Prognose der Verkehrslage in der Region Hannover

Die primäre Anforderung der Verkehrsteilnehmer im Bereich des Straßenverkehrs ist die Kenntnis der aktuellen Verkehrslage. Diese basiert in der Regel auf der wirklich benötigten Reisezeit von sehr vielen Verkehrsteilnehmern, deren Daten häufig im Kontext von Routingdiensten abgegriffen werden.

Im Rahmen von Data4UrbanMobility wurden Werkzeuge entwickelt um eine ganglineinbasierte Prognose der Verkehrslage zu ermöglichen. Die folgende Abbildung zeigt eine Oberfläche auf der typische Ganglinienverläufe und Ausreißer visualisiert werden.

Die Prognose der Verkehrslage kann dann mittels einer Karte für den Endnutzer visualisert werden:

Erste Version der MIC-App bereitgestellt

Eine erste Version der MIC-App (Move in the City) konnte allen Partnerinnen und Partnern des Projekts und einer geschützten Nutzer*innengruppe der Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die mobile App MiC ist ein Instrument zur Datenerhebung.

Dabei verknüpft MiC – eine Entwicklung des Institute for Sustainable Urbanism ISU der TU Braunschweig und Projektionisten GmbH Hannover – das wachsende Bewusstsein und die Notwendigkeit für digitale Bürger*innenrechte mit den Potentialen mittels der Auswertung großer Datenmengen neue Formen der menschzentrierten Entwicklung von Stadt und Mobilität zu ermöglichen stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, sich aktiv als Bürgerwissenschaftlerin und Bürgerwissenschaftler an der Forschung und Entwicklung der Mobilität für alle in der Stadt der Zukunft zu beteiligen.

MiC erhebt – durch die Nutzerinnen und Nutzer gesteuert – Daten zu Strecken und Art der Fortbewegung. Diese Daten werden pseudonymisiert, so dass ein Rückschluss auf die jeweilige Person nicht mehr möglich ist. Wichtig ist die Vielzahl der Nutzerinnen und Nutzer – nicht die einzelne Bewegung. Die Stadt der Zukunft zeichnet sich aus durch den barrierearmen Zugang zu Mobilität und Erreichbarkeit für alle. Der holistische Ansatz der Forscherinnen und Forscher des Institute for Sustainable Urbanism ISU (TU Braunschweig) sowie der Projektbeteiligten betrachtet Stadt dabei auf verschiedenen Maßstabsebenen und bringt intelligente Planungen – wie z.B. die 5-Minuten Stadt –, Städtebau und innovative Technologien zusammen. Für ein umfassendes Verständnis individueller Mobilität und darauf aufbauende neue Methoden und Werkzeuge für integrierte Verkehrs- und Stadtplanung werden mittels der MiC-App uns umfangreiche und detaillierte Daten darüber geliefert, wie und auf welchem Wege wir uns in der Stadt fortbewegen.

Entwicklungsstand:

In der ersten Version ermöglicht das Stadtforschungstool MiC den Nutzer*innen durch eine einfach Handhabung das Starten und Beenden der „Tracking-Time“ (Bild 1). Wichtig ist, die Nutzer*innen entscheidet selber über den Zeitraum. Als erstes Ergebnis für die Nutzer*innen steht eine Zusammenfassung ihrer bisher aufgezeichneten Routen (Bild2). In den Einstellung (Bild 3) kann der Nutzer sich aktiv an Feedback beteiligen (Bild 4) sowie seinen Account und somit seiner zur Verfügung gestellten Daten löschen (Bild 5).

von links nach recht: Bild1-5 MIC App Interface – Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International  (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

Die aktuelle Weiterentwicklung sieht eine Visualisierung der Routen für den jeweiligen Nutzer vor.

Um Teil der Testgruppe zu werden ist zur Zeit noch eine Anmeldung unter: www.mic-app.org notwendig. Die Anwendung ist nicht frei im App Store / GooglePlay Store zu erhalten.

Auf der Internetseite www.mic-app.org wird zusätzlich detailliert auf häufige Fragen (FAQ) zur Anwendung sowie über Entwicklungen und Neuheiten informiert

D4UM Plattform und Dashboard V2

Die neue Version der Plattform inklusive des Dashboards gibt noch detailliertere Auskünfte über die Verkehrssituation

Die farblich unterschiedlichen Label lassen eine schnelle Unterscheidung zwischen den verschiedenen Event typen zu. Durch das klicken auf eines der Events wird der typically affected subgraph angezeigt für diesen Eventtyp.

Beispiele: Visualisierungen eines Konzerts und eines Fußballspiels

Zusätzlich gibt der Graph in der oberen rechten Ecke Auskunft über die Verkehrssituation vor und nach dem Eventstart.

{API}
Es wurden die API Endpunkte mit zusätzlichen Information erweitert.
Diese werden mittels der als Teil der Forschung entwickelten Modellen erstellt.

Erste Version der D4UM-App bereitgestellt

Eine erste Version der D4UM-App konnte allen Partnern des Projekts zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die App stellt eine Möglichkeit dar, sich Fahrtauskünfte mit dem öffentlichen Personennahverkehr in Niedersachsen und Bremen (Datengrundlage: EFA – elektronische Fahrplanauskunft für Niedersachsen und Bremen) ausgeben zu lassen. Im Fokus stand hierbei, dass der Nutzer schnell und einfach an die für ihn wichtigen Informationen gelangen kann, um so seine Reise möglichst simpel planen zu können.

Folgende Funktionen dienen dabei in der ersten Version der schnellen Auskunft:

Abfahrten und Verbindungen

Über die Funktion Abfahrten lassen sich Abfahrtszeiten an einer bestimmten oder an nahegelegenen Haltestellen ermitteln. Unter Verbindungen können hingegen Fahrtvorschläge von einem Startpunkt (Adresse oder Haltestelle) zu einem Zielpunkt gesucht werden. Zeiten stehen dabei auch in Echtzeit zur Verfügung, sodass auch Verspätungen direkt von dem Nutzer erkannt werden können.

Karte

Über die Karte sind alle Haltestellen zu finden, sodass sich der Nutzer einen Überblick über die nähere Umgebung oder auch den Weg zur Haltestelle oder einem Ziel verschaffen kann.

Wird auf der Karte auf ein Haltestellensymbol oder den zugehörigen Haltestellennamen geklickt, öffnet sich der Abfahrtsmonitor zu dieser Haltestelle. Die nächsten Abfahrten können somit auch über diesen Weg aufgerufen werden.

Darüber hinaus kann sich der Nutzer auch den Verlauf seiner Fahrt anzeigen lassen.

Menü/Einstellungen

Weitere Funktionen und Einstellungen finden sich ergänzend im Menü der App.

Der Nutzer bekommt hier zum einen die Möglichkeit, dass erweiterte Einstellungen zu den Suchanfragen bei Verbindungen oder Abfahrten vorgenommen werden können, und zum anderen, dass er weitere Features verwenden kann. Darunter befindet sich zum Beispiel das Feedbackformular. Hierüber kann unkompliziert Kontakt mit den Entwicklern der D4UM-App per Mail aufgenommen werden. Icons ermöglichen es, dass ein Eindruck zu der App übermittelt werden kann. Ein weiteres Feld für Freitext bietet zudem Platz für individuelle Kritik und einer Meinung zu der App. So kann in Zukunft kundennah an der App weiterentwickelt und einfach auf Wünsche und Meinungen reagiert werden.

Quantifizierungen und Vorhersage von Auswirkungen von Veranstaltungen

Neue Data4UrbanMobility-Forschungsergebnisse ermöglichen es, die räumlichen Auswirkungen von Veranstaltungen zu quantifizieren und vorherzusagen. Dazu werden zusammenhängende, betroffene Straßenabschnitte in der Nähe von Veranstaltungen identifiziert. Auf dieser Grundlage kann dann die räumliche Auswirkung quantifiziert werden. Das Verfahren ist in der folgenden Grafik dargestellt.

