Forecasting of the Traffic Situation in the Hannover Region

The main requirement of road traffic participants is to know the current traffic situation. Such data is typically obtained from routing services where the time of many different individual trips is taken into account.

In the context of Data4UrbanMobility tools were developed that allow to predict the traffic situation based on such time series data. The following figure presents an interface to visualize typical time series patterns as well as outliers present in the data:

The prediction of the traffic situation is made available in the form of a map based interface for the end user:

Data4UrbanMobility Data Protection Regulation

The work on the Data4UrbanMobility data protection regulation is completed. The document is publicly available and can be found here.

First Version of MiC-App Available

A first version of the novel MiC-App (Move in the City) App is now available for D4UM-associates as well as a protected group of public users. The mobile MiC-App is a tool to gather data.

MiC was developed by the Institute for Sustainable Urbanism at the University of Braunschweig and the Projektionisten GmbH. MiC links the growing  awareness of  digital citizen rights with the potential of evaluation big datasets. Therefore MiC gives the opportunity to citizen to actively participate in a citizen science project to take part in the development of the mobility of the feature.

MiC gathers data of the users movement, where the user has the about which data should be recorded. All data is pseudonymised such that the privacy of the contributing citizen is ensured.

Current Status:

In the first version of the app, the user can easily start and end the tracking of his/her movement. It is worth to point out, that the user decides when he is tracked and when not. A summary of his/her activity is available for the user as well as the opportunity to issue feedback or even delete all of his contributed data.

Updated System with Dashboard V2

With the new version of our system,  the dashboard will provide even more insights into the impact of public events on the traffic situation.

The coloring and labels let us easily distinguish between the different type of events. By clicking on the label we show the typically affected subgraph for that event type. This allows the user to check what specific routes are typically affected by an event at that location.

Examples: Visualisation of a concert and a football game.

In addition, the graph at the top right gives additional information on how big the impact around the events start time tends to be.

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We enriched the api endpoints with additional information from the data models that were developed as part of the research efforts.

D4UM App Version 1.0

We just released the first Version of the D4UM App. Every project member now has access to the application and can try out its features. Let’s quickly go over some of its main features.
The EFA integration (EFA is a routing engine covering Lower Saxony and Bremen ) allows for quick access to tip information using all available public transport options. Our focus, when designing the application, was on quick and easy navigation to provide a simple and easy to use trip planning tool.

Departures and Connections

On the departure screen we show the user the closes stops for public transportation in his immediate vicinity. On the connection screen the user can fill in his desired starting location( either an address or an existing stop ) and destination and query for what connections are available to him. The provided information contains real time data , meaning we are able to visualized delays for any given connection.

Map

On the map screen you can see and or find all available stops of public transportation. This allows for providing the user with a great way to find out what stops are available in their city. By clicking on any of the shown stops will open the departure screen and provide you with the information mentioned above. To better visualize a selected connection, we show the route you plan to travel on the map.

Menu / Settings

Additional features can be found in the settings menu of the application. Here you can find settings that allow you to customize your routing results for both the departures and connection screen. The best way to let us know what you think about the application is to use the feedback module. This can be found here as well. First click on the emoji that best describe how you feel about the app. And then put in any additional information or ideas or thoughts you may have. Now what is left is just to press send and you will send us an email.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Quantification  and Prediction of Impact of Public Events

Current Data4UrbanMobility research results allow for measuring and prediction of spatial impact on road traffic of public events. Connected, affected street segments nearby public events are identified to measure the spatial impact. The approach is depicted in the following figure:

(Karte von https://www.openstreetmap.org)

An event is marked as yellow dot, affected streets in red and the measured impact in dark blue. Moreover, an approach making use of machine learning algorithms was developed to predict the impact determined in this way, resulting an error-reduction of up to 40% when compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.

D4UM – Platform V1 Released

The first version of the Data4UrbanMobiltiy platform has been released. The platform was designed and implemented following a 3-tier-architecture. The platform provides RESTfull Web services for mobility applications like dashboards or mobile apps. As a demonstration, an interactive map application has been developed that visualizes the spatial impact of public events. The following figure shows a screenshot of the application.

The figure shows 4 public events in the city of Hannover. The colors represent different types of public events (e.g. concerts, fairs, sport events). The circles visualize the spatial impact on road traffic caused by the public events.

Comprehensive Set of Requirements

The Data4UrbanMobility analysis of requirements includes requirements of the application partners Region Hannover (RH) and Wolfsburg AG (WAG) as well as non functional requirements. The requirements were collected by MOMA. The L3S derived research question for data analysis which are based  on the requirements of RH and WAG. The research question address especially the information needs of end-users.

The current research questions particularly include

1. Automated verification of traffic warnings and prediction of their impact
2. Identification of events and prediction of their impact
3. Investigation of correlation of road traffic data, public transportation query logs, traffic warnings and twitterfeeds
4. Determination of optimal traveling timepoints

Growing Data Collection

ISU create a comprehensive data matrix containing potential source of mobility related data. The Data4UrbanMobility data model describes all project relevant data sets and sets them into context. This makes the data available in a unified manor for both analysis and applications. The selected data sources were transformed according to the Data4UrbanMobility data model by L3S. The data quality of selected data sources (i.e. public transportation query logs and road traffic data) was examined.

Tools for extracting the relevant information from the datasets were developed to enable the integration of the datasets.

• Street and graph extraction from OpenStreetMap
• Bulkloader for public transportation queries
• Integration of “Zentrales Haltestellen Verzeichniss” (central registry of public transportation stops)

The current collection (December 12th 2017) contians

EFA-Logs: 17 million public transportation queries
Road traffic data: 174 thousand street sements with a frequency of 15 minutes
GTFS-data: 90 thousand. public transportation stops, 2.6 thousand routes
Weather: Radolan “Regenraster” (rain grid)
Twitter: 2,5 Mio. Tweets starting at June 2017

OSM: 440 thousand streets 
Events: 21 thousand public events (August 14th 2016-July 17th 2018)

Traffic warnings: 13 thousand warning (since June 2017)

Visualization of Public Transportation Information

In order to allow intuitive analytics of public transportation information, the PROJEKTIONISTEN (PROJ) developed a dashboard web application. First prototypes visualize queries addressed to the regional timetable information system EFA (www.efa.de). The prototypes serve as foundations for exploration analyses as well as the implementation of future versions of the dashboard. The following figure shows an integrated visualization of the most frequent origins and destinations of the queries.

