only a smaller volume (20-30%) comes from the hepatic artery.
Effect of Low-Energy Ion Implantation on Semiconductors. Odilova Nilufar Jurayeva, Allayarova Gulmira Xolmuratovna (2026). 3(2) 79–85.

"This paper provides a physical definition of the concept of ion implantation and a schematic of an ion implantation setup. It is shown that the key parameters for determining ion implantation modes are the energy of accelerated ions and the irradiation dose. The results demonstrate that ions exhibit significant lateral scattering, which leads to changes in the size of the selective implantation regions, where theory allows for the calculation of ion ranges in solids."
Molecular Characterization and Identification of Aflatoxigenic Fungi Associated with Poultry Feed in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Okpabi, Ngozi O. Izuchukwu Thankyou Saturday (2026). 3(2) 86–98.

"The contamination of livestock feeds by aflatoxigenic fungi poses significant health and economic risks, affecting both animal productivity and human food safety. This study investigated the occurrence, molecular characterization, and aflatoxigenic potential of fungal contaminants in commercial poultry feeds obtained from Rumuolumeni, Mile III, and Choba in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. About nine feed samples (starter, grower, and finisher) were aseptically collected and analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Ten grams of each sample were serially diluted and inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) supplemented with chloramphenicol to isolate fungal species. Distinct colonies were purified and identified based on morphology and molecular characteristics. DNA was extracted using the CTAB method, and the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region was amplified with ITS1/ITS4 primers. The resulting PCR products were sequenced, analyzed via BLAST on the NCBI database, and phylogenetically compared using MEGA 11 software. Aflatoxin production was confirmed through culture on YES agar, methanol extraction, immunoaffinity purification, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) quantification. Results revealed that all feed samples were contaminated with fungi, with Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus species identified. Molecular analysis confirmed A. flavus as the predominant aflatoxigenic fungus, clustering with known aflatoxin-producing lineages (bootstrap 85–92%). HPLC analysis showed that A. flavus isolates produced Aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁, and G₂, with B₁ being the most dominant and toxic (45.6–60.2 µg/kg). It is concluded that poultry feeds in the study area are significantly contaminated with aflatoxigenic A. flavus, posing serious food and feed safety concerns. The study recommends strict quality control during feed production, proper storage conditions, and routine screening for aflatoxins to safeguard animal and public health."
Neonatal Bacteremia Caused by Staphylococcus Epidermidis in Kirkuk City. Abdulsalam, Zahraa Ayid Ahmed | Ahmed Mahdi Hassan | Mustafa J. Jalal | Rabia Khalid (2026). 3(2) 99–110.

This study investigated cases of neonatal bacteremia and identified the causative agent in Kirkuk City. Eighty blood samples were collected from a cohort of neonates presenting with clinical signs of bloodstream infection who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit for sick and preterm infants. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated and identified based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological tests. Twenty-five (25) of the eighty samples (31.25%) yielded positive cultures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of selected isolates indicated susceptibility to vancomycin, amikacin, and teicoplanin, and demonstrated that penicillin was ineffective for the treatment of the bacteremia. The production of certain virulence factors by the isolates under study was also examined; the isolates differed in their ability to produce beta-lactamase enzymes and other virulence determinants.
Oxidative Stress in Animals and the Balance Between Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Antioxidant Systems. Mohammed, Asmaa Jamal (2026). 3(2) 111–120.

Oxidative stress which results from the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant defense is a fundamental issue influencing animal health and productivity. Excessive ROS can cause oxidations of lipids, proteins and DNA, which results in growth retardation, reproductive depression, immunosuppression of animals and low quality of animal products. In this review, the main sources of ROS will be addressed along with how they play a role in oxidative stress in biological systems and how antioxidant defenses - both enzymatic and non-enzymatic -come into play. Regular management strategies and environment are identified as effective measures to counteract oxidative stress, as well as based nutritional interventions (i.e., vitamins, trace elements and phytochemicals). Furthermore, recent techniques of biomarkers and molecular diagnosis allow the early detection, the phytoplanktic redox imbalance as well as species specific management. The balance between ROS and the antioxidant system is absolutely necessary to optimize growth, reproduction, immune status, and product quality in animals. Further studies are required for the optimization of interventions and to explore new biomarkers in order to more accurately assess oxidative stress.
A Comparative Study of the Prevalence of Bl00d Gr0ups System and Rhesus Factor in a Sample of Donors from the Cities of Samawah and Rumaytha. Alfahad, Ahmed A. N. (2026). 3(2) 121–127.

An analysis of the distribution pattern and prevalence of (ABO) blood group and (Rh) rhesus factor among the targetwas studied among 780 individuals in the cities of Samawah and Rumaitha. The findings of our study revealed that blood group O had the highest prevalence among both males and females, with 266 individuals (34.2%). In contrast, blood group AB showed the lowest prevalence, accounting for 62 individuals (7.9 %). Blood group A was observed in 246 individuals (31.5 %), while blood group B was identified in 206 individuals (26.4 %). Analysis of the distribution of Rh that O⁺ was the most common phenotype, observed in 246 individuals (31.5 %), whereas AB⁺ was the least common among Rh-positive groups, with 60 cases (7.7 %). Among Rh-negative phenotypes, O⁻ showed the highest proportion, with 19 individuals (2.4 %), while AB⁻ represented the lowest proportion, with 2 individuals (o.3 %). This research was undertaken to determine the patterns of distribution of the ABO and Rh blood group systems within the general population of Samawah and Rumaytha.
Effects of Low-Energy Ion Implantation on the Physicochemical Properties of Si Oxides. qizi, Allayarova Gulmira Xolmuratovna | Allanazarova Sarvinoz Shavkat (2026). 3(2) 128–133.

"Thin SiO2 films were obtained by implanting O2+ ions into Si combined with thermal annealing. Oxide films obtained in an UHV setup by thermal oxidation were also used for comparison. Auger electron spectra revealed that these regions contain Si atoms (Figure 2). The degree of coverage of the Si surface with silicon oxide was estimated by the ratio of the area of the Auger peak L23VV of silicon in Si (91 eV) and in SiO2 (76 eV). By varying the ion dose within the range from ~ 8•1015 to 4•1016, the sizes of nanosites can be regulated within the range from 5 – 10 nm to 20 – 25. At D ≤ 8•1016 cm-2, the formation of an island film of SiO2 was observed. Based on experimental studies, it was established that when bombarding SiO2 with Ar+ ions in the surface region of SiO2 at low doses (D ≤5• 1015 cm-2), individual nanocluster regions enriched with up to 50−60 at.%."
Effectiveness of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Cardioesophageal Junction Cancer. Tuychiev, Yakhyo Sheraliyevich | Abrorjon Ahmadjonovich Yusupbekov | Gafur Normurodovich Saidov | Elyor Ergashboevich Juraev | Bekzod Boymatovich Usmonov | Otabek Dilshodovich (2026). 3(2) 134–137.

"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) plays an important role in the multimodal treatment of cardioesophageal junction cancer (CEJC), particularly in locally advanced stages. This study evaluated the clinical and pathological effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy administered according to FLOT and DCF regimens in patients with stage IIIb–IVa disease. Forty-seven patients received 4–6 cycles of chemotherapy, and treatment response was assessed using MSCT or PET-CT imaging and repeat histological examination. Overall treatment response was achieved in 87.2% of patients, including complete regression in 19.1% and partial regression in 68.0% of cases. Pathological response assessment according to Lavnikova’s criteria demonstrated grade III–IV therapeutic pathomorphosis in 12.8% of patients. Although adverse effects were observed in 59.4% of cases, severe toxicity (grade III) was rare and manageable. The findings confirm the clinical effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced cardioesophageal junction cancer, while indicating its partial but not definitive impact on tumor regression."
Tokenizing the Graph: Attentive Byte-pair Encoding for Knowledge Graph Embeddings. Kouagou, N’Dah Jean; Sharma, Arnab; Purohit, Harshit; Demir, Caglar; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille (2026).
Stages of Development and Artistic-Philosophical Evolution in Hermann Hesse’s Works. Allaberganovna, Babaniyozova Oydin (2026). 4(2) 271–274.