(Karte von https://www.openstreetmap.org)

Hier in Gelb markiert ist eine Veranstaltung, in Rot betroffene Straßenabschnitte und in Dunkelblau die gemessene Auswirkung. Weiterhin wurden Verfahren des Maschinellen Lernens angewandt, um diese Auswirkungen zu prognostizieren. Dabei konnte der Fehler gegenüber bestehenden state-of-the-art Ansätzen um bis zu 40% verringert werden.

D4UM – Plattform V1 fertiggestellt

Die erste Version der Data4UrbanMobility Plattform wurde fertiggestellt. Dazu wurde zunächst eine 3-Schichten Architektur der Plattform konzipiert und implementiert. Die Plattform bietet RESTfull Webservices für Mobilitätsapplikationen wie Dashboard-Anwendungen oder Apps an. Als erste Beispielanwendung wurde dazu eine interaktive Karte entwickelt, die die Auswirkungen von Veranstaltungen visualisiert. Ein Ausschnitt aus der Anwendung ist im folgenden Screenshot zu sehen.

Zu sehen sind 4 Veranstaltungen in Hannover. Die Farben entsprechen dabei unterschiedlichen Veranstaltungsarten (etwa Konzerte, Messen, Fußballspiele). Die Kreise visualisieren die räumlichen Auswirkungen, die diese Veranstaltungen auf den Verkehr hatten.

Umfangreicher Anforderungskatalog
Die Data4UrbanMobility Anforderungsanalyse umfasst die Erfassung der Anforderungen der Anwendungspartner Region Hannover (RH) und Wolfsburg AG (WAG), sowie der nicht-funktionalen Anforderungen. Aus den Anforderungen der AnwendungspartnerInnen (RH und WAG), die von MOMA erhoben wurden, sind von L3S Forschungsfragen für die Datenanalyse abgeleitet worden, die sich speziell auf die Informationsbedürfnisse der AnwenderInnen beziehen und im weiteren Projektverlauf adressiert werden.

Die aktuelle Forschungsfragen adressieren insbesondere:

1.  Automatische Verifikation von Verkehrswarnmeldungen und Prognose von deren Auswirkungen.
2.  Identifikation von Veranstaltungen und Prognose verkehrsrelevanter Auswirkungen.
3. Korrelation von IV-Reiseflussdaten, EFA-Querylogs, Warnmeldungen und Twitterfeeds.
4. Bestimmung von optimalen Reisezeitpunkte.

Wachsende Datensammlung

Das ISU hat einen umfassende Datenmatrix mit potentiellen Quellen für mobilitätsrelevante Daten  erstellt. Das von L3S entwickelte Data4UrbanMobility Datenmodell beschreibt alle projektrelevanten Daten und setzt diese in Verbindung um die Daten sowohl für die Analyse als auch für die Anwendungen und Apps einheitlich zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die ausgewählten Datenquellen sind von L3S in das Data4UrbanMobility Datenmodell überführt. Einige der Datenquellen wie EFA-logs, und IV-Daten sind dabei auf deren Qualität geprüft worden.

Um die Datenintegration zu ermöglichen sind Werkzeuge zur Extraktion der relevanten Daten aus Mobilitätsrelevanten Datenquellen entwickelt worden:

• Straßen- und Graphextraktion aus OpenStreetMap
• EFA-Anfragen Bulkloader für die Extraktion der ÖPNV Anfragen aus EFA Logs
• Integration von Daten aus dem Zentralen Haltestellen Verzeichnis (ZHV) inklusive Verknüpfung der Daten mit den EFA-Anfragen

Die aktuelle Datensammlung (Stand: 12 Dezember 2017) umfasst:

EFA-Logs: 17 Mio. Suchanfragen
IV-Daten: 174 Tsd. Straßen, alle 15 Minuten
GTFS-Daten: 90 Tsd. Haltestellen, 2,6 Tsd. Routen
Wetter: Radolan Regenraster
Twitter: 2,5 Mio. Tweets ab Juni 2017

OSM: 440 Tsd. Straßen
Events: 21 Tsd. Veranstaltungen (14.08.2016-17.07.2018)

Warnmeldungen: 13 Tsd. Warnmeldungen (ab 06.2017)

Visualisierungen der ÖPNV Informationen

Zur intuitiven Analyse von mobilitätsrelevanten Informationen, insbesondere von ÖPNV Informationen, wurde von den PROJEKTIONISTEN (PROJ) eine Dashboard-Webapplikation konzipiert. Erste Prototypen visualisieren Anfragen an das regionale Fahrplanauskunftsystem EFA (www.efa.de) und dienen als Ausgangsbasis für explorative Analysen und die Implementierung der produktiven Version des Dashboards. Im Folgenden ist eine im Dashboard integrierte Visualisierung der häufigsten Start- und Ziel-punkte zu sehen.

Analysen der EFA-Logs
Als erste Forschungsfrage wird aktuell die Analyse der Auswirkungen der Veranstaltungen auf dem ÖPNV mit Methoden des Maschinellen Lernens analysiert.  Hierzu wurden in explorativen Datenanalysen der Einfluss von großen Veranstaltungen wie z.B. Fussballspielen und mittelgroßen Veranstaltungen, etwa Konzerte, auf Anfragen an den ÖPNV betrachtet.  Als Grundlage für umfassende Analysen wurden mit Hilfe visueller Methoden exemplarisch Korrelation zwischen ÖPNV-Nachfrage und Veranstaltungszeiträumen detektiert.

Dabei zeichnen sich z.B. für Hannovers Innenstadt klare, sternförmige Muster ab, die zentrale Mobilitätsknoten identifizieren.

Das Bild stellt die Luftlinie zwischen Start- und Ziel-Ort der Anfragen dar. Dabei entsprechen dunklere Farben häufigeren Strecken. Hier werden deutlich Hannover Hauptbahnhof und Hannover Kröpcke (die zentrale U-Bahn Station) als Mobilitätsknoten identifiziert.

Analysen der Nachfrage für einzelne Stationen lassen wochentagspezifische Muster erkennen.

Hier dargestellt sind die durchschnittliche Anzahl der Anfragen mit der Ziel-Haltestelle “Hannover Stadionbrücke”. Zu erkennen sind vor allem Unterschiede zwischen Werktagen und dem Wochenende.

Auch der Einfluss von Veranstaltungen kann mit Hilfe der Anfragen visualisiert werden:

Dargestellt sind die Anzahl der Anfragen mit Ziel “Hannover Stadionbrücke” für Mittwoch, den 26.04.2017 (Orange) sowie die durchschnittlichen Anzahl von Anfragen, die mittwochs mit gleichem Ziel gestellt wird (Blau).
An diesem Tag fand in einer nahe gelegenen Konzerthalle ein Konzert statt, das um 20 Uhr begann. Die signifikante Abweichung zwischen 17 und 19 Uhr wurde sehr wahrscheinlich von den anreisenden Gästen verursacht wurde. Dies illustriert, dass Anfragen an den ÖPNV eine wertvolle Informationsquelle sein können, um Prognosen über die Auswirkung von Veranstaltungen auf Mobilität zu erstellen.