Analysen der EFA-Logs

Analysis of EFA Public Transportation Query Logs

Analyses regarding the impact of public events on public transportation are currently conducted to address early research questions. To this extend, explorative data analyses of the impact of major public events such as football games and medium sized events such as concerts were conducted. Visual analytics were used as a first step towards comprehensive analyses, which show start-like patterns for city center which identify mobility hubs of central importance.

The figure shows the direct connection between origin and destination of public transportation queries. Darker colors correspond to more frequent queried trips. Star-like pattern identify the central train station and the central metro station.

Analyses of single stations reveal weekday dependent patterns.

The figure depicts the average number of queries with the destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke”. Differences emerge between Weekends and workdays.

The impact of public events on the queries can be visualized  as well.

The figure shows the number of queries with the Destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke” for Wednesday, April 26th 2017 (orange) as well as the average number of queries on a Wednesday for the same destination. On this day a concert took place in venue nearby. The concert start at 8 pm. The significant deviations between 5 pm and 7 pm is highly likely to be caused by visitors of the concert. This shows that public transportation queries are a valuable information source to investigate the impact of public events on mobility infrastructure.

• Body Armor. Aqeel (2024).
• It‘s the politics, stupid – Die Verantwortung von Staat und Gesellschaft für nachhaltige Lebenswelten Hoffmann, Reiner; Röstel, Gunda; Böhning-Gaese, Kathrin; Bruhn, Zarah; Dörner, Katja; Dubourg, Saori; Gönner, Tanja; Krüger, Jörg-Andreas; Lawrence, Mark G.; Niebert, Kai; Paetow, Hubertus; Rapior, Myriam; Schnappauf, Werner; Tanneberger, Franziska; Wieczorek-Zeul, Heidemarie (2024).

  In einer aktuellen Stellungnahme fordert der Rat für Nachhaltige Entwicklung (RNE) die Politik auf, bei der Gestaltung der Transformation nicht nur die Wirtschaft, sondern auch die Gesellschaft in den Blick zu nehmen. Der Fokus sollte hierbei nicht auf Wertedebatten und Moralisierung, sondern auf der Schaffung nachhaltiger Infrastrukturen liegen. Zu den vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen zählen der Ausbau nachhaltiger Mobilitäts- und Ernährungsinfrastrukturen, der Um- und Abbau umweltschädlicher Subventionen, die Anreizgestaltung über Steuern und Abgaben sowie der Einsatz regulatorischer Instrumente wie z.B. Tempolimits. Kai Niebert, RNE-Mitglied und federführender Autor des Papiers: „Der Versuch, Klimaschutz über ein schlechtes Gewissen oder an der Ladentheke zu betreiben, funktioniert nicht und trägt außerdem zur Spaltung in der Gesellschaft bei. Wir brauchen weniger Wertedebatten und mehr nachhaltige Infrastrukturen, die es ermöglichen, ein nachhaltiges Leben zu führen. Das heißt: Der Staat muss Leitplanken setzen, innerhalb derer sich die Menschen nachhaltiger verhalten können, innerhalb derer es attraktiv ist, sich nachhaltig zu verhalten.“
• Untangling charge-order dependent bulk states from surface effects in a topological kagome metal ScV\($_\mathbf6$\)Sn\($_\mathbf6$\). Cheng, Zi-Jia; Shao, Sen; Kim, Byunghoon; Cochran, Tyler A.; Yang, Xian P.; Yi, Changjiang; Jiang, Yu-Xiao; Zhang, Junyi; Hossain, Md Shafayat; Roychowdhury, Subhajit; Yilmaz, Turgut; Vescovo, Elio; Fedorov, Alexei; Shekhar, Chandra; Felser, Claudia; Chang, Guoqing; Hasan, M. Zahid (2024). 109(7) 075150.
• Spectral functions of the strongly interacting three-dimensional Fermi gas. Johansen, Christian H.; Frank, Bernhard; Lang, Johannes (2024). 109(2) 023324.

  Computing dynamical properties of strongly interacting quantum many-body systems poses a major challenge to theoretical approaches. Usually, one has to resort to numerical analytic continuation of results on imaginary frequencies, which is a mathematically ill-defined procedure. Here we present an efficient method to compute the spectral functions of the two-component Fermi gas near the strongly interacting unitary limit directly in real frequencies. To this end, we combine the Keldysh path integral that is defined in real time with the self-consistent T-matrix approximation. The latter is known to predict thermodynamic and transport properties in good agreement with experimental observations in ultracold atoms. We validate our method by comparison with thermodynamic quantities obtained from imaginary-time calculations and by transforming our real-time propagators to imaginary time. By comparison with state-of-the-art numerical analytic continuation of the imaginary-time results, we show that our real-time results give qualitative improvements for dynamical quantities. Moreover, we show that no significant pseudogap regime exists in the self-consistent T-matrix approximation above the critical temperature Tc, an issue that has been under significant debate. We close by pointing out the versatile nature of our method as it can be extended to other systems, like the spin- or mass-imbalanced Fermi gas, other Bose-Fermi models, two-dimensional systems, and systems out of equilibrium.
• Fracton-elasticity duality on curved manifolds. Tsaloukidis, Lazaros; Fernández-Melgarejo, José J.; Molina-Vilaplana, Javier; Surówka, Piotr (2024). 109(8) 085427.