This article analyzes the stages of development in Hermann Hesse's creative work as well as the evolution of changes in his poetic system and the concept of the hero using an evolutionary approach. The research employs biographical-contextual comparative-typological and motivational analysis methods. The results indicate a consistent deepening of the "inner journey" paradigm throughout Hesse's works. The study further clarifies the criteria for periodization in literary studies.
Antropogen Sho‘Rlanish Sharoitida Glycyrrhiza Glabra.L Asosida Ekotizim Barqarorligini Tiklash Mexanizmlari. Islamova G.A, Oʻsarova A.Z (2026). 4(3) 63–64.

Ushbu maqolada antropogen sho‘rlanish sharoitida degradatsiyaga uchragan tuproqlarda ekotizim barqarorligini tiklash mexanizmlari o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqot obyekti sifatida Jizzax viloyati G‘allaorol tumani hududidagi kuchli sho‘rlangan tuproqlar tanlab olingan bo‘lib, asosiy e’tibor Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (shirinmiya) o‘simligining biomeliorativ xususiyatlariga qaratilgan. Tadqiqot davomida tuproqning dastlabki agrokimyoviy ko‘rsatkichlari, jumladan suvda eruvchan tuzlar miqdori (2,9–3,0 %) va xlor anionlari (0,30–0,40 %) aniqlangan. Vegetatsiya davrida olib borilgan sug‘orish ishlari va o‘simlikning ildiz tizimi rivojlanishi natijasida tuproqdagi tuzlarning pastki qatlamlarga yuvilishi hamda ularning umumiy miqdori kamayishi kuzatilgan. Birinchi vegetatsiya davri oxiriga kelib suvda eruvchan tuzlar 2,13 % gacha, xlor anionlari esa 0,07–0,08 % gacha kamaygan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, shirinmiya o‘simligi tuproqning suv-tuz rejimini tartibga solishda, kapillyar namlik harakatini cheklashda va tuzlarning vertikal migratsiyasini o‘zgartirishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Bundan tashqari, u tuproq strukturasi va biologik faolligini yaxshilab, agroekotizimning ekologik barqarorligini oshirishga xizmat qiladi. Shu bois, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. sho‘rlangan tuproqlarni tabiiy yo‘l bilan tiklashda samarali biomeliorativ vosita sifatida tavsiya etiladi
Teachers Preparedness in Crisis Prevention and Intervention in Inclusive Classrooms. Mamites, Adelfa E. Rallos | Jonieta N. Joyo | Juvelyn C. Polinar | Danilo P. Malasaga | Jr. Irene O. (2026). 4(2) 76–100.

This study investigated the relationship between the level of knowledge in Special Education principles and the confidence of teachers in handling learners with disabilities at Tabok Elementary School I Mandaue City Division during the 2025–2026 school year serving as a basis for the formulation of an Action Plan. The demographic profile of the respondents including age gender highest educational attainment teaching position and years of teaching experience was collected to provide essential context for interpreting the results. Data were gathered through a structured survey questionnaire and descriptive statistics were used. The relationship between the two variables was examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Findings revealed that the teaching workforce was predominantly young and female with most holding bachelor’s degrees. The Teacher II group comprised the largest group and the majority had 6–10 years of teaching experience. Teachers were moderately knowledgeable in Special Education principles with higher ratings in understanding disabilities effective classroom management collaboration with SPED teachers and use of assistive technologies. At the same time knowledge of laws and designing IEPs were weaker areas. Confidence levels were also moderate with higher confidence in managing classroom behavior and assessing learner progress while communicating with parents was the lowest. Correlation analysis indicated a weak negative and statistically non-significant relationship between knowledge and confidence suggesting that knowledge alone does not ensure higher confidence. The study concluded that teachers are moderately knowledgeable and confident and recommended the implementation of an Action Plan focusing on specialized workshops mentoring and collaboration with SPED teachers to enhance both knowledge and confidence in inclusive teaching.
" A Comparative Cognitive-Pragmatic Analysis of English and Russian Idiomatic Expressions and Their Translation in Digital Media ". Rasuleva, Khursana (2026). 4(9) 64–68.

This article presents a comparative cognitive-pragmatic analysis of English and Russian idiomatic expressions and examines the ways in which their meanings cultural connotations and pragmatic functions are preserved or transformed in translation within digital media. Particular attention is given to the relationship between idiomatic meaning conceptual structures cultural knowledge emotional evaluation and communicative intentions. The study explores how English and Russian idioms reflect culturally specific conceptualizations and how these features influence their interpretation in online communication including social media digital journalism blogs and other internet-based platforms. The analysis also identifies major translation strategies used to render idiomatic expressions including equivalence substitution paraphrase literal translation and contextual adaptation. The findings demonstrate that successful translation of idioms in digital media requires not only linguistic competence but also cognitive and pragmatic awareness of the source and target cultures. The comparative perspective reveals both universal conceptual patterns and culture-specific meanings underlying English and Russian idiomatic expressions. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of intercultural communication and provides a theoretical basis for improving the accuracy naturalness and pragmatic effectiveness of idiom translation in contemporary digital discourse.
Influence of Foundation Soil Variability on the Dynamic Response of Regular High Rise Frame Building Subjected to Long Duration Seismic Sequences. khalaf Jaddoa, Mohammed (2026). 4(9) 17–23.

Soil conditions can vary from one location to another; therefore, it is essential to give this factor due consideration during the analysis process. This study examined a 20-story building with a frame structural system, analyzing its performance under various soil types as defined by the American code. The impact of soil variation on shear force, displacement, and internal column forces was evaluated. Results indicated a difference of up to 100% in shear force between stiff and soft soils, with shear force increasing as the soil transitioned from stiff to soft.
Modern Approaches to Improving Urban Transportation System Efficiency. Jumamurat, Gaipov Sharipbay | Adilbaev Ismail | Kutlumuratov (2026). 4(9) 10–16.

This article analyzes the theoretical and practical aspects of improving public passenger transport routes. The development of modern cities, the acceleration of urbanization processes, and population growth are imposing new requirements on transport systems. The efficiency of the urban transport network directly affects the convenience of movement for the population, economic activity, and environmental sustainability. During the study, methods for optimizing public transport routes, mechanisms for managing traffic flows, principles for forming routes based on passenger demand, and opportunities for using digital technologies were studied. Based on international experience, the integrated operation of bus, trolleybus, tram, and metro systems was also analyzed.
Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge and Management of Diabetic Foot and its Correlation with Hba1c Levels in Al - Diwaniyah Hospitals. Al, Ala’a Hasan Jasim; and foa’adi, Yahia Falih Mohammad (2026). 4(3) 18–25.