• A novel graph kernel algorithm for improving the effect of text classification. Yang, Fan; Zhu, Tan; Huang, Jing; Huang, Zhilin; Xie, Guoqi (2026). 95 101818.
• ASVspoof 5: Design, collection and validation of resources for spoofing, deepfake, and adversarial attack detection using crowdsourced speech. Wang, Xin; Delgado, Héctor; Tak, Hemlata; weon Jung, Jee; jin Shim, Hye; Todisco, Massimiliano; Kukanov, Ivan; Liu, Xuechen; Sahidullah, Md.; Kinnunen, Tomi; Evans, Nicholas W. D.; Lee, Kong Aik; Yamagishi, Junichi; Jeong, Myeonghun; Zhu, Ge; Zang, Yongyi; Zhang, You; Maiti, Soumi; Lux, Florian; Müller, Nicolas; Zhang, Wangyou; Sun, Chengzhe; Hou, Shuwei; Lyu, Siwei; Maguer, Sébastien Le; Gong, Cheng; Guo, Hanjie; Chen, Liping; Singh, Vishwanath Pratap (2026). 95 101825.
• Universal constituency treebanking and parsing: A pilot study. Li, Jianling; Zhang, Meishan; Wang, Jianrong; Zhang, Min; Zhang, Yue (2026). 95 101826.
• Sustainable visions: unsupervised machine learning insights on global development goals. García-Rodríguez, Alberto; Núñez, Matias; Pérez, Miguel Robles; Govezensky, Tzipe; Barrio, Rafael A; Gershenson, Carlos; Kaski, Kimmo K; Tagüeña, Julia (2025). 20(3)
• Introduction to Cryptographic Definitions - A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners Guo, Fuchun; Susilo, Willy; Nguyen, Khou; Chen, Xiaofeng; Zhao, Zhen in Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science (2025). 1–221. Springer.
• Learning Theory from First Principles Bach, Francis (2025). The MIT Press.
• Prompt Inversion Attack Against Collaborative Inference of Large Language Models. Qu, Wenjie; Zhou, Yuguang; Wu, Yongji; Xiao, Tingsong; Yuan, Binhang; Li, Yiming; Zhang, Jiaheng (2025). 1695–1712.
• HyperPianist: Pianist with Linear-Time Prover and Logarithmic Communication Cost. Li, Chongrong; Zhu, Pengfei; Li, Yun; Hong, Cheng; Qu, Wenjie; Zhang, Jiaheng (2025). 3383–3401.
• Extreme synchronization transitions. Lee, Seungjae; Kuklinski, Lennart J.; Timme, Marc (2025). 16(1)
• AI Narrative Breakdown. A Critical Assessment of Power and Promise. Rehak, Rainer in FAccT ’25 (2025). 1250–1260.

  This article sets off for an exploration of the still evolving discourse surrounding artificial intelligence (AI) in the wake of the release of ChatGPT. It scrutinizes the pervasive narratives that are shaping the societal engagement with AI, spotlighting key themes such as agency and decision-making, autonomy, truthfulness, knowledge processing, prediction, general purpose, neutrality and objectivity, apolitical optimization, sustainability game-changer, democratization, mass unemployment, and the dualistic portrayal of AI as either a harbinger of societal utopia or dystopia. Those narratives are analysed critically based on insights from critical computer science, critical data and algorithm studies, from STS, data protection theory, as well as from the philosophy of mind and semiotics. To properly analyse the narratives presented, the article first delves into a historical and technical contextualisation of the AI discourse itself. The article then introduces the notion of "Zeitgeist AI" to critique the imprecise and misleading application of the term "AI" across various societal sectors. Then, by discussing common narratives with nuance, the article contextualises and challenges often assumed socio-political implications of AI, uncovering in detail and with examples the inherent political, power infused and value-laden decisions within all AI applications. Concluding with a call for a more grounded engagement with AI, the article carves out acute problems ignored by the narratives discussed and proposes new narratives recognizing AI as a human-directed tool necessarily subject to societal governance.
• Eye-to-Eye or Face-to-Face? Face and Head Substitution for Co-Located AR. Kullmann, Peter; Schell, Theresa; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich (J. Saint-Aubert, ed.) (2025). 6
• Stretch to stretch, dust to dust: low-value local \($H_0$\) measurement from two-population modelling of type Ia supernovae. Wojtak, Radosław; Hjorth, Jens (2025).
• ANTS: Abstractive Entity Summarization in Knowledge Graphs. Firmansyah, Asep Fajar; Zahera, Hamada M.; Sherif, Mohamed Ahmed; and Moussallem, Diego; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille (2025).
• On the role of AMOC weakening in shaping wintertime Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation. Vacca, Andrea Vito; Bellomo, Katinka; Fabiano, Federico; von Hardenberg, Jost (2025). 63(6) 273.

  Climate change simulations project the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the 21st century, though the rate and extent of the decline vary across models. In the Euro-Atlantic region, where the AMOC strongly influences sea surface temperature (SST) variability, climate projections also show significant uncertainty in the evolution of large-scale atmospheric circulation. We hypothesise that the decline of the AMOC and the uncertainty in Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation are interconnected. To test this, we analyse three coordinated experiments from the CMIP6 archive (SSP2\\($\$\)-\\($\$\)4.5, SSP5\\($\$\)-\\($\$\)8.5 and abrupt-4xCO2) adopting a storyline approach. In particular, we compare groups of models projecting a larger AMOC decline to groups of models projecting a smaller AMOC decline. Our results indicate that a stronger AMOC weakening is associated with an intensification of the North Atlantic storm track and jet stream, as well as an increased frequency of the NAO\\($\$\)+\\($\$\)weather regime. We link these atmospheric changes to the influence of a reduced warming of the subpolar North Atlantic, known as the North Atlantic Warming Hole (NAWH), associated with the AMOC weakening. To further support our findings, we conduct an additional experiment using the EC-Earth3 model, comparing an abrupt-4xCO2 experiment with one where the AMOC is fixed at preindustrial levels. This experiment corroborates the CMIP6 analysis and validates our hypothesis. We conclude that the AMOC plays a critical role in driving atmospheric changes over the Euro-Atlantic region. Improved monitoring and better constraints on future AMOC decline would help reduce uncertainty in predictions of atmospheric circulation and climate impacts over Europe.
• Inference Scaling for Long-Context Retrieval Augmented Generation. Yue, Zhenrui; Zhuang, Honglei; Bai, Aijun; Hui, Kai; Jagerman, Rolf; Zeng, Hansi; Qin, Zhen; Wang, Dong; Wang, Xuanhui; Bendersky, Michael (2025).
• On the O(frac√d. Li, Huan; Dong, Yiming; Lin, Zhouchen (2025).
• Key components of effective non-pharmacological interventions for childhood obesity: a review considering social determinants of health. Zamanillo-Campos, R; Colom-Rossello, M; Rodríguez-Calero, M A; Martín, M I; Planas, T; Núñez-Jiménez, C; Ramos, M (2025). 184(7) 449–449.

  Childhood obesity, driven by an obesogenic environment, remains a public health priority. To review the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for treating childhood obesity, with a focus on weight reduction and consideration of social determinants of health (SDOH). The review included randomized and quasi-experimental studies, published between August 2016 and December 2021, that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing body weight in children aged 2 to 14 years with obesity. (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022301191). A total of 59 interventions were identified, showing wide variability in design, duration, components and settings. Most included physical activity (93%) and nutrition (81%), while fewer incorporated psychological support (46%) or digital tools (25%). Despite the diversity of approaches, 56% of the interventions were effective, particularly those implemented in healthcare or school settings, involving physical activity, and delivered by multidisciplinary teams. However, only six demonstrated sustained effects beyond 6 months. Risk of bias was high in over half of the studies, and only a small proportion (22%) reported participants' social characteristics such as family structure, race, or socioeconomic status. Importantly, very few interventions were designed or evaluated with explicit consideration of SDOH. CONCLUSION: Overall, effective interventions tended to target both children and parents, include multiple components-especially physical activity-and be delivered in accessible settings such as schools or primary care. Yet, the generalizability of findings is limited, as most studies involved children from relatively advantaged backgrounds. Future interventions should integrate SDOH in both design and evaluation to ensure equity and long-term effectiveness in diverse populations. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Childhood obesity remains a critical public health issue, heavily influenced by obesogenic environments and social determinants of health (SDOH). • Non-pharmacological interventions, particularly those incorporating physical activity and nutritional guidance, have been commonly used to address childhood obesity, though with varying degrees of success. WHAT IS NEW: • This review highlights that interventions delivered in healthcare or school settings by multidisciplinary teams, and involving both physical activity and parental engagement, show higher effectiveness in reducing childhood obesity. • The study identifies a significant gap in the integration of social determinants of health in both the design and evaluation of interventions, limiting their long-term impact and equity across diverse populations.
• Stretch to stretch, dust to dust: low-value local \($H_0$\) measurement from two-population modelling of type Ia supernovae. Wojtak, Radosław; Hjorth, Jens (2025).
• Unveiling the multifunctional use of ochre in the Middle Stone Age: Specialized ochre retouchers from Blombos Cave. Velliky, Elizabeth C.; d’Errico, Francesco; van Niekerk, Karen L.; Henshilwood, Christopher S. (2025). 11(26) eads2797.