  The mechanical properties of crystals on curved substrates mix elastic, geometric, and topological degrees of freedom. In order to elucidate the properties of such crystals, we formulate the low-energy effective action that combines metric degrees of freedom with displacement fields and defects. We propose dualities for elasticity coupled to curved geometry formulated in terms of tensor gauge theories. We show that the metric degrees of freedom, evolving akin to linearized gravity, are mapped to tensors with three indices. When coupled to crystals, these degrees of freedom become gapped and, in the presence of dislocations and disclinations, multivalued. The elastic degrees of freedom remain gapless and mapped to symmetric gauge fields with two indices. In analogy with elasticity on flat-space formulation, we assume that the trace of the total quadrupole moment is conserved. In the dual formulation, topological defects, which act as sources for the gauge fields, are fractons or excitations with restricted mobility. This leads to generalized glide constraints that restrict both displacement and gravitational defects.
• جوهر المسك: عطر آسر من التقاليد والأناقة. Rossow, Rile (2024).
• العطر الفضي: رائحة فاخرة لكل مناسبة. Rossow, Rile (2024).
• اكتشف جوهر الأناقة: أروع العطور النسائية. Rossow, Rile (2024).
• حلول فعالة: نقدم لك "مزيل" الأفضل لاحتياجاتك. Rossow, Rile (2024).
• Exploring Alf Qatar: A Fusion of Tradition and Modernity. Rossow, Rile (2024).
• Discover the Ultimate Skin Hydration: Best Body Lotions in Qatar. Indulge your skin with the finest moisturizing experience by exploring the best body lotions in Qatar. Whether you’re combating dryness caused by the desert climate or seeking luxurious hydration year round, our curated selection ensures you find the perfect match for your skin type; preferences. From soothing formulas infused with nourishing ingredients to lightweight, fast-absorbing textures ideal for the humid weather of Qatar; achieve velvety-smooth skin with the best body lotions available in Qatar, delivering lasting hydration; a radiant glow. (2024).
• Discover the Best Deals on Black Hot Perfume Price in Qatar. to indulge in the captivating allure of Black Hot Perfume without breaking the bank? Explore the enticing offers, Looking; competitive prices available for Black Hot Perfume in Qatar. Unleash your senses with this tantalizing fragrance, renowned for its seductive notes; long-lasting aroma. Whether you’re shopping for yourself or searching for the perfect gift, find unbeatable deals; now, discounts on Black Hot Perfume right here. Don’t miss out on the chance to experience luxury at an affordable price. Shop; immerse yourself in the irresistible allure of Black Hot Perfume in Qatar. (R. Rossow, ed.) (2024).
• Effortless Cleanliness: Discover the Magic of ’Mazil. Rossow, Rile (2024).
• Interstate Team Removals. https://interstateteamremovals.com.au/ (https://interstateteamremovals.com.au/, ed.) (2024). https://interstateteamremovals.com.au/.
• Graphadapter: Tuning vision-language models with dual knowledge graph. Li, Xin; Lian, Dongze; Lu, Zhihe; Bai, Jiawang; Chen, Zhibo; Wang, Xinchao (2024). 36
• Understanding and controlling the photoluminescence line shapes of 2D perovskites with chiral methylbenzylammonium-based cations. Scalon, Lucas; New, Arianne; Ge, Ziyuan; Mondal, Navendu; Campos, Raquel Dantas; Quarti, Claudio; Beljonne, David; Nogueira, Ana Flávia; Bakulin, Artem A.; Vaynzof, Yana (2024).

  Chiral two-dimensional (2D) perovskites are a promising material class for the next generation of spintronic and chiroptical devices. Despite their promise, many aspects related to film formation and crystallization remain elusive. When chiral ammonium-based organic cations such as methylbenzylammonium (MBA) are employed in the preparation of chiral 2D perovskites, their interaction with the halide species in the inorganic perovskite network often introduces substantial steric hindrance, leading to the formation of one-dimensional (1D) phase impurities within the 2D matrix. Here, we demonstrate that this 1D phase manifests itself in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the 2D perovskite film as an additional weakly emissive, thermally activated state with a self-trapped excitonic character, leading to an asymmetric PL response. We demonstrate that the strategic introduction of a methoxy (OMe) group on the para position of the MBA cations can mitigate the formation of the 1D phase. As a result, the emission band becomes narrower and more symmetric and the 2D perovskite film has a higher PL quantum yield at room temperature. Our findings elucidate the origins of asymmetry and broadband emission of MBA-based chiral 2D perovskites and highlight the indispensable role of molecular design in chiral organic cations in controlling phase purity and attaining the desired optical properties.
• Disparities in Mortality by Sexual Orientation in a Large, Prospective Cohort of Female Nurses. McKetta, Sarah; Hoatson, Tabor; Hughes, Landon D.; Everett, Bethany G.; Haneuse, Sebastien; Austin, S. Bryn; Hughes, Tonda L.; Charlton, Brittany M. (2024).
• Les Glaciers des Alpes et la Photographie Reichler, Claude (P. universitaires de Rennes, ed.) (2024).
• Buy Social Security Number SSN. SSN, Buy Social Security Number (https://bestsmmsolution.com/product/buy-social-security-number ssn/, ed.) (2024).
• covXtreme : MATLAB software for non-stationary penalised piecewise constant marginal and conditional extreme value models. Towe, Ross; Ross, Emma; Randell, David; Jonathan, Philip (2024). 177 106035.