One of the main consequences of diabetes mellitus is diabetic foot, which can result in infection, ulceration, or even amputation. Nurses are essential to management, early detection, and prevention. Poor patient outcomes, however, might be caused by gaps in practice and knowledge. HbA1c is a crucial biomarker that indicates the risk of complications and glycemic management. Objective: to evaluate nurses' diabetic foot knowledge and treatment methods and ascertain how they relate to patients' HbA1c levels at Al - Diwaniyah hospitals. Methods: A cross - sectional descriptive - correlational study was carried out among nurses in particular hospitals in Al - Diwaniyah. Knowledge and the Management/Practice Checklist were evaluated using a structured questionnaire, and real practices were verified using an observation checklist. Patients' HbA1c readings (from records within three months) were connected to the care provided by the corresponding nurses. Descriptive statistics, regression testing, and correlation were used to examine the data. Results: One hundred nurses who worked in the hospitals of Al - Diwaniyah took part in the study. The majority of participants were male (59%) and held a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (54%). Regarding diabetic foot care, over half of the nurses demonstrated strong understanding (53%) and good management techniques (55%). However, a significant portion lacked sufficient practice (39%) and expertise (35%). Of the patients, 39% had poor control and 57% had moderate HbA1c. Nurses' expertise (r = −0.688, p < 0.001) and management techniques (r = −0.709, p < 0.001) were found to be highly adversely linked with HbA1c levels. Conclusions: Patient outcomes, especially glycemic control, can be improved by strengthening evidence - based practices and expanding nurses' expertise. Ongoing supervision and training are advised
Background: The worldwide rise in cesarean section (CS) rates is becoming a major public health concern and cause of considerable debate due to potential maternal and perinatal risks, cost issues and inequity in access. The Term Caesarean Delivery on Maternal Request (CDMR) refers to elective delivery by caesarean section at the request of a woman with no identifiable medical or obstetric contraindications to an attempt at vaginal delivery. There for Cesarean sections increase the health risks for mothers and infants as well as the costs of health care when they are compared with vaginal birth. Objectives: The study aim to determine the reasons for pregnant women to choose elective caesarean section. Methodology: The descriptive study design was used in this research (quantitative) to determine the reasons for pregnant women to choose cesarean section. The research was conducted at Al- Diwaniyah / Health Directorate of in Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital at Al-Diwaniyah City. The research was conducted from September 27!", 2024 up to March 21!", 2025. A non- probability (purposive) sampling technique was used consisting of (60) pregnant and delivered C/S women and chosen to give birth by caesarean section. An assessment instrument was designed to assess the reasons for pregnant women to choose caesarean section. Results: Findings indicated that the majority of women were chose as a first line of causes (Fear from labor pain and Fear of dystocia) these items account 43(71.7 %) with a mean of score 1.28. Conclusion: The research concluded that fearing from labor pain and fear of dystocia were the main causes that stay behind the women who chose to have C/S. Recommendations: Providing painless NVD in Al Diwaniyah at both public and private maternity hospitals. Jassim, Ghufran Nadheer (2026). 4(3) 26–35.

Background: The worldwide rise in cesarean section (CS) rates is becoming a major public health concern and cause of considerable debate due to potential maternal and perinatal risks, cost issues and inequity in access. The Term Caesarean Delivery on Maternal Request (CDMR) refers to elective delivery by caesarean section at the request of a woman with no identifiable medical or obstetric contraindications to an attempt at vaginal delivery. There for Cesarean sections increase the health risks for mothers and infants as well as the costs of health care when they are compared with vaginal birth. Objectives: The study aim to determine the reasons for pregnant women to choose elective caesarean section. Methodology: The descriptive study design was used in this research (quantitative) to determine the reasons for pregnant women to choose cesarean section. The research was conducted at Al- Diwaniyah / Health Directorate of in Maternity and Children Teaching Hospital at Al-Diwaniyah City. The research was conducted from September 27!", 2024 up to March 21!", 2025. A non- probability (purposive) sampling technique was used consisting of (60) pregnant and delivered C/S women and chosen to give birth by caesarean section. An assessment instrument was designed to assess the reasons for pregnant women to choose caesarean section. Results: Findings indicated that the majority of women were chose as a first line of causes (Fear from labor pain and Fear of dystocia) these items account 43(71.7 %) with a mean of score 1.28. Conclusion: The research concluded that fearing from labor pain and fear of dystocia were the main causes that stay behind the women who chose to have C/S.
Формирование И Клиническое Течение Метаболического Синдрома У Военнослужащих. Шарифович, Таиров Максуд (2026). 4(3) 40–44.

Для выявления проявлений метаболического синдрома у военнослужащих важно оценить это заболевание, проверив абдоминальное ожирение, артериальное давление, метаболизм глюкозы и липидный профиль, а также изучив ключевые лабораторные показатели, такие как уровень глюкозы в крови, инсулин, HOMA IR, триглицериды, HDL/LDL и общий холестерин
Iskandar Ko‘Kamaroni (Scutellaria Iscanderi L.) Dorivor O‘Simligining Sedativ Ta’sirini Klinik Laborator Tahlili. Sarsenbaeva Ulbog’an Allayar qizi, Sayfutdinova Z; .A, N.A. Abzalova (2026). 4(3) 45–49.

Mazkur maqolada Iskandar ko‘kamaroni ( Scutellaria iscanderi L.) dorivor o‘simligining sedativ ta’siri klinik - laborator sharoitda o‘rgan ildi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi o‘simlik xom ashyosidan olingan ekstraktlarning markaziy asab tizimiga ta’sirini baholash hamda ularning tinchlantiruvchi xususiyatlarini ilmiy asoslashdan iborat bo‘ldi. Tajribalar laboratoriya sharoitida biologik modella r yordamida olib borilib, o‘simlik ekstraktining psixomotor faollik, reflektor javoblar va vegetativ ko‘rsatkichlarga ta’siri kuzatildi. Klinik - laborator tahlillar davomida qon biokimyoviy ko‘rsatkichlari, stress gormonlari darajasi hamda umumiy fiziologik holat baholandi. Olingan natijalar Iskandar ko‘kamaroni ekstrakti sedativ ta’sirga ega ekanligini, asab tizimi faoliyatini me’yorlashtirishga yordam berishini ko‘rsatdi. Tadqiqot natijalari ushbu o‘simlikni tabiiy sedativ vosita sifatida farmakologik amal iyotga joriy etish istiqbollarini asoslaydi
Expression of Pancytokeratin in Meningioma in Correlation with Ki67 Proliferative Index. Maryam Adnan Neam’a, Ameer Dhaher Hameedi (2026). 4(3) 65–75.

Background: Meningioma is the most common primary central nervous system tumor. However, its cellular origin remains unclear. While keratin expression is noted in some variants, PanCK expression in grade I and II meningiomas is poorly characterized. Objective: To assess PanCK expression across meningioma grades and variants and correlate it with mitotic count and Ki67 index. Methods: A cross - sectional study was conducted at Gazi Al - Hariri Hospital (2022 – 2023) including 28 grade I – III meningiomas. Clinical data were collected, and immunohistochemistry for PanCK and Ki67 was performed. Results: The mean patient age was 49.7 years (range 30 – 75), with a female predominance (1:8.3). Grade II tumors were most common (60%). All anaplastic meningiomas expressed PanCK strongly. Meningothelial variants were PanCK - negative in 57.1% of cases, whereas transitional and chordoid types showed moderate expression. Atypical variants showed variable expression. Expression differed significantly by variant (P=0.007) and grade. All grade III tumors showed strong PanCK expression; 50% of grade I and 52.9% of grade II lacked expression. PanCK score correlated moderately with Ki67 (r=0.504), mitotic count (r=0.433), and grade (r=0.411). Conclusion: PanCK expression spans all meningioma grades, limiting the diagnosing specificity; its linear correlation with Ki67 suggests involvement in tumor proliferation
Shifoxona Mikroiqlimi Va Uning Gigiyenik Ahamiyati. Sitora, Sayfullayeva (2026). 4(3) 76–79.

Mazkur maqolada shifoxona muhitida shakllanadigan mikroiqlim omillarining gigiyenik ahamiyati va ularning bemor salomatligiga ko‘rsatadigan ta’siri har tomonlama tahlil qilindi, bunda asosiy e’tibor yopiq xonadagi harorat, nisbiy namlik hamda havo almashinuvi ko‘rsatkichlarining real sharoitdagi holatini baholashga qaratildi, chunki aynan ushbu omillar davolanish jarayonida bemorning umumiy ahvoli, fiziologik moslashuvi va tiklanish tezligiga sezilarli darajada ta’sir ko‘rsatishi mumkin. Tadqiqot davomida mikroiqlim parametrlarining kun davomida o‘zgaruvchanligi kuzatilib, ayrim hollarda ularning gigiyenik me’yorlardan og‘ishi aniqlangani, bu esa bemor organizmida noqulaylik hissini kuchaytirishi hamda infeksion kasalliklar rivojlanish xavfini oshirishi mumkinligi asoslab berildi. Shuningdek, olingan natijalar mikroiqlimni boshqarish tizimlari yetarli darajada samarali ishlagan xonalarda ko‘rsatkichlar nisbatan barqaror bo‘lishini ko‘rsatdi, bu esa zamonaviy texnologiyalarni joriy etishning ahamiyatini yana bir bor tasdiqlaydi. Tadqiqot natijalari asosida shifoxonalarda mikroiqlimni muntazam nazorat qilish, ventilyatsiya tizimlarini takomillashtirish va gigiyenik me’yorlarga qat’iy amal qilish zarurligi ilmiy jihatdan asoslandi
A Comparative Analysis of Metallurgical Terms Found in The Holy Qur’an. Shakhlo Utkirоva (2026). 4(9) 82–88.