  Ochre, an iron-rich pigment, is widely associated with symbolic communication, but its functional applications in the Middle Stone Age (MSA) remain poorly understood. Experimental and ethnographic evidence suggests ochre being useful for hide tanning, hafting adhesives, and skin protection, although direct archeological evidence is scarce. We address this gap by presenting ochre tools from Blombos Cave, South Africa, found in Still Bay to pre–Still Bay layers dated 90 to 70,000 years ago. Seven ochre pieces were deliberately modified into lithic retouchers, showing clear use-wear patterns and evidence of intentional shaping. Targeted experiments confirm that some were used for pressure flaking and were rejuvenated to maintain function. These findings provide direct evidence of ochre being used to retouch lithic artifacts during the MSA, highlighting its role in technological systems of this period. The results emphasize the multifunctionality of ochre and suggest that such curated tools may have held personal, cultural, or technological significance within early modern human communities. Seven ochre artifacts from Blombos Cave show evidence of lithic retouching and pressure flaking, revealing specialized MSA tools.
• Intelligent and Efficient Video Moment Localization Liu, Meng; Hu, Yupeng; Guan, Weili; Nie, Liqiang (2025). 1–154. Springer.
• Detecting LLM-Generated Peer Reviews. Rao, Vishisht; Kumar, Aounon; Lakkaraju, Himabindu; Shah, Nihar B. (2025).

  The integrity of peer review is fundamental to scientific progress, but the rise of large language models (LLMs) has introduced concerns that some reviewers may rely on these tools to generate reviews rather than writing them independently. Although some venues have banned LLM-assisted reviewing, enforcement remains difficult as existing detection tools cannot reliably distinguish between fully generated reviews and those merely polished with AI assistance. In this work, we address the challenge of detecting LLM-generated reviews. We consider the approach of performing indirect prompt injection via the paper's PDF, prompting the LLM to embed a covert watermark in the generated review, and subsequently testing for presence of the watermark in the review. We identify and address several pitfalls in naïve implementations of this approach. Our primary contribution is a rigorous watermarking and detection framework that offers strong statistical guarantees. Specifically, we introduce watermarking schemes and hypothesis tests that control the family-wise error rate across multiple reviews, achieving higher statistical power than standard corrections such as Bonferroni, while making no assumptions about the nature of human-written reviews. We explore multiple indirect prompt injection strategies--including font-based embedding and obfuscated prompts--and evaluate their effectiveness under various reviewer defense scenarios. Our experiments find high success rates in watermark embedding across various LLMs. We also empirically find that our approach is resilient to common reviewer defenses, and that the bounds on error rates in our statistical tests hold in practice. In contrast, we find that Bonferroni-style corrections are too conservative to be useful in this setting.
• Alternating Guided Training for Robust Adversarial Defense. Liu, Xinlei; Ma, Chunlai; Chen, Bo; Hu, Tao; Ma, Hailong; Yi, Peng; Jiang, Yiming; Hu, Yuxiang Z. (Mark) Zhang, E. Ricci, Y. Yan, L. Nie, V. Oria, L. Ballan (eds.) (2025). 2008–2012.
• Feasibility study of a mission to Sedna -- Nuclear propulsion and advanced solar sailing concepts. Ancona, Elena; Kezerashvili, Roman Ya.; Longo, Savino (2025).

  Exploring the outer reaches of the Solar System presents significant propulsion and mission design challenges. This study assesses the feasibility of a mission to Sedna using two advanced propulsion concepts: the Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) rocket engine, based on D-3He thermonuclear fusion, and a solar sail utilizing thermal desorption of its coating for propulsion. Both are evaluated for a one-way Earth-to-Sedna mission; however, due to the different performances the DFD would enable orbit insertion, whereas for the solar sail a flyby is envisioned. The analysis evaluates key mission parameters, including delivered payload capacity, travel time, and potential science return. For the DFD, we assume a 1.6 MW system with constant thrust and specific impulse, while for the solar sail, we consider acceleration via thermal desorption and a gravity-assist maneuver around Jupiter. The mission analysis incorporates four key phases: departure, interplanetary acceleration, interplanetary coasting, and rendezvous. Sedna is expected to pass through the perihelion of its orbit in 2075--2076 and then move again away from the Sun. Considering the distances involved, a mission targeting the object would need to be launched "relatively" soon, especially if using conventional propulsion systems, which could require up to 30 years of deep-space travel. In our study, results indicate that the DFD could reach Sedna in approximately 10 years, with 1.5 years of thrusting, while the solar sail, assisted by Jupiter's gravity, could complete the journey in 7 years. The feasibility of science payload accommodation, power availability, and communication constraints is also considered. These findings provide a comparative foundation for future deep-space mission planning.
• Semi-Supervised Learning with Noisy Labels Kober, Paula (2025).
• Generating Single Cell RNA-seq Data with Diffusion Models Fuchs, Felix (2025).
• Graphs With Polarities. Baez, John C.; Chaudhuri, Adittya (2025).

  In fields ranging from business to systems biology, directed graphs with edges labeled by signs are used to model systems in a simple way: the nodes represent entities of some sort, and an edge indicates that one entity directly affects another either positively or negatively. Multiplying the signs along a directed path of edges lets us determine indirect positive or negative effects, and if the path is a loop we call this a positive or negative feedback loop. Here we generalize this to graphs with edges labeled by a monoid, whose elements represent `polarities' possibly more general than simply "positive" or "negative". We study three notions of morphism between graphs with labeled edges, each with its own distinctive application: to refine a simple graph into a complicated one, to transform a complicated graph into a simple one, and to find recurring patterns called "motifs". We construct three corresponding symmetric monoidal double categories of "open" graphs. We study feedback loops using a generalization of the homology of a graph to homology with coefficients in a commutative monoid. In particular, we describe the emergence of new feedback loops when we compose open graphs using a variant of the Mayer-Vietoris exact sequence for homology with coefficients in a commutative monoid.
• Leveraging AI to Improve the Discoverability and Classification of Linguistic Publications. Ho, Clara Wan Ching; Risse, Thomas; Vrdoljak, Ivana (2025).
• Federated Generalised Variational Inference: A Robust Probabilistic Federated Learning Framework. Mildner, Terje; Hamelijnck, Oliver; Giampouras, Paris; Damoulas, Theodoros (2025).

  We introduce FedGVI, a probabilistic Federated Learning (FL) framework that is robust to both prior and likelihood misspecification. FedGVI addresses limitations in both frequentist and Bayesian FL by providing unbiased predictions under model misspecification, with calibrated uncertainty quantification. Our approach generalises previous FL approaches, specifically Partitioned Variational Inference (Ashman et al., 2022), by allowing robust and conjugate updates, decreasing computational complexity at the clients. We offer theoretical analysis in terms of fixed-point convergence, optimality of the cavity distribution, and provable robustness to likelihood misspecification. Further, we empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of FedGVI in terms of improved robustness and predictive performance on multiple synthetic and real world classification data sets.
• Security and Privacy of Current and Emerging IoT Devices and Systems (Dagstuhl Seminar 2431). Crispo, Bruno; Dmitrienko, Alexandra; Tsudik, Gene; Xu, Wenyuan; Sendner, Christoph (2025).
• Ready for VR? Assessing VR Competence and Exploring the Role of Human Abilities and Characteristics. Oberdörfer, Sebastian; Heinisch, Melina; Mühling, Tobias; Schreiner, Verena; König, Sarah; Latoschik, Marc Erich (2025).