  The covXtreme software provides functionality for estimation of marginal and conditional extreme value models, non-stationary with respect to covariates, and environmental design contours. Generalised Pareto (GP) marginal models of peaks over threshold are estimated, using a piecewise-constant representation for the variation of GP threshold and scale parameters on the (potentially multidimensional) covariate domain of interest. The conditional variation of one or more associated variates, given a large value of a single conditioning variate, is described using the conditional extremes model of Heffernan and Tawn (2004), the slope term of which is also assumed to vary in a piecewise constant manner with covariates. Optimal smoothness of marginal and conditional extreme value model parameters with respect to covariates is estimated using cross-validated roughness-penalised maximum likelihood estimation. Uncertainties in model parameter estimates due to marginal and conditional extreme value threshold choice, and sample size, are quantified using a bootstrap resampling scheme. Estimates of environmental contours using various schemes, including the direct sampling approach of Huseby et al. 2013, are calculated by simulation or numerical integration under fitted models. The software was developed in MATLAB for metocean applications, but is applicable generally to multivariate samples of peaks over threshold data. The software and case study data can be downloaded from GitHub, with an accompanying user guide.
• LET EMPLOYEES TRAIN THEIR OWN CHATBOTS: DESIGN OF GENERATIVE AI-ENABLED DELEGATION SYSTEMS. Reinhard, Philipp; Li, Mahei Manhai; Peters, Christoph; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2024).

  While chatbots can be implemented with very little effort, scaling and maintaining chatbots remains a challenge. This is crucial in knowledge-intensive customer service like IT support, where domain knowledge must stay current with the evolving IT landscape. Following design science research, we derive design principles for a generative AI (GPT4) enabled textual training data creation and curation system (T²C²) as part of a new class of systems – bot delegation systems. For the design of T²C², chatbot and domain expert viewpoints are integrated. We evaluate two instances of T²C², each with distinct degrees of human-ai delegation where employees act both as creators and curators of training data. The paper’s theoretical contribution is two-fold: (1) we present a novel kernel theory that represents the material characteristics of bot delegation systems by contextualizing the IS delegation framework to the self-determination theory; (2) the design and evaluation of T²C² as the built-and-evaluated artifact.
• Augmenting Frontline Service Employee Onboarding via Hybrid Intelligence: Examining the Effects of Different Degrees of Human-GenAI Interaction. Reinhard, Philipp; Neis, Nicolas; Kolb, Lisa; Wischer, Dennis; Li, Mahei Manhai; Winkelmann, Axel; Teuteberg, Frank; Lechner, Ulrike; Leimeister, Jan Marco M. Y. Mandviwalla, M. Söllner, T. Tuunanen (eds.) (2024).

  High turnover rates within help desks, caused by excessive workloads, make the efficient onboarding of novices a persistent and recurring challenge. Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) possesses the potential to augment novice frontline service employees (FSE) during their onboarding phase. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how to design the interaction of FSE and GenAI. Thus, following design science research (DSR), we propose a conversational (co-)agent that leverages the capabilities of large language models and the concept of hybrid intelligence to augment novice FSE. To examine the interaction between novices and GenAI given various task difficulties, we derive and instantiate two hybrid intelligence meta-designs - a supporter that provides recommendations and a collaborator that allows for prompting the coagent. The results from an online experiment with 75 laypeople show that novices interact with GenAI more frequently and show a higher engagement, especially in difficult tasks. Overall, we uncover a paradox: Despite an increased interaction and a greater time investment, FSEs experience a lower perceived workload with a GenAI-based collaborator. From that, we derive implications for designing employee-facing co-agents in customer services.
• Tree Service in Prince George, BC. Bitner, Jonathan (2024).
• Species Diversity and Habitat Fragmentation Per Se: The Influence of Local Extinctions and Species Clustering. Hovestadt, Thomas; Poethke, Hans-Joachim; Müller, Jörg; Mitesser, Oliver (2024). 000–000.
• Change in saproxylic beetle, fungi and bacteria assemblages along horizontal and vertical gradients of sun-exposure in forest. Hagge, Jonas; Müller, Jörg; Bässler, Claus; Brandl, Roland; Schuldt, Andreas; Thorn, Simon; Seibold, Sebastian (2024). 291 110493.
• Best Home Builder In Canberra | Independent Building Solutions Solutions, Independent Building (2024).
• Chebifier: Automating semantic classification in ChEBI to accelerate data-driven discovery. Glauer, Martin; Neuhaus, Fabian; Flügel, Simon; Wosny, Marie; Mossakowski, Till; Memariani, Adel; Schwerdt, Johannes; Hastings, Janna (2024). to appear.
• Autonomous VR Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders Using Conversational AI—Ethical and Technical Implications and Preliminary Results. Obremski, David; Wienrich, Carolin (2024). 12(4)

  The need for psychotherapy is very high and the lack of care causes a lot of suffering and high costs. This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to creating an AI-guided exposure therapy for fear of heights in virtual reality (VR). First, ethical principles for the use of conversational AI in psychotherapy were translated into technical requirements and made measurable. Based on this, an autonomous virtual reality exposure therapy was iteratively developed with a therapist. The feasibility and implementation of the ethical principles were tested with a patient. The patient was very satisfied with the VR setup. The AI therapist was also rated positively, although there is still room for improvement regarding conversational skills. Overall, the paper shows how AI can contribute responsibly to improving the psycho-therapeutic supply. It also provides guidelines that make ethical principles tangible and measurable for developers.
• Prethermalization in aperiodically kicked many-body dynamics. Yan, Jin; Moessner, Roderich; Zhao, Hongzheng (2024). 109(6) 064305.

  Driven many-body systems typically experience heating due to the lack of energy conservation. Heating may be suppressed for time-periodic drives, but little is known for less regular drive protocols. In this paper, we investigate the heating dynamics in aperiodically kicked systems, specifically those driven by quasiperiodic Thue-Morse or a family of random sequences with n-multipolar temporal correlations. We demonstrate that multiple heating channels can be eliminated even away from the high-frequency regime. The number of eliminated channels increases with multipolar order n. We illustrate this in a classical kicked rotor chain where we find a long-lived prethermal regime. When the static Hamiltonian only involves the kinetic energy, the prethermal lifetime t∗ can strongly depend on the temporal correlations of the drive, with a power-law dependence on the kick strength t∗∼K−2n, for which we can account using a simple linearization argument.
• The Irminger Gyre as a Key Driver of the Subpolar North Atlantic Overturning. Sanchez-Franks, A.; Holliday, N. P.; Evans, D. G.; Fried, N.; Tooth, O.; Chafik, L.; Fu, Y.; Li, F.; de Jong, M. F.; Johnson, H. L. (2024). 51(8) e2024GL108457.