This article presents a comparative linguistic analysis of metallurgical terms and metallurgy related lexical units found in the Holy Qur’an. The study aims to identify their lexical-semantic functional contextual and linguocultural characteristics and to examine their equivalents in Uzbek and other languages. Particular attention is paid to lexical units denoting metals metal materials molten substances metal objects protective equipment and processes associated with metalworking. The analysis focuses on such Qur’anic terms and expressions as ḥadīd ( حديد) nuḥās (نحاس) qiṭr (قِطْر) zubar al-ḥadīd ( ُال ْحَدِيد زُ بَر ) muhl (مُهْل) as well as lexical units associated with metal products and their functional use. The study demonstrates that these units cannot always be regarded as direct equivalents of modern metallurgical terminology. Rather their interpretation depends on their lexical meaning Qur’anic context historical-cultural background and functional role in the text. A comparative approach is therefore employed to distinguish between the historical meanings of Qur’anic lexical units and their modern technical equivalents. The study also examines semantic differentiation between metal names descriptions of the physical state of metals metalworking processes metal products and metaphorical or symbolic meanings. The findings indicate that metallurgy-related vocabulary in the Qur’anic text forms a semantically interconnected lexical field associated with material culture craftsmanship labor strength protection wealth adornment and social relations. The study contributes to the investigation of historical Arabic lexicology terminology Qur’anic linguistics translation studies and the linguistic representation of ancient material culture.
AI-Supported Creative Writing Instruction in Improving the Writing Skills of Junior High School Students. Baguio, Meregine D. (2026). 4(9) 140–165.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of AI-supported creative writing instruction in improving the writing skills of Grade 10 students at Marigondon National High School during the School Year 2025–2026. Utilizing a quasi-experimental research design specifically the one-group pretest–posttest design the research involved respondents selected through total enumeration. The study focused on three key indicators: grammar vocabulary and sentence structure organization and coherence and creativity and originality. Data were gathered using a validated writing assessment rubric and analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test for paired samples. The results revealed that prior to the intervention students demonstrated a Beginning level of proficiency across all areas with creativity and originality obtaining the lowest performance. After the implementation of the intervention improvements were observed even if all indicators are still in the Beginning level. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores proving that the enhancement in performance was a direct result of the treatment. The findings established that integrating AI tools effectively addresses critical gaps in writing competence particularly in stimulating idea generation improving content structure and refining language accuracy. It is concluded that AI-Supported Creative Writing Instruction is a valuable approach to developing students’ writing proficiency. Based on these findings this program is proposed to sustain and expand these benefits encouraging the integration of technology in writing instruction to help learners achieve higher levels of competence and confidence.
Teaching Newtonian and Lagrangian Interpolation Problems Through Software and Methodological Complexes. qizi, Soliyeva Gavharoy Yodgorjon (2026). 4(2) 170–177.

This article examines the teaching of Lagrange and Newton methods for interpolation problems through software-methodological complexes. The article examines the block diagram of the problems in Flowgorithm simple block diagrams solutions in MathCad and the Python programming language.
Arabic Language and Literature: Development and Transformation During the Abbasid Period. language literature lexicography translation rhetoric, Abbasids Arabic (2026). 4(9) 107–115.

Abbasid period occupies a distinguished position in the history of Arabic language and literature. It observed profound political social intellectual and cultural changes that modernized Arabic from a language primarily associated with the Qur’an religious learning tribal traditions administration and poetry into a highly developed medium of philosophy science theology history criticism and belles-lettres. The establishment of Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the political Centre from Damascus to Baghdad created a cosmopolitan environment in Arabs Persians Christians Jews Turks and other communities. This multicultural environment stimulated intellectual exchange and contributed significantly to the expansion of Arabic vocabulary literary themes genres and styles. The period was particularly important for the systematic study of Arabic grammar phonetics morphology lexicography rhetoric and literary criticism. Scholars laid foundations that continued to shape Arabic linguistic thought for centuries. The translation movement especially under the Abbasid caliphs al-Manṣur Harun al-Rashid and al-Maʾmun brought Greek Persian Indian and Syriac intellectual traditions into Arabic. Arabic consequently became a major language of scientific and philosophical communication. This article studies the major factors behind the development and transformation of Arabic language and literature during the Abbasid period and evaluates the enduring significance of that transformation for Arabic intellectual and literary history.
Effective Methodology for Developing Integrated Language Skills Among B1-Level Efl Students. kizi, Hamroyeva Shahnoza Shuhrat (2026). 4(9) 53–63.

This article examines effective methodological approaches to developing integrated language skills among B1-level students learning English as a foreign language (EFL). Particular attention is given to the integration of listening speaking reading and writing as interconnected components of communicative language competence. The study considers the methodological characteristics of B1-level learners and identifies common difficulties related to limited vocabulary grammatical accuracy listening comprehension speaking fluency reading comprehension and written expression. It analyzes the effectiveness of communicative language teaching task-based learning project-based activities collaborative learning scaffolding peer feedback and the use of authentic and digital materials. The article argues that integrated-skills instruction provides learners with meaningful opportunities to receive language input and transform it into productive output through communicative tasks. It also emphasizes the importance of learner-centred instruction continuous formative assessment and differentiated activities appropriate to B1 proficiency. The study concludes that a systematic integration of the four language skills can contribute significantly to the development of communicative competence learner autonomy confidence critical thinking and overall English language proficiency among B1-level EFL students.
Effectiveness of AI-Generated Study Materials versus Traditional Teaching Methods in Higher Education. Banerjee, Rakesh Kumar Gupta | Maumita Sengupta | Shirupa Kumari | Shibnath (2026). 4(9) 32–52.

The increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education has significantly trans-formed the creation and dissemination of study materials. While AI-generated content offers advantages such as accessibility scalability and instant feedback concerns remain regarding its depth contex-tual relevance academic integrity and ability to support meaningful learning. This study examines student perceptions of AI-generated educational materials and explores faculty perspectives on AI-assisted evaluation student dependence on AI-generated responses and future assessment practices in higher education. A mixed-method research design was employed involving 1164 undergraduate students from diverse academic disciplines across private universities in India along with structured interviews with faculty members from different age groups and younger AI experts. Quantitative data were collected using a structured 21-item Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reliability analysis and comparisons across academic years. Qualitative interview responses were thematically examined to identify concerns and proposed strategies related to AI-generated evaluation academic integrity student copying and assessment redesign. The results indicate that students moderately acknowledge limitations of AI-generated materials particu-larly regarding depth contextual understanding and human experiential insight. The EFA identifies a multidimensional structure explaining approximately 59% of the total variance while the overall instru-ment demonstrates high internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.917). Furthermore senior students demonstrate greater skepticism toward AI-generated materials than junior students. Faculty perspectives highlight a contrasting but complementary view: some participants favor limiting AI use and retaining subjective evaluation whereas others emphasize adapting assessment practices to the inevitability of technological disruption through case-based practical analytical and data-driven examinations. The study concludes that AI-generated materials are better positioned as supplementary learning resources than as standalone instructional tools and that effective integration requires both human oversight and redesigned assessment strategies that emphasize independent reasoning and practical application.
Historical Texts as Sources of Cultural and Lexical Heritage: A Linguistic Study of the Works of Eshmurod Oxund Alaviy: “Jamshidiy Tavoyifi Fathi” “Tarixi Sayyid Muhammadxoniy” and “Tarixchayi Muhammad Ya’qubxoja”. Kadambayevna, Raximova Altin (2026). 4(9) 89–96.