  The use of VR for educational purposes provides the opportunity for integrating VR applications into assessments or graded examinations. Interacting with an VR environment requires specific human abilities, thus suggesting the existence of a VR competence. With regard to the emerging field of VR-based examinations, this VR competence might influence a candidate's final grade and hence should be taken into account. In this paper, we proposed and developed a VR competence assessment application. The application features eight individual challenges that are based on generic 3D interaction techniques. In a pilot study, we measured the performance of 18 users. By identifying significant correlations between VR competence score, previous VR experience and theoretically-grounded contributing human abilities and characteristics, we provide first evidence that our VR competence assessment is effective. In addition, we provide first data that a specific VR competence exists. Our analyses further revealed that mainly spatial ability but also immersive tendency correlated with VR competence scores. These insights not only allow educators and researchers to assess and potentially equalize the VR competence level of their subjects, but also help designers to provide effective tutorials for first-time VR users.
• Nonuniversality of inflammaging across human populations. Franck, Maximilien; Tanner, Kamaryn T.; Tennyson, Robert L.; Daunizeau, Camille; Ferrucci, Luigi; Bandinelli, Stefania; Trumble, Benjamin C.; Kaplan, Hillard S.; Aronoff, Jacob E.; Stieglitz, Jonathan; Kraft, Thomas S.; Lea, Amanda J.; Venkataraman, Vivek V.; Wallace, Ian J.; Lim, Yvonne A. L.; Ng, Kee Seong; Yeong, Joe Poh Sheng; Ho, Roger; Lim, Xinru; Mehrjerd, Ameneh; Charalambous, Eleftheria G.; Aiello, Allison E.; Pawelec, Graham; Franceschi, Claudio; Hertel, Johannes; Fülöp, Tamàs; Lemoine, Maël; Gurven, Michael; Cohen, Alan A. (2025).

  Inflammaging, an age-associated increase in chronic inflammation, is considered a hallmark of aging. However, there is no consensus approach to measuring inflammaging based on circulating cytokines. Here we assessed whether an inflammaging axis detected in the Italian InCHIANTI dataset comprising 19 cytokines could be generalized to a different industrialized population (Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study) or to two indigenous, nonindustrialized populations: the Tsimane from the Bolivian Amazon and the Orang Asli from Peninsular Malaysia. We assessed cytokine axis structure similarity and whether the inflammaging axis replicating the InCHIANTI result increased with age or was associated with health outcomes. The Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study was similar to InCHIANTI except for IL-6 and IL-1RA. The Tsimane and Orang Asli showed markedly different axis structures with little to no association with age and no association with age-related diseases. Inflammaging, as measured in this manner in these cohorts, thus appears to be largely a byproduct of industrialized lifestyles, with major variation across environments and populations.
• Adaptive Trust Architecture for Secure IoT Communication in 6G. Ahmad, Ijaz; Gimhana, Shakthi; Ahmad, Ijaz; Harjula, Erkki (2025). 7(2) 113–116.
• Ready for VR? Assessing VR Competence and Exploring the Role of Human Abilities and Characteristics. Oberdörfer, Sebastian; Heinisch, Melina; Mühling, Tobias; Schreiner, Verena; König, Sarah; Latoschik, Marc Erich (2025).

  The use of VR for educational purposes provides the opportunity for integrating VR applications into assessments or graded examinations. Interacting with an VR environment requires specific human abilities, thus suggesting the existence of a VR competence. With regard to the emerging field of VR-based examinations, this VR competence might influence a candidate's final grade and hence should be taken into account. In this paper, we proposed and developed a VR competence assessment application. The application features eight individual challenges that are based on generic 3D interaction techniques. In a pilot study, we measured the performance of 18 users. By identifying significant correlations between VR competence score, previous VR experience and theoretically-grounded contributing human abilities and characteristics, we provide first evidence that our VR competence assessment is effective. In addition, we provide first data that a specific VR competence exists. Our analyses further revealed that mainly spatial ability but also immersive tendency correlated with VR competence scores. These insights not only allow educators and researchers to assess and potentially equalize the VR competence level of their subjects, but also help designers to provide effective tutorials for first-time VR users.
• Knowledge Generation for Zero-shot Knowledge-based VQA. Cao, Rui; Jiang, Jing Y. Graham, M. Purver (eds.) (2024). 533–549.
• A 0.0006-mm2 0.13-pJ/bit 9-21-Gb/s Sampling CDR with Inverter-Based Frequency Multiplier and Embedded 1: 3 DEMUX in 65-nm CMOS. Dong, Zhicheng; Zhao, Xiaoteng; Yang, Zekai; Su, Xianting; Han, Haolin; Bu, Feng; Zhou, Rong; Sun, Depeng; Chen, Yong; Liu, Shubin; Ding, Ruixue; Zhu, Zhangming (2024). 1–3.
• A 28nm 118.26TOPS/W Multi-Dimensional Fault-Tolerant Al Processor Enabling Voltage-Frequency Scaling Below Point-of-First-Failure. Wang, Yang; Yang, Xiaolong; Qin, Yubin; Zhao, Zhiren; Guo, Ruiqi; Yue, Zhiheng; Wei, Shaojun; Hu, Yang; Yin, Shouyi (2024). 1–3.
• A 28-nm 323 TOPS/mm2/b and 2007 TOPS/W/b Ternary Latch Based Sparsity-Aware CIM Macro With Double-Sampling Ternary ADC. Kim, Myoung; Jeong, Hoichang; Kim, Woo-Seok; Jeong, Yesong; Choi, Young-Eun; Park, Junyoung; Ryu, Min Woo; Lee, Yong Kyu; Lee, Kyuho Jason; Kim, Kyung Rok (2024). 1–3.
• RMMIC: A 40 μW Reconfigurable Multi-modal Multi-channel Interface Circuit System for Bio-signals Monitoring. Zhou, Ting; Huang, Jiajie; Wang, Chao; Hao, Yuzhi; Ji, Yuxin; Gu, Zhiwen; Gao, Zhuo; Yang, Feng; Zhang, Yuhang; Zhao, Yang; Zhao, Jian; Liu, Yan; Chen, Mingyi; Wang, Guoxing; Lian, Yong; Li, Yongfu (2024). 1–3.
• A 0.04 μJ/ Classification High-Accuracy Energy-Efficient ECG Processor with SNN On-Chip Backpropagation and Adaptive Threshold Encoding. Fan, Haodong; Zhou, Junlu; Guo, Zilong; Chang, Zhiyuan; Yang, Xi; Hu, Zhicheng; Zeng, Jiahao; Lin, Shuisheng; Zhou, Liang; Zhou, Jun; Zhang, Li; Huang, Jinxi; Su, Jianlei; Gao, Wei; Wu, Qiang; Chang, Liang (2024). 1–3.
• A Wireless Battery-Free Cerebral-Oxygen-Monitoring Micro-System Featuring 0.028% Sensing Resolution. Wang, Weixiao; Zhu, Boyu; Xuan, Yangfan; Shen, Yili; Xiao, Qijing; Wang, Zhiyu; Luo, Yuxuan; Pan, Gang; Su, Bin; Zhao, Bo (2024). 1–3.
• HPL-ESS: Hybrid Pseudo-Labeling for Unsupervised Event-based Semantic Segmentation. Jing, Linglin; Ding, Yiming; Gao, Yunpeng; Wang, Zhigang; Yan, Xu; Wang, Dong; Schaefer, Gerald; Fang, Hui; Zhao, Bin; Li, Xuelong (2024). 23128–23137.
• A 75.6Gb/S 22-Bit Floating-Point Reconfigurable DSP Accelerator Embedding 2048×256-Point Complex FFT and 26K-Point 1-D Signal Processing. Xu, Xuanzhe; Liu, Xianjun; Wei, Siyuan; Yu, Shuangming; Dou, Runjiang; Yang, Xu; Wang, Zhe; Liu, Jian; Wu, Nanjian; Liu, Liyuan (2024). 1–3.
• A 28nm 76.25TOPS/W RRAM/SRAM-Collaborative CIM Fine-Tuning Accelerator with RRAM-Endurance/Latency-Aware Weight Allocation for CNN and Transformer. Mu, Chen; Huang, Zhirui; Jiang, Hao; Liao, Jie; Jiao, Bo; Zhou, Yuliang; Zhu, Haozhe; Yang, Jianguo; Liu, Qi; Chen, Chixiao (2024). 1–3.
• SDNet: Noise-Robust Bandwidth Extension under Flexible Sampling Rates. Yang, Junkang; Liu, Hongqing; Gan, Lu; Zhou, Yi; Li, Xing; Jia, Jie; Yao, Jinzhuo (2024). 1–6.
• A 13.75-14.75-GHz 32.1-fsRMS Jitter -100.6-dBc Reference Spur -261.4-dB FoM Sub-Sampling PLL Using a KPD-Doubled Isolated Sub-Sampling Phase Detector for Reliable Spur-Jitter-Joint Optimization. Xu, Yiqing; Li, Yixi; Zhang, Zhao; Qi, Nan; Liu, Jian; Wu, Nanjian; Liu, Liyuan (2024). 1–3.
• ANVMP: A 28nm 52.6 μW 1.25pJ/SOP Asynchronous Non- Volatile-Memory-based Computing-In-Memory Neuromorphic Processor for Edge-Al Applications. Zhang, Jilin; Wei, Qiumeng; Huo, Dexuan; Li, Tao; Gao, Bin; Qian, He; Wu, Huaqiang; Tang, Kea-Tiong; Chen, Hong (2024). 1–3.
• A Real-Time Optical-Flow-based SLAM FPGA Accelerator with Inter-Frame Similarity Exploitation and Correlation-Guided Mixed-Precision Flow Update. Li, Mengjie; Zhu, Haozhe; Zhang, Yiming; He, Siqi; Liu, Qi; Zeng, Xiaoyang; Chen, Chixiao (2024). 1–3.
• Time Series Diffusion in the Frequency Domain. Crabbé, Jonathan; Huynh, Nicolas; Stanczuk, Jan Pawel; Van Der Schaar, Mihaela in Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, R. Salakhutdinov, Z. Kolter, K. Heller, A. Weller, N. Oliver, J. Scarlett, F. Berkenkamp (eds.) (2024). (Vol. 235) 9407–9438.