  Abstract The lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is the equatorward flow of dense waters formed through the cooling and freshening of the poleward-flowing upper limb. In the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA), upper limb variability is primarily set by the North Atlantic Current, whereas lower limb variability is less well understood. Using observations from a SPNA mooring array, we show that variability of the AMOC's lower limb is connected to poleward flow in the interior Irminger Sea. We identify this poleward flow as the northward branch of the Irminger Gyre (IG), accounting for 55% of the AMOC's lower limb variability. Over 2014–2018, wind stress curl fluctuations over the Labrador and Irminger Seas drive this IG and AMOC variability. On longer (>annual) timescales, however, an increasing trend in the thickness of intermediate water, from 2014 to 2020, within the Irminger Sea coincides with a decreasing trend in IG strength.
• Suppression of proton decay in quantum gravity. Eichhorn, Astrid; Ray, Shouryya (2024). 850 138529.

  The bound on the proton lifetime is one of a small handful of observations that constrains physics not far from the Planck scale. This calls for a calculation of the proton lifetime in quantum gravity. Here, we calculate how quantum fluctuations of the metric impact four-fermion interactions which mediate proton decay. We find that quantum gravity lowers the scaling dimension of the four-fermion interaction, suppressing proton decay and raising the proton lifetime significantly. As a special case, we analyze asymptotically safe quantum gravity, in which we discover that proton-decay-mediating four-fermion interactions are strictly zero.
• Ultrafast exciton dynamics in the atomically thin van der Waals magnet CrSBr. Meineke, Christian; Schlosser, Jakob; Zizlsperger, Martin; Liebich, Marlene; Nilforoushan, Niloufar; Mosina, Kseniia; Terres, Sophia; Chernikov, Alexey; Sofer, Zdenek; Huber, Markus A.; Florian, Matthias; Kira, Mackillo; Dirnberger, Florian; Huber, Rupert (2024). 24(14) 4101–4107.

  Among atomically thin semiconductors, CrSBr stands out as both its bulk and monolayer forms host tightly bound, quasi-one-dimensional excitons in a magnetic environment. Despite its pivotal importance for solid-state research, the exciton lifetime has remained unknown. While terahertz polarization probing can directly trace all excitons, independently of interband selection rules, the corresponding large far-field foci substantially exceed the lateral sample dimensions. Here, we combine terahertz polarization spectroscopy with near-field microscopy to reveal a femtosecond decay of paramagnetic excitons in a monolayer of CrSBr, which is 30 times shorter than the bulk lifetime. We unveil low-energy fingerprints of bound and unbound electron–hole pairs in bulk CrSBr and extract the nonequilibrium dielectric function of the monolayer in a model-free manner. Our results demonstrate the first direct access to the ultrafast dielectric response of quasi-one-dimensional excitons in CrSBr, potentially advancing the development of quantum devices based on ultrathin van der Waals magnets.
• Realizability of Rectangular Euler Diagrams. Dürrschnabel, Dominik; Priss, Uta (2024).
• Wie Mathematik hilft, das Risiko beim Tauchen zu minimieren. Siller, Hans-Stefan; Just, Janina; Unshelm, Nina (H. Humenberger, ed.) (2024). 70(1) 25–34.

  Im Zuge einer sorgfältigen Planung eines Tauchgangs stellt sich die Frage, wie die-ser gestaltet sein sollte, um das Unfallrisiko zu minimieren. In der Planung müssen vielfältige Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigt werden, wie z.B. Gefahrenquellen, physio-logische und naturwissenschaftliche Hintergründe sowie die Funktion technischer Gerä-te. Diese Einflussfaktoren lassen sich aus schulpraktischer Perspektive dem MINT-Kontext (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) zuordnen.
• Spread complexity for measurement-induced non-unitary dynamics and Zeno effect. Bhattacharya, Aranya; Das, Rathindra Nath; Dey, Bidyut; Erdmenger, Johanna (2024). 2024(3) 179.

  Using spread complexity and spread entropy, we study non-unitary quantum dynamics. For non-hermitian Hamiltonians, we extend the bi-Lanczos construction for the Krylov basis to the Schrödinger picture. Moreover, we implement an algorithm adapted to complex symmetric Hamiltonians. This reduces the computational memory requirements by half compared to the bi-Lanczos construction. We apply this construction to the one-dimensional tight-binding Hamiltonian subject to repeated measurements at fixed small time intervals, resulting in effective non-unitary dynamics. We find that the spread complexity initially grows with time, followed by an extended decay period and saturation. The choice of initial state determines the saturation value of complexity and entropy. In analogy to measurement-induced phase transitions, we consider a quench between hermitian and non-hermitian Hamiltonian evolution induced by turning on regular measurements at different frequencies. We find that as a function of the measurement frequency, the time at which the spread complexity starts growing increases. This time asymptotes to infinity when the time gap between measurements is taken to zero, indicating the onset of the quantum Zeno effect, according to which measurements impede time evolution.
• Equivalent-circuit model that quantitatively describes domain-wall conductivity in ferroelectric LiNbO\($_\mathbf3$\). Zahn, Manuel; Beyreuther, Elke; Kiseleva, Iuliia; Lotfy, Ahmed Samir; McCluskey, Conor J.; Maguire, Jesi R.; Suna, Ahmet; Rüsing, Michael; Gregg, J. Marty; Eng, Lukas M. (2024). 21(2) 024007.