This article examines historical texts as important sources of cultural and lexical heritage focusing on the linguistic features of the works of Eshmurod Oxund Alaviy particularly “Jamshidiy Tavoyifi Fathi” “Tarixi Sayyid Muhammadxoniy” and “Tarixchayi Muhammad Ya’qubxoja.” The study explores the lexical richness semantic structure historical-cultural meanings and functional characteristics of linguistic units used in these historical works. Particular attention is given to social political administrative military diplomatic and cultural vocabulary that reflects the historical conditions social relations governance practices and worldview of the period. The research considers historical texts not only as documentary sources but also as valuable linguistic records that preserve the lexical cultural and conceptual heritage of earlier periods. Through descriptive contextual comparative historical-linguistic and linguocultural approaches the study identifies the ways in which lexical units function within historical narratives and convey information about social structure political institutions cultural traditions and interpersonal relations. The analysis demonstrates that Alaviy’s works represent a significant source for investigating the historical development of vocabulary semantic change and the interaction between language and culture. The findings contribute to historical lexicology textual studies linguoculturology source studies and the broader study of the linguistic heritage of the Uzbek language.
Navoi’s Stories and Folklore. G‘afforovna, Shodiyeva Mahliyo (2026). 4(9) 116–118.

This article examines the relationship between the stories found in Alisher Navoi’s prose and epic works and folklore their sources of formation and their artistic and aesthetic functions. The genre of the story occupies an important place in Navoi’s oeuvre and stories of various themes can be found in such works as “Khamsa” “Mahbub ul-Qulub” “Tarikhi Muluki Ajam” “Tarikhi Anbiyo va Hukamo” and “Nasoyim ul Muhabbat.” The study analyzes the common features of stories associated with figures such as Anushirvan and Luqman the Wise and those found in folk narratives legends and didactic stories. It demonstrates that Navoi did not simply reproduce folklore materials in their ready-made form but creatively reworked them and enriched them with educational moral and aesthetic content. This article examines the relationship between Alisher Navoi’s stories and folklore the sources of their formation and their artistic and aesthetic functions. Particular attention is paid to the connection between the stories and folk narratives legends and didactic tales. The study shows that Navoi creatively reworked folklore materials and enriched them with educational moral and aesthetic content. This article examines the relationship between Alisher Navoi’s stories and folklore their sources and their artistic and aesthetic functions. Particular attention is paid to stories connected with folk legends narratives and didactic traditions. The study demonstrates that Navoi creatively transformed folklore materials and enriched them with educational moral and aesthetic meanings.
Promoting Green Chemistry in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. Adigwe, Isidi Peter (2026). 4(9) 23–31.

Green chemistry has emerged as an important approach to achieving environmental sustainability through the prevention of pollution reduction of hazardous substances efficient use of resources and development of safer chemical products and processes. Tertiary institutions in Nigeria have an important role to play in promoting green chemistry because they serve as centres for chemistry education scientific research technological innovation and human-capacity development. However inadequate laboratory facilities limited awareness insufficient funding weak institutional policies inappropriate chemical-waste management and inadequate integration of green chemistry into the curriculum may constrain its effective implementation. This paper discusses strategies for promoting green chemistry in Nigerian tertiary institutions. The strategies include integrating green chemistry into chemistry curricula transforming conventional laboratories into green laboratories strengthening staff training and research collaboration providing institutional policies funding and incentives establishing dedicated green chemistry research centres promoting practical and project-based learning strengthening chemical-waste management and green procurement developing partnerships with industries and research organisations using digital technology virtual laboratories and artificial intelligence to support green chemistry education and establishing green chemistry clubs and student sustainability programmes. The paper argues that effective implementation requires collaboration among tertiary institution management academic staff students government agencies industries and professional organisations. It concludes that promoting green chemistry can improve the quality of chemistry education while contributing to environmental protection resource conservation innovation and sustainable development in Nigeria.
Reading for Understanding: An AI-Enhanced 20-Day VLI Reading Intervention for Grades 6–8. Macapaz, Maria Katrina S. (2026). 4(9) 8–22.

This action research examined the implementation and preliminary outcomes of a teacher developed artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced 20-day reading intervention organized around three core domains: Vocabulary Literary Text and Informational Text (VLI). The intervention was developed in response to identified reading needs among Grades 6–8 learners participating in a summer reading remediation program in Detroit Michigan United States. Instruction was delivered for approximately 70 minutes per day and incorporated explicit instruction teacher modeling guided and independent practice collaborative learning activities formative assessment differentiation Universal Design for Learning (UDL) principles and AI-supported instructional material development. Program-level assessment data demonstrated positive improvement following implementation of the VLI intervention. The overall English Language Arts (ELA) mean increased from 36% on the pre-assessment to 56% on the post-assessment representing a 20-percentage-point gain. Performance distributions likewise shifted toward higher achievement levels. The proportion of learners performing at the Below Basic level decreased from 38% to 10.8% while the proportion reaching Proficient increased substantially from 3% to 29.2%. The Basic performance group also increased from 21% to 32.3%. These results indicate a meaningful positive shift in reading performance following the 20-day intervention. Because available assessment reports contained differing numbers of records across administrations findings are interpreted as descriptive rather than causal. Overall the findings provide promising preliminary evidence of the effectiveness and instructional potential of the VLI model and support its continued refinement further evaluation and possible contextual adaptation for inclusive reading intervention settings.
The Conceptualization of “Heart” in Uzbek and Russian Phraseology: A Comparative Semantic and Linguocultural Analysis. Bekmuratovich, Yuldashev Bakhodir (2026). 4(9) 102–106.

This article examines the semantic pragmatic cognitive and linguocultural characteristics of phraseological units containing the component heart in the Uzbek and Russian languages. The study is based on a comparative analysis of phraseological expressions with the components yurak in Uzbek and сердце in Russian. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which these somatic components conceptualize emotions psychological states moral qualities interpersonal relations and human behavior. The theoretical framework of the research draws upon the works of Uzbek Russian and international scholars in phraseology including U. M. Rashidova Sh. Rahmatullayev B. Yuldoshev V. V. Vinogradov A. V. Kunin V. N. Telia D. O. Dobrovol’skij G. Lakoff and M. Johnson. Special emphasis is placed on Rashidova’s semantic-pragmatic and linguocultural approach to somatic phraseological units with the component yurak. The analysis demonstrates that the heart functions in both languages as a culturally significant conceptual center associated with love affection sincerity courage fear compassion suffering and moral character. At the same time Uzbek and Russian phraseological systems differ in their metaphorical models lexical structures stylistic characteristics and pragmatic functions. The study also identifies different types of phraseological correspondence including full equivalence partial equivalence phraseological analogy and non-equivalence. The findings demonstrate that the comparative study of heart-related phraseological units provides important insights into the interaction between language cognition bodily experience and national-cultural conceptualization. The results may be useful for comparative linguistics phraseology linguoculturology translation studies lexicography and foreign-language teaching.
The Development of the Uzbek Language in the Context of Digital Communication. Bekmurodovna, Yuldasheva Dilnoza (2026). 4(9) 97–101.

This article examines the development and transformation of the Uzbek language in the context of digital communication. The widespread use of digital technologies social networks messaging applications and online platforms has significantly influenced the scope of Uzbek language use and its communicative potential. The study focuses on new words and expressions abbreviations loanwords Internet slang and specific features of written communication emerging in the digital environment. It also discusses the observance of literary language norms in digital communication and the prospects for the further development of the Uzbek language. The article argues that digital communication is an important factor influencing the lexical composition stylistic potential and forms of use of the Uzbek language.
The Impact of the (M.S) and (Z.M) Models on the Acquisition of Arabic Grammar Rules among Second Intermediate Grade Students. Al-Shareefi, Buthainah Jasim Abd Ali (2026). 4(9) 130–139.