  Fourier analysis has been an instrumental tool in the development of signal processing. This leads us to wonder whether this framework could similarly benefit generative modelling. In this paper, we explore this question through the scope of time series diffusion models. More specifically, we analyze whether representing time series in the frequency domain is a useful inductive bias for score-based diffusion models. By starting from the canonical SDE formulation of diffusion in the time domain, we show that a dual diffusion process occurs in the frequency domain with an important nuance: Brownian motions are replaced by what we call mirrored Brownian motions, characterized by mirror symmetries among their components. Building on this insight, we show how to adapt the denoising score matching approach to implement diffusion models in the frequency domain. This results in frequency diffusion models, which we compare to canonical time diffusion models. Our empirical evaluation on real-world datasets, covering various domains like healthcare and finance, shows that frequency diffusion models better capture the training distribution than time diffusion models. We explain this observation by showing that time series from these datasets tend to be more localized in the frequency domain than in the time domain, which makes them easier to model in the former case. All our observations point towards impactful synergies between Fourier analysis and diffusion models.
• A 32×32 SPAD LiDAR Sensor with In-pixel Spatial-temporal Coincidence and Per-SPAD Pulse Delay for Resolution-lossless Imaging. Chen, Bu; Huang, Zhangcheng; Wang, Jingyi; Shang, Hongyang; Lv, Hankun; Liu, Qi; Liu, Ming (2024). 1–3.
• HyperPianist: Pianist with Linear-Time Prover via Fully Distributed HyperPlonk. Li, Chongrong; Li, Yun; Zhu, Pengfei; Qu, Wenjie; Zhang, Jiaheng (2024). 2024 1273.
• Temporal Dynamics and Success Patterns of Online Petitions: A Time-Series Clustering Approach. Kovács, Máté; Buryakov, Daniil; Gohourou, Didier; Serdült, Uwe (2024). 103–109.
• A 130-to-170 GHz Reconfigurable Heterodyne/Homodyne Transceiver Achieving 20.5-dBm Psat for Emerging Integrated Wireless Access and Backhaul Networks. Wu, Qixiu; Deng, Wei; Guo, Ziyuan; Jia, Haikun; Ma, Taikun; Peng, Qiuyu; Liu, Chang; Chi, Baoyong (2024). 1–3.
• A 28nm 128-kb Exponent- and Mantissa-Computation-InMemory Dual-macro for Floating-point and INT CNNs. Guo, An; Dong, Xueshan; Dong, Fangyuan; Li, Dongqi; Zhang, Yiran; Zhang, Jingmin; Tang, Yuchen; Shi, Yuhui; Tan, Xiao; Liu, Bo; Shan, Weiwei; Cai, Hao; Yang, Jun; Si, Xin (2024). 1–3.
• A 0.9V CMOS Voltage Reference with 0.41% Untrimmed Accuracy and 44.7 ppm/°C TC from -35°C to 130°C. Chen, Xuanlin; Wu, Jiangchao; Wang, Bo; Law, Man Kay (2024). 1–3.
• Efficient self-organization of informal public transport networks. Mittal, Kush Mohan; Timme, Marc; Schröder, Malte (2024). 15(1)
• The Two-Bridge Ant Experiment as an Interactive Netlogo Library Model. Umlauft, Martina; Schranz, Melanie (2024).
• Ant-Search Algorithm for Distributed Knowledge Graphs. Chepizhko, Oleksandr; Forgács, Péter; Schranz, Melanie (2024).
• A reduced complexity MLSD-based adaptive Duo-PAM4 detector in 28-nm CMOS for 56-Gb/s wireline receiver. Xu, Chaolong; Lv, Fangxu; Lai, Mingche; Luo, Zhang; Qi, Xingyun; Xu, Jiaqing; Wang, Qiang; Xiao, Liquan; Liu, Cewen; Xu, Hua (2024). 1–3.
• A 33.6nW Capacitively Coupled Chopper Amplifier with Stacked Input-Boosted Gate-and-Bulk-Driven Inverter Achieving 0.59 NEF and 0.42 PEF in 180nm CMOS. Hu, Ke; Wu, Jiangchao; Wang, Bo; Law, Man Kay (2024). 1–3.
• A 2.8-to-7.2GT/s DDR5 Registering Clock Driver IC with Parallel-Data Timing and Pin-to-Pin Skew Calibration for a Dual In-Line Memory Module. Kim, Joomyoung; Jung, Jaehong; Lim, Kwangmin; Sung, Barosaim; Kim, Jaekwon; Lim, Baekmin; Noh, Tae-Gun; Lee, Jaehoon; Seok, Hyun-Gi; Cho, Youngsea; Kim, Gyusik; Nomiyama, Takahiro; Kang, Sunhye; Jeong, Yeongcheol; Cho, Sanguk; Kim, Gyumin; Oh, Do-Hyun; Kim, Jaenam; Lim, Yong; Kim, Seungjin; Oh, Seunghyun; Lee, Jongwoo (2024). 1–3.
• A 5.76GS/s 180MHz-BW 74.1dB-DR 2x TI Extrapolated CT DSM with Broadband Hybrid-Inputs Current-Mode Adder in 28nm CMOS. Liu, Yuekai; Guo, Meng; Jin, Yichen; Liu, Yan; Guo, Mingqiang; Sin, Sai-Weng; Tan, Zhichao; Qi, Liang (2024). 1–3.
• A 28nm 166.9 TOPS/W x Mb/mm2 DRAM-Free QLC Compute-in-ROM Macro Supporting High Task-Level Inference Energy Efficiency for Tiny AI Edge Devices. Cheong, Ling-An; Wang, Chen; Zhou, Mufeng; Liao, Tianyu; Lee, Mingyen; Ke, Yue; Tang, Wenjun; Chen, Yiming; Du, Xirui; Liu, Yongpan; Yang, Huazhong; Li, Xueqing (2024). 1–3.
• A TFT-Based Flexible PPG Acquisition Circuit in a 3-μm LTPS Process for Packaging-Free Smart Ring Applications. Zhang, Hanbo; Lou, Yuqing; Bo, Yang; Ma, Zhouchen; Wu, Hao; Qi, Liang; Li, Yongfu; Guo, Xiaojun; Wang, Guoxing; Zhao, Jian (2024). 1–3.
• Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model for Realistic Financial Correlation Matrices. Kubiak, Szymon; Weyde, Tillman; Galkin, Oleksandr; Philps, Daniel; Gopal, Ram (2024). 1–9.
• A 48MHz Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator Utilizing Time-Domain Accuracy Boosting Techniques Achieving ±1.4ppm Frequency Stability from -55°C to 115°C. Yin, Junyang; Deng, Wei; Jia, Haikun; Wang, Minshuo; Chi, Baoyong (2024). 1–3.
• A 64-channel SPAD-based LiDAR sensor with Compact Coincidence Detection Circuit and Inter-frame Correlation-based Nonlinear Partial Histogram Builder. Hu, Jin; Li, Dong; Wang, Xiayu; Ma, Rui; Liu, Yang; Zhu, Zhangming (2024). 1–3.
• RePreM: Representation Pre-training with Masked Model for Reinforcement Learning. Cai, Yuanying; Zhang, Chuheng; Shen, Wei; Zhang, Xuyun; Ruan, Wenjie; Huang, Longbo B. Williams, Y. Chen, J. Neville (eds.) (2023). 6879–6887.
• Hierarchical Relational Learning for Few-Shot Knowledge Graph Completion. Wu, Han; Yin, Jie; Rajaratnam, Bala; Guo, Jianyuan (2023).
• Citizen scientists report global rapid reductions in the visibility of stars from 2011 to 2022. Kyba, Christopher C. M.; Altıntaş, Yiğit Öner; Walker, Constance E.; Newhouse, Mark (2023). 379(6629) 265–268.