  Ferroelectric domain wall (DW) conductivity (DWC) can be attributed to two separate mechanisms: (a) the injection/ejection of charge carriers across the Schottky barrier formed at the (metal-)electrode-DW junction and (b) the transport of those charge carriers along the DW. Current-voltage (I-U) characteristics, recorded at variable temperatures from LiNbO3 (LNO) DWs, are clearly able to differentiate between these two contributions. Practically, they allow us to directly quantify the physical parameters relevant to the two mechanisms (a) and (b) mentioned above. These are, for example, the resistance of the DW, the saturation current, the ideality factor, and the Schottky barrier height of the electrode-DW junction. Furthermore, the activation energies needed to initiate the thermally activated electronic transport along the DWs can be extracted. In addition, we show that electronic transport along LNO DWs can be elegantly viewed and interpreted in an adapted semiconductor picture based on a double-diode, double-resistor equivalent-circuit model, the R2D2 model. Finally, our R2D2 model was checked for its universality by successfully fitting the I-U curves of not only z-cut LNO bulk DWs, but equally of z-cut thin-film LNO DWs, and of x-cut thin-film DWs as reported in literature.
• Irreducible momentum-space spin structure of Weyl semimetals and its signatures in Friedel oscillations. Knoll, Andy; Timm, Carsten (2024). 109(3) 035145.

  Materials that break time-reversal or inversion symmetry possess nondegenerate electronic bands, which can touch at so-called Weyl points. The spinor eigenstates in the vicinity of a Weyl point exhibit a well-defined chirality ±1. Numerous works have studied the consequences of this chirality, for example, in unconventional magnetoelectric transport. However, even a Weyl point with isotropic dispersion is not only characterized by its chirality but also by the momentum dependence of the spinor eigenstates. For a single Weyl point, this momentum-space spin structure can be brought into standard “hedgehog” form by a unitary transformation, but for two or more Weyl points, this is not possible. In this work, we show that the relative spin structure of a pair of Weyl points has strong qualitative signatures in the electromagnetic response. Specifically, we investigate the Friedel oscillations in the induced charge density due to a test charge for a centrosymmetric system consisting of two Weyl points with isotropic dispersion. The most pronounced signature is that the amplitude of the Friedel oscillations falls off as 1/r4 in directions in which both Weyl points exhibit the same spin structure, while for directions with inverted spin structures, the amplitude of the Friedel oscillations decreases as 1/r3.
• Quantum oscillations revealing topological band in kagome metal ScV\($_\mathbf6$\)Sn\($_\mathbf6$\). Yi, Changjiang; Feng, Xiaolong; Mao, Ning; Yanda, Premakumar; Roychowdhury, Subhajit; Zhang, Yang; Felser, Claudia; Shekhar, Chandra (2024). 109(3) 035124.

  Compounds with kagome lattice structure are known to exhibit Dirac cones, flatbands, and van Hove singularities, which host numerous versatile quantum phenomena. Inspired by these intriguing properties, we investigate the temperature and magnetic field-dependent electrical transports along with the theoretical calculations of ScV6Sn6, a nonmagnetic charge-density wave (CDW) compound. At low temperatures, the compound exhibits Shubnikov–de Haas quantum oscillations, which help to design the Fermi-surface (FS) topology. This analysis reveals the existence of several small FSs in the Brillouin zone, combined with a large FS. Among them, the FS-possessing Dirac band is nontrivial and generates a nonzero Berry phase. In addition, the compound also shows the anomalous Hall-like behavior up to the CDW phase transition, and they might be correlated. Combining these interesting physical properties with the CDW phase, ScV6Sn6 presents a unique material example of the versatile HfFe6Ge6 family and provides various promising opportunities to explore the series further.
• Ferroelectric hysteresis measurement in the lithium niobate-lithium tantalate single-crystalline family: prospects for lithium niobate-tantalate. Koppitz, Boris; Ganschow, Steffen; Rüsing, Michael; Eng, Lukas M. (2024). 2300967.

  Poling and structuring of ferroelectric domains form the basis for developing prospective applications using materials from the lithium-niobate (LN) family. Applications range from second harmonic generation to electro-optic modulators or surface acoustic wave devices. In the work presented here, hysteresis measurements are used as a standard method to quantitatively determine the poling properties of these ferroelectrics, including their spontaneous polarization Ps as well as their forward and reverse coercive fields Ec,+ and Ec,?. Systematic measurements that depend on parameters such as the ramp rate R of the applied poling voltage and the waiting time twait between domain inversions are investigated and compared between the congruent variants of LN, lithium tantalate (LT), their magnesium-doped analogues, and stoichiometric LN. For bulk magnesium-doped LN, for example, it is found that the resulting coercive field strongly depends on the speed of the voltage ramp, with Ec\($E_\textc$\) values ranging from 11 to 21?kV?mm?1. These investigations are used as fundamental input for poling ferroelectric lithium niobate-tantalate solids (LNT), a system that offers a high potential for tuning the material parameters beyond what is possible for LN or LT.
• Real-space topological localizer index to fully characterize the dislocation skin effect. Chadha, Nisarg; Moghaddam, Ali G.; van den Brink, Jeroen; Fulga, Cosma (2024). 109(3) 035425.

  The dislocation skin effect exhibits the capacity of topological defects to trap an extensive number of modes in two-dimensional non-Hermitian systems. Similar to the corresponding skin effects caused by system boundaries, this phenomenon also originates from nontrivial topology. However, finding the relationship between the dislocation skin effect and nonzero topological invariants, especially in disordered systems, can be obscure and challenging. Here, we introduce a real-space topological invariant based on the spectral localizer to characterize the skin effect on two-dimensional lattices. We demonstrate that this invariant consistently predicts the occurrence and location of both boundary and dislocation skin effects, offering a unified approach applicable to both ordered and disordered systems. Our work demonstrates a general approach that can be utilized to diagnose the topological nature of various types of skin effects, particularly in the absence of translational symmetry when momentum-space descriptions are inapplicable.
• Thermodynamics and fractal dynamics of a nematic spin ice: A doubly frustrated pyrochlore Ising magnet. Hallén, Jonathan N.; Castelnovo, Claudio; Moessner, Roderich (2024). 109(1) 014438.