This study examined the effectiveness of the Mental Stimulation (M.S) model which is based on the cognitive acceleration approach of Adey and Shayer and Zimmerman’s self-regulated learning (Z.M) model on the achievement of Arabic grammar rules among second intermediate grade female students. A quasi-experimental design with two experimental groups and one control group and a post-test was adopted. The sample comprised 90 students of a girls’ intermediate day school of the General Directorate of Education in Babil Governorate Iraq in the 2023–2024 academic year the three classes were randomly assigned to the M.S group the Z.M group and a control group taught by the conventional method. The groups were statistically equated in chronological age previous achievement in the Arabic language and Raven’s intelligence test. A 40-item multiple-choice achievement test was constructed its face and content validity were established by expert judgement and its split-half reliability reached 0.86 after Spearman–Brown correction. One-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference among the three groups (F(2 91) = 8.659 p < 0.05 η² = 0.16). Scheffé post hoc comparisons showed that both the M.S group (M = 25.45) and the Z.M group (M = 27.24) outperformed the control group (M = 21.07) whereas the difference between the two experimental groups was not significant. The findings indicate that both models are effective alternatives to conventional grammar instruction and the study recommends training Arabic language teachers in their classroom application.
Effects of Multi-Stage Sudden Expanded Channel on Heat Transfer and Flow in Earth-Air Heat Exchanger. Fajir, Amal Rashid Atshan | Mohsen Habib (2026). 4(9) 1–9.

The thermal-hydraulic performance of a multi-stage sudden expanded channel design for Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) application is explored in this study. The computational analysis is based on a horizontal cross-section model composed of a series of large (diameter 0.1 m) and small (diameter 0.05 m) cylindrical sections of length 0.5 m each. The study compares the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the different Reynolds number for inlet air temperature at 50°C and surface temperature at 30°C at a velocity of 2.98 m/s. The results show that the multi-stage sudden expansion configuration can improve heat transfer performance considerably while introducing some pressure loss, which is more than that of the basic sudden expansion configuration. Optimum design configurations are analyzed by considering the thermal performance enhancement ratio and hydraulic performance penalty ratio.
Analysis of Existing Methods for Hydraulic Calculation of Flows in Water Distribution Channels. A.S.Adenbaev, D.M.Isakova | A.N.Orazbaev | (2026). 4(9) 24–30.

This article analyzes the existing calculation methods used to determine water discharge and the main hydraulic parameters of flow in open-channel water distribution systems. It is shown that, in earthen channels, silting, scour, backwater effects, roughness, and changes in flow cross-section geometry can significantly affect the stability of calculation results. To improve existing approaches, the article substantiates the need to regularly refine calculation relationships using field control measurements, to select a minimal yet sufficient set of rapidly measurable parameters, and to automate the calculation process.
Uzbekistan and Central Asia: An Analysis as a Historical-Cultural Space and Geopolitical System. Adiljanovich, Isroilov Abbosbek (2026). 4(2) 96–98.

This article analyzes Uzbekistan and Central Asia as a historical and cultural space and examines their role within the geopolitical system. The study explores the region’s significance as a crossroads of ancient civilizations its rich cultural heritage and key political and economic factors shaping its development. Special attention is given to the contemporary geopolitical importance of Central Asia and Uzbekistan’s role in regional and international cooperation.
The Main Linguistic Features of Terms “Concept” And “Notion” In Cognitive Linguistics. o’g’li, Tursunov Mirzo Makhmudovich | Shuhrat Shuhratov Shokhmat (2026). 4(2) 31–36.

This article examines the linguistic and cognitive features of the terms concept and notion in the field of cognitive linguistics. Although these terms can be frequently utilized interchangeably cognitive-linguistics theory treats them regarding them as distinct cognitive and mental units with various and different functions in terms of meaning construction. The study aims to define and clarify their theoretical status by analyzing their structural semantic and cognitive features with their circumstances.
The Content and Essence of Teaching Primary School Students to Produce Items from Natural Materials in Technology Education Lessons. kizi, Radjabova Shahrizoda Olimjon (2026). 4(6) 158–161.

This article is devoted to the development of the education system through the effective use of innovative technologies in primary school technology lessons. The article analyzes the integration of modern information and communication technologies interactive teaching methods robotics and other innovative approaches into technology classrooms. The possibilities of developing students' creative thinking practical skills and independent work skills through the use of innovations are considered. It also highlights the need to improve teachers' digital literacy and provide them with modern pedagogical technologies to improve learning efficiency.
The Effectiveness of Educational Videos in Enhancing the Literacy Skills of Kindergarten Learners. MAED, RALPH I. DIMPAS (2026). 4(2) 196–227.

This study investigated the effectiveness of educational videos in enhancing the literacy skills of kindergarten learners at Academia de San Jose Mandaue City Cebu during the school year 2025–2026. Specifically the study examined: (1) the demographic profile of the respondents (2) the extent of integration of educational videos in literacy instruction (3) the level of literacy development of kindergarten learners (4) the challenges encountered by teachers in integrating educational videos and (5) the relationship between the integration of educational videos and learners’ literacy development. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed to describe existing conditions and determine relationships among variables. The respondents included kindergarten teachers and parents selected through total enumeration for teachers and quota sampling for parents. Data were collected using an adapted survey questionnaire grounded in established research instruments. The statistical tools used were frequency and percentage weighted mean standard deviation and Pearson product-moment correlation. Findings showed that most teachers were female had 1–5 years of teaching experience and predominantly utilized play-based and technology-assisted teaching strategies. Educational videos were found to be highly aligned with literacy learning competencies frequently used in instruction and developmentally appropriate for kindergarten learners. Kindergarten pupils demonstrated a high level of literacy development in letter recognition vocabulary acquisition and listening comprehension although decoding skills remained a noted area for improvement. Teachers encountered minor challenges in integrating educational videos mainly related to limited technological resources and infrastructure. A statistically significant positive relationship was established between the extent of educational video integration and the literacy development of kindergarten learners. The study concluded that educational videos are effective instructional tools for enhancing early literacy skills. It is therefore recommended that the proposed multimedia-based literacy enhancement action plan be implemented to strengthen instructional practices and promote sustained literacy development in early childhood education.
The Ethics of Digital Self: Consequences of Online Morality in The Nether. Farajullah, Noor Zaid (2026). 4(2) 72–75.

This research discovers the ethical dimensions of the digital self and the results regarding online morality through the medium of Jennifer Harley’s dystopian play called the Nether (2013). As one of the digital innovations continuously dissipates the known boundaries between virtuality and reality the idea of a self that continues to exist both offline and online causes pressing philosophical and moral queries. Technologies. Addressing through present day scholarship in relation to digital ethics this study contests that virtual roles which seems to be detached from the physical reality can change moral thinking accountability and identity in the practical world. The research positions the Nether within the arguments on digital and morality to highlight how the drama shows issues of justice responsibility and desire are immersed in the virtual domains. Applying interdisciplinary method the study combines ethical theory and literary analysis to show that the digital self cannot be separated from the consequences of its actions as there are serious legal and psychological implications with regards to online behaviours. Consequently this study asserts that Haley’s play an essential role in the perception of the ethics of the digital time and offers a useful insight into how societies can regulate and control morality in the digital period.
The Formation and Development of Korean–Uzbek Literary Relations. Raxmatilloyevich, Kadirov Timur (2026). 4(2) 110–111.

The study examines Korean–Uzbek literary relations emphasizing historical cultural and intellectual interactions shaped by the Great Silk Road and Eastern philosophical traditions. It explores the role of translation comparative literature and scholarly exchange in fostering mutual understanding highlighting shared ethical values epic narratives and literary motifs. The work underscores the significance of institutional cooperation translation projects and academic dialogue in the post-independence period contributing to the international recognition of Uzbek literature and intercultural communication.
The Image of the Historical Figure in Eastern and Western Legends: A Comparative Analysis. Mirzayeva, Gulnoza (2026). 4(2) 148–151.

This article offers a comparative analysis of the formation and interpretative features of the image of the historical figure in Eastern and Western legends. The study demonstrates that within Eastern traditions historical figures are predominantly represented as embodiments of collective values social harmony and spiritual perfection whereas in Western legends they are more closely associated with individualism inner dramatic tension and personal agency. The methodological framework integrates comparative-historical structural-semantic and hermeneutic approaches. The theoretical foundations of Joseph Campbell and Mircea Eliade play a central role in shaping the analytical perspective of the research. The findings reveal that in both Eastern and Western cultural contexts the image of the historical figure evolves into a universal archetype that reflects the complex relationship between the individual and society while simultaneously reinforcing the moral and aesthetic values of a given culture. The article underscores the significance of studying representations of historical figures for the fields of literary studies historiography anthropology and cultural studies.
The Interpretation of Zoosemy in Research Works. U.S.Toirova (2026). 4(2) 323–326.