  The artificial glow of the night sky is a form of light pollution; its global change over time is not well known. Developments in lighting technology complicate any measurement because of changes in lighting practice and emission spectra. We investigated the change in global sky brightness from 2011 to 2022 using 51,351 citizen scientist observations of naked-eye stellar visibility. The number of visible stars decreased by an amount that can be explained by an increase in sky brightness of 7 to 10% per year in the human visible band. This increase is faster than emissions changes indicated by satellite observations. We ascribe this difference to spectral changes in light emission and to the average angle of light emissions. Artificial lighting that escapes into the sky causes it to glow, preventing humans and animals from seeing the stars. Satellites can measure the light emitted upward, but they are not sensitive to all wavelengths produced by LED lighting or to light emitted horizontally. Kyba et al. used data from citizen scientists to measure how light pollution is affecting human views of the stars worldwide (see the Perspective by Falchi and Bará). Participants were shown maps of the sky at different levels of light pollution and asked which most closely matched their view. Trends in the data showed that the average night sky got brighter by 9.6% per year from 2011 to 2022, which is equivalent to doubling the sky brightness every 8 years. —KTS Observations of the night sky by citizen scientists show that it is rapidly getting brighter due to light pollution.
• Efficient and Robust Solution to Universal Symmetric Transformation for 3-D Point Sets. Wang, Bin; Yu, Jie; Chen, Yu; Zhao, Zhisheng; Liu, Chao (2022). 60 1–15.
• TD3 with Reverse KL Regularizer for Offline Reinforcement Learning from Mixed Datasets. Cai, Yuanying; Zhang, Chuheng; Zhao, Li; Shen, Wei; Zhang, Xuyun; Song, Lei; Bian, Jiang; Qin, Tao; Liu, Tieyan X. Zhu, S. Ranka, M. T. Thai, T. Washio, X. Wu (eds.) (2022). 21–30.
• A Transformer-Based User Satisfaction Prediction for Proactive Interaction Mechanism in DuerOS. Shen, Wei; He, Xiaonan; Zhang, Chuheng; Zhang, Xuyun; Xie, Jian M. A. Hasan, L. Xiong (eds.) (2022). 1777–1786.
• Imitation Learning to Outperform Demonstrators by Directly Extrapolating Demonstrations. Cai, Yuanying; Zhang, Chuheng; Shen, Wei; He, Xiaonan; Zhang, Xuyun; Huang, Longbo M. A. Hasan, L. Xiong (eds.) (2022). 128–137.
• Experimental Characterization Techniques for Solid-Liquid Slurry Flows in Pipelines: A Review. Silva, Rui C. (2022). 10(3)

  In industrial environments, having instrumentation able to attain fast, accurate, and autonomous measurements is pivotal to understanding the dynamics of liquid and particles during transport. Ideally, these instruments, consisting of either probes or sensors, should be robust, fast, and unintrusive, i.e., not cause interference on the very flows being monitored, and require minimal maintenance. Beyond monitoring, the process knowledge gained through real time inspection allows teams to make informed technical decisions based on particle behavior, i.e., settling of particles causing pipe wear and clustering or blockages that can damage the unit or cause shutdowns, both of which with economical drawbacks. The purpose of this review is to examine experimental measurement techniques used to characterize physical properties and operational parameters of solid-liquid slurry flows, focusing on non-ionizing radiation methods. With this text the intent is not to provide an exhaustive examination of each individual technique but rather an overview on the most pertinent types of instrumentation, which will be presented, in addition to application examples from the literature, while directing the reader for pertinent seminal and review papers for a more in-depth analysis.
• Dynamics of ranking. I~niguez, Gerardo; Pineda, Carlos; Gershenson, Carlos; Barabási, Albert-László (2022). 13(1)
• cCorrGAN: Conditional Correlation GAN for Learning Empirical Conditional Distributions in the Elliptope. Marti, Gautier; Goubet, Victor; Nielsen, Frank in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, F. Nielsen, F. Barbaresco (eds.) (2021). (Vol. 12829) 613–620.
• Variational multimodal machine translation with underlying semantic alignment. Liu, Xiao; Zhao, Jing; Sun, Shiliang; Liu, Huawen; Yang, Hao (2021). 69 73–80.
• COVID-19 in South Africa: outbreak despite interventions. Schröder, Malte; Bossert, Andreas; Kersting, Moritz; Aeffner, Sebastian; Coetzee, Justin; Timme, Marc; Schlüter, Jan (2021). 11(1)
• Incentive-driven transition to high ride-sharing adoption. Storch, David-Maximilian; Timme, Marc; Schröder, Malte (2021). 12(1)
• Feldmessgeräte: 1. AgriSens FELDTAG „Einsatz von Fernerkundungstechnologien in der Landwirtschaft“. Truckenbrodt, Sina; Ahmadian, Nima; Borg, Erik; Gerighausen, Heike; Böttcher, Falk; Conrad, Christopher; Dahms, Thorsten; Harfenmeister, Katharina; Hüttich, Christian; Dhillon, Maninder Singh; Spengler, Daniel; Thürkow, Detlef; Thiel, Michael (2021).
• The Busy Beaver Frontier. Aaronson, Scott (2020). 51(3) 32–54.

  The Busy Beaver function, with its incomprehensibly rapid growth, has captivated generations of computer scientists, mathematicians, and hobbyists. In this survey, I o er a personal view of the BB function 58 years after its introduction, emphasizing lesser-known insights, recent progress, and especially favorite open problems. Examples of such problems include: when does the BB function rst exceed the Ackermann function? Is the value of BB(20) independent of set theory? Can we prove that BB(n + 1) > 2BB(n) for large enough n? Given BB(n), how many advice bits are needed to compute BB(n + 1)? Do all Busy Beavers halt on all inputs, not just the 0 input? Is it decidable, given n, whether BB(n) is even or odd?
• CORRGAN: Sampling Realistic Financial Correlation Matrices Using Generative Adversarial Networks. Marti, Gautier (2020). 8459–8463.
• Thermodynamics of NaHCO3 decomposition during Na2CO3-based CO2 capture. Toan, Sam; O’Dell, William; Russell, Christopher K.; Zhao, Sun; Lai, Qinghua; Song, Huiping; Zhao, Ying; Fan, Maohong (2019). 78 74–80.