  The Ising antiferromagnets on the triangular and on the pyrochlore lattices are two of the most iconic examples of magnetic frustration, paradigmatically illustrating many exotic properties such as emergent gauge fields, fractionalization, and topological order. In this paper, we show that the two instances of frustration can, remarkably, be combined in a single system, where they coexist without inducing conventional long-range ordering. Our results indicate that the system undergoes a first-order phase transition upon lowering the temperature, into a yet different frustrated phase that we characterize to exhibit nematic order. We argue that an extensive degeneracy survives down to zero temperature, at odds with a customary Pauling estimate. Dynamically, we find evidence of anomalous noise in the power spectral density, arising from an effectively fractal anisotropic motion of monopoles at low temperature.
• Removing Reflections from RAW Photos. Kee, Eric; Pikielny, Adam; Blackburn-Matzen, Kevin; Levoy, Marc (2024).
• Tunable positions of Weyl nodes via magnetism and pressure in the ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal CeAlSi. Cheng, Erjian; Yan, Limin; Shi, Xianbiao; Lou, Rui; Fedorov, Alexander; Behnami, Mahdi; Yuan, Jian; Yang, Pengtao; Wang, Bosen; Cheng, Jin-Guang; Xu, Yuanji; Xu, Yang; Xia, Wei; Pavlovskii, Nikolai; Peets, Darren C.; Zhao, Weiwei; Wan, Yimin; Burkhardt, Ulrich; Guo, Yanfeng; Li, Shiyan; Felser, Claudia; Yang, Wenge; Büchner, Bernd (2024). 15(1) 1467.

  The noncentrosymmetric ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal CeAlSi with simultaneous space-inversion and time-reversal symmetry breaking provides a unique platform for exploring novel topological states. Here, by employing multiple experimental techniques, we demonstrate that ferromagnetism and pressure can serve as efficient parameters to tune the positions of Weyl nodes in CeAlSi. At ambient pressure, a magnetism-facilitated anomalous Hall/Nernst effect (AHE/ANE) is uncovered. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements demonstrated that the Weyl nodes with opposite chirality are moving away from each other upon entering the ferromagnetic phase. Under pressure, by tracing the pressure evolution of AHE and band structure, we demonstrate that pressure could also serve as a pivotal knob to tune the positions of Weyl nodes. Moreover, multiple pressure-induced phase transitions are also revealed. These findings indicate that CeAlSi provides a unique and tunable platform for exploring exotic topological physics and electron correlations, as well as catering to potential applications, such as spintronics.
• Chiral Meissner state in time-reversal invariant Weyl superconductors. Shyta, Vira; van den Brink, Jeroen; Nogueira, Flavio S. (2024). 6(1) 013240.

  Weyl semimetals have nodes in their electronic structure at which electrons attain a definite chirality. Due to the chiral anomaly, the nonconservation of charges with given chirality, the axion term appears in their effective electromagnetic action. We determine how this affects the properties of time-reversal invariant Weyl superconductors (SCs) in the London regime. For type II SCs the axion coupling generates magnetic B fields transverse to vortices, which become unstable at a critical coupling so that a transition into type I SC ensues. In this regime an applied B field not only decays inside the SC within the London penetration depth, but the axion coupling generates an additional perpendicular field. Consequently, when penetrating into the bulk the B field starts to steadily rotate away from the applied field. At a critical coupling the screening of the magnetic field breaks down. The novel chiral superconducting state that emerges has a periodically divergent susceptibility that separates onsets of chiral Meissner regimes. The chiral anomaly thus leaves very crisp experimental signatures in structurally chiral Weyl SCs with an axion response.
• Domain wall dynamics in classical spin chains: free propagation, subdiffusive spreading, and soliton emission. McRoberts, Adam J.; Bilitewski, Thomas; Haque, Masudul; Moessner, Roderich (2024). 132(5) 057202.

  The nonequilibrium dynamics of domain wall initial states in a classical anisotropic Heisenberg chain exhibits a striking coexistence of apparently linear and nonlinear behaviors: the propagation and spreading of the domain wall can be captured quantitatively by linear, i.e., noninteracting, spin wave theory absent its usual justifications; while, simultaneously, for a wide range of easy-plane anisotropies, emission can take the place of stable solitons—a process and objects intrinsically associated with interactions and nonlinearities. The easy-axis domain wall only has transient dynamics, the isotropic one broadens diffusively, while the easy-plane one yields a pair of ballistically counterpropagating domain walls which, unusually, broaden subdiffusively, their width scaling as t^1/3.
• Nonlinear and negative effective diffusivity of interlayer excitons in moiré-free heterobilayers. Wietek, Edith; Florian, Matthias; Göser, Jonas; Taniguchi, Takashi; Watanabe, Kenji; Högele, Alexander; Glazov, Mikhail M.; Steinhoff, Alexander; Chernikov, Alexey (2024). 132(1) 016202.

  Interlayer exciton diffusion is studied in atomically reconstructed MoSe2/WSe2 heterobilayers with suppressed disorder. Local atomic registry is confirmed by characteristic optical absorption, circularly polarized photoluminescence, and g-factor measurements. Using transient microscopy we observe propagation properties of interlayer excitons that are independent from trapping at moiré- or disorder-induced local potentials. Confirmed by characteristic temperature dependence for free particles, linear diffusion coefficients of interlayer excitons at liquid helium temperature and low excitation densities are almost 1000 times higher than in previous observations. We further show that exciton-exciton repulsion and annihilation contribute nearly equally to nonlinear propagation by disentangling the two processes in the experiment and simulations. Finally, we demonstrate effective shrinking of the light emission area over time across several hundreds of picoseconds at the transition from exciton- to the plasma-dominated regimes. Supported by microscopic calculations for band gap renormalization to identify the Mott threshold, this indicates transient crossing between rapidly expanding, short-lived electron-hole plasma and slower, long-lived exciton populations.
• Topological aspects of multi-k antiferromagnetism in cubic rare-earth compounds. Simeth, W; Rahn, M C; Bauer, A; Meven, M; Pfleiderer, C (2024). 36(21) 215602.