This article clarifies the genesis content and essence of the terms “zoosemy” “zoonym” “zoopoetonym” in English and Uzbek literature and language. Zoosemy identifies thematic types universal and specific features positive and negative behavior of a person through the symbolic poetic in English and Uzbek literature both languages express human behavior or conversely compare human character to an animal.
Modern Diagnosis and Treatment of Myocardial Infarction. Toshnazarova N. Sh, Sayfiyeva Shahrizoda Khasan Qizi (2026). 4(3) 45–48.

Myocardial infarction is a critical clinical form of ischemic heart disease that occurs due to the complete or partial occlusion of a coronary artery, leading to the irreversible necrosis of heart muscle tissue. It remains a leading cause of global mortality, with particularly high death rates recorded in Russia, Ukraine, and the USA. Despite its prevalence, a significant challenge exists in diagnosing "silent" or painless infarctions, which occur in 9% to 50% of cases, primarily among elderly patients and those with diabetes. Furthermore, gender-based diagnostic disparities are evident as women frequently present with atypical symptoms such as back pain, dizziness, or unusual fatigue, often leading to dangerous delays in seeking emergency medical attention. This study evaluates diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy using a combination of clinical symptomatology, electrocardiography ECG to distinguish between ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation NSTEMI events, laboratory markers such as high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, and instrumental interventions including angioplasty and stenting. The research indicates that while typical retrosternal pain remains the primary hallmark, successful management relies heavily on the "Golden Hour" principle. Immediate reperfusion therapy—ideally through Percutaneous Coronary Intervention within 120 minutes—is critical for saving the myocardium and preventing heart failure. Rapid intervention significantly determines survival; patients receiving early reperfusion show markedly better outcomes and lower mortality compared to those with delayed treatment. Conversely, factors like advanced age, diabetes, and delayed reperfusion severely worsen the long-term prognosis. To reduce the 30% mortality rate associated with acute MI, public health strategies must focus on a dual approach: advancing high-tech surgical interventions like stent placement and coronary artery bypass grafting, while simultaneously improving public awareness regarding atypical symptoms and the importance of both primary and secondary prevention through lifestyle modification and long-term pharmacotherapy
The Linguistic Essence of Synonymy and Graduonymy. Dildora, Husanova (2026). 4(2) 107–109.

In linguistics synonymy and gradonymy are important as they are crucial semantic relations in lexical systems. This article examines these semantic relations. Synonymy is a semantic relation which represents semantic similarity between lexical units whilst gradonymy is a scale-based relation expressing degrees of meaning intensity. In this article descriptive and comparative methods are used dedicate the distinguishing features and functional roles of these phenomena in language. From the analyzes in this article it is clear that most synonymous units differ in contextual or stylistic usage and because of this reason absolute synonymy is rare while gradonymy allows for precise expression of semantic gradation. The findings from this article show a deeper understanding of lexical semantics and highlight the significance of synonymy and gradonymy in effective communication language teaching and lexicographical practice.
The Literary Environment of Kokand and Khiva: Fazli and Tabibi. AMONOV, Shermukhammad (2026). 4(2) 350–356.

This article presents information about the mukhammas of Ahmad Tabibi which he created on the gazelles of the Kokand literary environment.
Dopamin Signalizatsiyasi Va Uning Kognitiv Jarayonlarga Hamda Inson Kundalik Faoliyatiga Ta’siri. Mohinurxon, Ismoilova (2026). 4(3) 1–3.

Dopamin markaziy nerv tizimining eng muhim neyrotransmitterlaridan biri bo‘lib, u insonning motivatsiyasi, emotsional holati, o‘rganish jarayonlari hamda xulq-atvorining shakllanishida asosiy rol o‘ynaydi. Zamonaviy nevrobiologik tadqiqotlar dopamin signalizatsiyasi nafaqat mukofot tizimida, balki kognitiv faoliyat, diqqatni boshqarish, xotira jarayonlari va qaror qabul qilish mexanizmlarida ham muhim ahamiyatga ega ekanligini ko‘rsatmoqda. Ushbu maqolada dopaminning biologik xususiyatlari, miya tizimidagi asosiy yo‘llari, inson organizmidagi kunlik faoliyati hamda dopamin darajasining o‘zgarishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan psixologik va fiziologik ta’sirlar tahlil qilinadi.
Utilization of Assessment Tools in Enhancing Teaching Effectiveness in Primary School Settings. Abdulaziz, Benebo-Solomon Wilhelmina | Sani (2026). 4(2) 85–95.

The use of assessment tools to improve instruction in elementary school settings was examined in this article. The sort of assessment tools used to improve teaching effectiveness in primary school settings their purpose and function and the effects of using assessment tools to improve teaching effectiveness in primary school settings were all covered in the study. According to the research evaluation tools are essential for efficient instruction and learning. Many facets of education including planning implementation and assessment may be assessed and improved by the efficient use of these instruments. In addition to influencing the formulation of educational curricula by administrative authorities assessment has a major impact on how schools organize and conduct instruction. The research comes to the conclusion that issues including insufficient teacher preparation an excessive focus on summative evaluation and restricted access to technology restrict the use of assessment tools in primary school settings.
The Relevance of Lifelong Learning: Implications to Community Development Practice in Rivers State. S., Oji E. W. | Juboye G. | Kpakol L. (2026). 4(2) 256–261.

This study examines relevance of lifelong learning: implications to community development practices in Rivers State. Lifelong Learning is an important aspect of human life that keeps the individual going through the acquisition of different skills and experiences that makes one happy and relevant throughout life. Embracing lifelong learning leads to a more fulfilling life. It involves acquiring new skills knowledge and perspectives in an ever-changing world. The paper amongst others recommended that life-long learning should be given top priority institutions for learning lifelong skills should be sited in various communities
Susceptibility Patterns of Multidrug - Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii among, Intensive Care, Unit Patients. Israa H. Alfuaadi, Haneen H. Jawad (2026). 4(3) 4–10.

Background: In intensive care units (ICUs), Acinetobacter baumannii is a prevalent cause of healthcare - associated infections, and antibiotic resistance significantly constrains treatment alternatives. The objectives of this study were to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of A. baumannii isolates from intensive care unit patients, determine the prevalence of extensively drug - resistant (XDR) and multidrug - resistant (MDR) phenotypes, and quantify the resistance burden across critical antibiotic classes. Methods: The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing were analyzed following CLSI guidelines. Five types of antimicrobials were employed to evaluate resistance, and isolates were classified as multidrug - resistant (MDR) or extensively drug - resistant (XDR) according to standardized criteria. The resistance load of MDR and XDR isolates was analyzed, and mean resistance scores along with standard deviations were calculated. Findings: All primary classes of antibiotics exhibited elevated resistance rates, particularly towards carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and cephalosporins. The majority of isolates were classified as XDR, indicating resistance to nearly all tested antibiotic classes. XDR isolates had consistently higher resistance scores than MDR isolates, signifying more advanced resistance profiles. Conclusion: Enhanced antibiotic stewardship, continuous resistance monitoring, and rigorous infection control protocols are urgently required, as demonstrated by the prevalence of XDR A. baumannii in intensive care units
The Role of Cultural Context in Translation Accuracy. Abduhafizovna, Gaybulloyeva Nilufar Nurulloyevna | Nilufar Khalimova (2026). 4(2) 335–339.

Language is a proportion of culture and culture is an element of an accurate translation. An accurate translation always requires cultural awareness between two languages: Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL). This article presents the meaning of culture definition of realia and translating them most difficulties that translators face some methods and strategies for translation how to work with proverbs idioms and realia when there is not an equivalence of them in Target Language. This paper also shows the results of a survey taken by people about their viewpoints of the importance of cultural context in a professional translation and their strategies to translate.
The Role of Tribal Affiliation in Shaping Language Use and Identity Among Southern Iraqi Community. Rashk, Narjis Audah (2026). 4(2) 278–291.