  Amine-basedcarbon-capture technologies have been shown to be energetically expensive and to cause significant environmental and epidemiological impacts due to their volatility. Bicarbonate formation from carbon dioxide's reaction with water has been suggested as an effective alternative for capturing CO2; however, the thermodynamics of this reaction are not well understood. This study experimentally determined the equilibrium constant of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) decomposition to sodium, water, and carbon dioxide; the study also compared the equilibrium constant to theoretical calculations. Using a combination of experimentation and thermodynamic relationships, the unitless equilibrium constants of the forward and reverse reactions were calculated accurately (error <±9% and <±4%, respectively). Equilibrium data were calculated using enthalpy and entropy values of each component of NaHCO3 decomposition at temperatures ranging from 25 to 155°C respectively. These results offer more data essential to optimizing NaHCO3 use in environmentally friendly next-generation CO2-capture technologies.
• Comparing the performance of crop growth models using synthetic remote sensing data at DEMMIN, Germany. Dhillon, Maninder Singh; Dahms, Thorsten; Kuebert-Flock, Carina; Conrad, Christopher (2019).

  This research has been conducted on a main agricultural production region of the NorthEast Germany over the time frame of 2015. Five widely used crop growth models, namely, WOFOST, Aqua Crop, Ceres Wheat, CropSyst and Light Use Efficiency (LUE), are compared to predict the biomass of winter wheat. To obtain the higher spatial and temporal coverage, this study explains the usage of a fusion model in which both Landsat (30m) and Modis (500m) were combined to generate the synthetic remote sensing time series for the accurate evaluation of vegetation on a daily basis.
• Light Use Efficiency Model to Estimate Biomass and YIELD with and Without Vapour Pressure Deficit Dhillon, Maninder Singh; Dahms, Thorsten; Nill, Leon (2018). University of Würzburg.
• Experience in the implementation of projects in professional environment in a 1st cycle of studies of Civil Engineering. Ribeiro, Diogo; Neto, Teresa; Santos, Ricardo; de Fátima Portela, Maria F. J. García-Peñalvo (ed.) (2018). 93–99.
• Joint Modeling of Users’ Interests and Mobility Patterns for Point-of-Interest Recommendation. Yin, Hongzhi; Cui, Bin; Huang, Zi; Wang, Weiqing; Wu, Xian; Zhou, Xiaofang X. Zhou, A. F. Smeaton, Q. Tian, D. C. A. Bulterman, H. T. Shen, K. Mayer-Patel, S. Yan (eds.) (2015). 819–822.
• Unifying Local and Global Agreement and Disagreement Classification in Online Debates. Yin, Jie; Narang, Nalin; Thomas, Paul; Paris, Cécile A. Balahur, A. Montoyo, P. Martínez-Barco, E. Boldrini (eds.) (2012). 61–69.
• Doing Bayesian data analysis. A tutorial introduction with R and BUGS Kruschke, John (2011). (First ) Academic Press, Amsterdam.
• Addressing the out-of-vocabulary problem for large-scale Chinese spoken term detection. Meng, Sha; Shao, Jian; Yu, Roger Peng; Liu, Jia; Seide, Frank (2008). 2146–2149.
• Abrasive Flow Polishing of Micro Bores. Yin, Ling; Ramesh, Kuppuswamy; Wan, Stephen; Liu, Xiang Dong; Huang, Han; Liu, Yu Chan (2004). 19(2) 187–207.

  Micro bore finishing for metal and ceramic materials has been a challenge in the manufacturing industry. Unfortunately, little is understood about how to polish a micro bore and how to assess its inner wall quality because it is difficult to access the micro bore for either polishing or measurement. This article reports on a feasibility study of the abrasive flow polishing of micro bores of 260 ˜ 500-µm diameters and 25 ˜ 50 length/diameter ratios for both metal and ceramic materials. An abrasive flow polishing machine was designed and built with turbulent flow characteristics. Polishing of steel S45C bores of 400- and 500-µm diameters, stainless steel 304 bores of 500-µm diameter, and zirconia bores of 260-µm diameter was conducted. Surface roughness and topography of the polished inner walls of micro bores were characterized using profilometry and optical interferometry from the three-dimensional point of view. Significant reduction in surface roughness of the micro bore inner walls has been made in the polishing processes. The results indicate that it is feasible to apply the abrasive flow polishing technology for metal and ceramic micro bores of diameters of 260 µm or larger and the length/diameter ratios of 25 or higher. It is found that surface roughness of the polished micro bore inner walls decreases with an increase of the abrasive flow passes.
• Slurry systems handbook Abulnaga, Baha E. in McGraw-Hill Handbooks (2002). McGraw-Hill, New York.
• Development of high speed slurry flow finishing of the inner wall of stainless steel capillary: Polishing and gas flow characteristics of various size of capillaries. Kurobe, T.; Yamada, Y.; Yamamoto, K. (2001). 25(2) 100–106.

  A new finishing method for inner wall of capillaries has been developed, in which the polishing is performed by letting the slurry flow through the capillary at high speed. With the increasing number of slurry passes, the surface roughness of as-received capillaries decreases rapidly in the early stage of the low number of slurry passes, and then tends to saturate to a certain level depending on the diameter of the capillaries. It is also found that the decreasing surface roughness of the inner wall results in the increasing conductance of gas flow through the capillary. Accounting for the effect of the capillary diameter D on the differential pressure which is measured in nitrogen gas flow through the capillary at a constant flow rate, an empirical equation is found between the differential pressure P and the surface roughness Ra, logP · D4 = 0.362 + logRa1/6.
• Polyphilo, or, The dark forest revisited : an erotic epiphany of architecture Pérez Gómez Alberto; Colonna, Francesco (1992). MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
• An inverse of the evaluation functional for typed Lambda-calculus. Berger, Ulrich; Schwichtenberg, Helmut R. Vermuri (ed.) (1991). 203–211.

  In any model of typed \($\lambda$\)-calculus conianing some basic arithmetic, a functional p - * (procedure--* expression) will be defined which inverts the evaluation functional for typed X-terms, Combined with the evaluation functional, p-e yields an efficient normalization algorithm. The method is extended to X-calculi with constants and is used to normalize (the X-representations of) natural deduction proofs of (higher order) arithmetic. A consequence of theoretical interest is a strong completeness theorem for \($\beta$\)\($\eta$\)-reduction, generalizing results of Friedman [1] and Statman [31: If two Xterms have the same value in some model containing representations of the primitive recursive functions (of level 1) then they are provably equal in the \($\beta$\)\($\eta$\)- calculus.
• Krug što skamenjuje Šegedin, Petar in Biblioteka Globus (1988). 556-. Globus, Zagreb.
• Activity coefficient of aqueous sodium bicarbonate. Pitzer, Kenneth S.; Peiper, J. Christopher (1980). 84(19) 2396–2398.

  The determination of the activity coefficient and related properties of sodium bicarbonate presents special problems because of the appreciable vapor pressure of CO&sub2; above such solutions. With the development of reliable equations for the thermodynamic properties of mixed electrolytes, it is possible to determine the parameters for NaHCO&sub3; from cell measurements or NaCl-NaHCO&sub2; mixtgures. Literature data are analyzed to illustrate the method and provide interim values, but it is noted that further measurements over a wider range of concentrations would yield more definitive results. An estimate is also given for the activity coefficient of KHCO&sub3;.
• Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions. Greenspan, Lewis (1977). 81A(1) 89–96.
• Heuristische Bezugsrahmen und heuristisch angelegte Forschungsdesigns als Elemente einer Konstruktionsstrategie empirischer Forschung. Kubicek, Herbert R. Köhler (ed.) (1977). 3–36.
• Relative humidity-temperature relationships of some saturated salt solutions in the temperature range 0℃ to 50℃. Wexler, Arnold; Hasegawa, Saburo (1954). 53(1) 19–26.

  The relative humidity-temperature relationships have been determined in air in equilibration with saturated salt solutions of lithium chloride, ...