The tribal belonging in southern Iraq is a strong determinant of social organization relations between people as well as forming identity. Despite the fact that tribes are also well researched on the anthropology and political sociology field they have not received much sociolinguistic attention on how they have contributed towards the development of linguistic activities and identity. The paper will discuss how tribal identification affects the language use dialects and identity performance among the communities in Basra Maysan and Dhi Qar. A mixed ethnographic and variationist sociolinguistic methodology was used where sociolinguistic interviews participant observation and language attitude questionnaires were used to collect data on 72 participants of six leading tribes. The results indicate that tribal belonging is an important determinant of phonological lexical and pragmatic aspects of speech and that speakers are being sensible in their application of the aspects as their identity solidarity and social differentiation markers. The paper reveals that tribal speech is a symbolic source of identity negotiation and adds to the general debate of language social identity and community in sociolinguistics.
The Theory of Nature: From Romantic Idealism to Contemporary Ecologies in the Works of Juliana Spahr and Alice Oswald. Ali., Hanan Jamal (2026). 4(2) 178–188.

This paper focuses on how Juliana Spahr and Alice Oswald’s work modernizes the Romantic ideals of ‘Nature’ about ecopoetics. For Romantic writers such as Wordsworth and Emerson ‘Nature’ promised transcendence the ethereal and the virtuous. In the twenty-first century poets see ‘Nature’ as delicate tangled and chaotic due to the ecological crisis and human touch. Juliana Spahr’s This Connection of Everyone with Lungs imagines the atmosphere as a lyrical commons of breath where intimacy and global violence ecological intimacy and domination coexist. Alice Oswald’s Dart creates a polyphonic ecology where a river workers and other-than-humans speak to one another dramatizing the interpenetrating and collaborative world we share. This study claims based on ecocriticism new materialism and posthumanism that both poets extend the lyric to move ‘beyond’ representation in order to think nature as interdependence agency and shared responsibility. Oswald and Spahr are positioned within the longer line of Romantic idealism and Anthropocene ecologies to show how contemporary lyric poetry serves as a type of ecological theory.
The Impact of Nursing Intervention on Pain Management among Children with Chronic Illnesses in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Zainab H. Ali, Zainab T. Abdul Kadheim (2026). 4(3) 11–17.

Background: ain control represents a fundamental component of care for children with chronic conditions admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Insufficient management of pain may adversely affect both the physical and psychological well - being of pediatric patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of nursing interventions in improving pain management among children with chronic illnesses in the PICU. A randomized controlled trial was employed in this study and carried out in the pediatric intensive care unit of a specialized hospital. The study involved a selected group of pediatric patients diagnosed with chronic illnesses, who were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. Data collection was performed using validated pain assessment tools and a nursing intervention observation checklist. Pain intensity was evaluated before and after the application of structured nursing interventions, which included routine pain assessment, pharmacological and non - pharmacological pain relief measures, and family participation in care. The findings demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in pain scores among children in the intervention group compared with those receiving standard care. These results indicate that structured nursing interventions were effective in enhancing pain control and improving patient comfort in the pediatric intensive care unit. The study concluded that nursing interventions play a significant and positive role in pain management for children with chronic illnesses in the PICU and recommends the adoption of standardized pain management protocols and ongoing nursing education to optimize pediatric care outcomes. Results: The comparison of FLACC pain scores before and after the intervention demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in pain levels following the implementation of nursing interventions. These findings confirm the effectiveness of nursing interventions in improving pain management among children with chronic illnesses in the pediatric intensive care uni.. Conclusions: Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that nursing interventions have a vital role in enhancing pain management for children with chronic illnesses in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The application of structured nursing interventions led to a significant decrease in pain intensity and a noticeable improvement in patient comfort. In addition, consistent pain assessment combined with both pharmacological and non - pharmacological approaches improved the quality of care and positively influenced patient outcomes. These results emphasize the essential contribution of nurses to effective pain management in the PICU. Recommendations: Ongoing education and training programs should be provided for nurses to strengthen their skills in pediatric pain assessment and management
THE TRANSFORMATIVE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON 21ST-CENTURY LEARNING. Karimovna, Achilova Risolat A’zamovna | Norova Sarvinoz (2026). 4(2) 309–311.

The rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the educational landscape marks a fundamental paradigm shift moving beyond mere digitization toward a systemic redefinition of instructional roles. This paper explores the transition from traditional teacher-centric models to a "Triadic Collaborative Framework" involving the educator the learner and AI. Through a qualitative meta-synthesis of literature from 2019–2026 the study evaluates shifts in cognitive load student agency and assessment efficacy. While AI offers a scalable solution to the "Two-Sigma Problem" of personalized instruction it introduces significant risks regarding cognitive atrophy and algorithmic bias. The article concludes that the "Redefined Classroom" requires institutional reform in assessment design and a shift in the teacher’s role toward socio-emotional orchestration.
The Use of Digital Technologies in Modern Language Teaching Methods. qizi | Rustamova Zebiniso Suxrob qizi |, "Ziyayeva Muhayyo Usmonjonovna | Rajabova Mashxura Sherzod; qizi | Valisherova Mohlaroyim Sanjarbek qizi | Obitxonova Sarvinoz | Shirinov Fayyozxon Abduxamid o’g’li ", Sheraliyeva Nigora Azimjon (2026). 4(2) 10–13.

The article studies how digital technologies have been incorporated into modern language teaching methods to evaluate their effect on teaching and learning results. The research shows that when digital technologies are used according to proper teaching methods they help students become more engaged and experience real language learning and participate in personalized learning while developing their ability to learn independently.
Universal Basic Education Programme in Rivers State Nigeria: An Examination of Implementation Challenges. Igwe, Goodhope Chinenye (2026). 4(2) 116–133.

This study investigates the implementation challenges of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Rivers State. The study was guided by four research questions and three hypotheses. The study adopted a descriptive design which was used to explore the opinion of respondents on implementation challenges of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Rivers State. The population of the study was 8367 which comprised 5 150 male teachers and 3217 female teachers in the 309 public primary and junior secondary schools in Rivers State. The study sample was 500 teachers determined using Crech and Morgan table from the total population of junior secondary schools in Rivers State and comprised 263 male and 237 female teachers. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. The instrument that was used for collection of data for the study was a 20 items self-structured questionnaire titled: Implementation Challenge of Universal Basic Education Programme Questionnaire (ICUBEPQ). Mean and Standard Deviation was used to answer the research questions while independent t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study showed that inadequate funding inadequate infrastructural facilities and inadequate trained and qualified teachers are challenges of effective implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Rivers State. It was also revealed that to a high extent inadequate funding/infrastructure and inadequate trained/qualified teachers militated against the effective implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Rivers State. The test of hypotheses in this regard revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean ratings of male and female teachers on the extent funding infrastructure and trained/qualified teachers militated against the effective implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) programme in Rivers State. On account of these findings it was recommended that to effectively implement the UBE programme in Rivers State government should provide needed funds infrastructure and employ qualified teachers. Training and retraining of teachers should be embarked upon by relevant educational agencies of government.
Using Educational Games in Mother Tongue Lessons. Urokova, A. Bobokulova | Z. (2026). 4(2) 378–381.

Didactic game technologies are based on activating and accelerating student activity. They are of great importance in identifying and implementing practical solutions to realize and develop the creative potential of the student’s personality. The main types of didactic games include intellectual (mental) physical and mixed games. These games help participants develop mental physical moral psychological aesthetic artistic entrepreneurial labor and other skills.
Orthonormal Sketches for Secure Coded Regression. Charalambides, Neophytos; Mahdavifar, Hessam; Pilanci, Mert; III, Alfred O. Hero (2022).
The application of σ-LFSR in Key-Dependent Feedback Configuration for Word-Oriented Stream Ciphers., url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/journals/corr/corr2003.html#abs-2003-09381, volume=abs/2003.09381, journal=CoRR, date = 2026-10-01,keywords = dblp. Nandi, Subrata; Krishnaswamy, Srinivasan; Zolfaghari, Behrouz; Mitra, Pinaki (2020).