  We advertise rare-earth intermetallics with high-symmetry crystal structures and competing interactions as a possible materials platform hosting spin structures with non-trivial topological properties. Focusing on the series of cubic RCu compounds, where R = Ho, Er, Tm, the bulk properties of these systems display exceptionally rich magnetic phase diagrams hosting an abundance of different phase pockets characteristic of antiferromagnetic order in the presence of delicately balanced interactions. The electrical transport properties exhibit large anomalous contributions suggestive of topologically non-trivial winding in the electronic and magnetic structures. Neutron diffraction identifies spontaneous long-range magnetic order in terms of commensurate and incommensurate variations of antiferromagnetism with the possibility for various multi- k configurations. Motivated by general trends in these materials, we discuss the possible existence of topologically non-trivial winding in real and reciprocal space in the class of RCu compounds including antiferromagnetic skyrmion lattices. Putatively bringing together different limits of non-trivial topological winding in the same material, the combination of properties in RCu systems promises access to advanced functionalities.
• Low thermal conductivity in a new mixed metal telluride Mn\($_\mathbf1.8(1)$\)In\($_\mathbf0.8(1)$\)Si_\mathbf2\($Te_\mathbf6$\). Shahid, Omair; Yadav, Sweta; Manna, Kaustuv; Thakur, Gohil S.; Prakash, Jai (2024). 53(14) 6245–6255.

  The design of new complex mixed metal tellurides (containing low toxicity cations) with intrinsic ultralow thermal conductivity is of paramount importance in the field of thermoelectrics. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of polycrystalline and single crystals of a new mixed-metal quaternary telluride Mn1.8(1)In0.8(1)Si2Te6. The structural aspects and chemical formula of this phase at room temperature have been established using single crystal X-ray diffraction and EDX studies. The trigonal centrosymmetric (space group: P̄1m) structure of the title phase has cell constants of a = b = 7.0483(7) Å and c = 7.1277(8) Å. The structure has three independent cationic sites, one mixed (In1/Mn1), one partially filled Mn2, and one Si1, which are bonded with Te1 atoms. Each metal atom (In and Mn) in the structure is octahedrally coordinated with six neighboring Te1 atoms. The structure also features dimers of Si atoms, and each Si atom is bonded to three Te1 atoms to form ethane-like Si2Te6 units. The optical absorption study of a polycrystalline Mn1.8In0.8Si2Te6 sample shows a narrow optical bandgap of 0.6(2) eV. Temperature-dependent resistivity and Seebeck coefficient studies confirmed the p-type semiconducting nature of the sample with high values of S (301 μV K−1 to 444 μV K−1). The total thermal conductivity (ktot) study of the polycrystalline sample shows a decreasing trend on heating with an extremely low value of 0.28 W m−1 K−1 at 773 K. Magnetic measurements indicate a glassy magnetic behavior for the sample below 8 K.
• Redesigning and Evaluating a Science Activity to Foster Mathematical Problem Solving. Just, Janina; Siller, Hans-Stefan (D. Muijs, ed.) (2024). 14(5) 464.

  According to contemporary research, there exists an imbalance within the disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), wherein certain subjects are lacking representation due to the neglect or omission of mathematical elements. The purpose of this study is to address this issue through the analysis of an established learning sequence that has been well-tested to promote mathematical skills. We adapted the selected biology-based learning sequence to foster mathematical problem solving and conducted it with a school class. The qualitative analysis of the recorded video footage of this adapted learning sequence revealed that the modified task effectively stimulated mathematical problem-solving skills. This successful adaptation demonstrates one approach through which mathematics can be strengthened and effectively utilized in STEM subjects.
• ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE AND DIDACTIC COMPLEXES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS. kizi | Shokirova Durdona Shuxrat kizi |, Ashurova Dilfuza Nabiyevna | Ubaydullayeva Sabina Shavkat (2023). 4(11) 11–14.

  This article shows that information technology, in particular innovative program and didactic complex, is an important tool to improve the efficiency of the educational process in secondary schools, and relevant recommendations are presented.
• ASSESSMENT AND FORECASTING OF TRAFFIC FLOW ENTERING THE HISTORICAL CITY OF KHIVA. |, Abrorbek Kutliev | Kuvvat Usmanov (2023). 4(11) 85–92.

  In this article, the speed of traffic of motor vehicles entering the historical city of Khiva from 4 national highways during peak hours of the day has been experimentally studied. Based on the obtained results, the average annual daily traffic speeds were determined, and the average annual daily traffic speeds in the next 10 years were predicted using mathematical formulas, and proposals and recommendations were developed to improve the traffic flow.
• EFFECTS OF GEOMETRY INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN GEOMETRY IN WUKARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, TARABA STATE, NIGERIA. |, Faith Adeyinka Fabarebo (2023). 4(11) 1–10.

  The purpose of this study was to use Geometry Interactive software (GIS) to ascertain students’ geometry interest at senior secondary school one (SS1). Quasi-experimental design of non-randomized pre-test post-test control group design was utilized. The research was carried out in Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State with a population of 1,003 senior secondary one students. From this, 68 students were sampled from two schools out of nine governments owned senior secondary schools. The research instrument was Geometry Interest Inventory (GII). The reliability of the instruments was 0.72. Four research questions were asked and answered with means and standard deviations while the four hypotheses formulated were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) at 0.05 level of significance. The study found among others that students taught using Geometry Interactive Software (GIS) improved in their interest in geometry more than those taught geometry using conventional strategy. Recommendations such as incorporating Interactive Software (IS) among instructional strategies for teaching mathematical concepts as well as encouraging Proprietors of schools to purchase interactive software for their students in the schools were made among others.
• STATE FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY. |, Alisher Bakberganovich Sherov (2023). 4(11) 132–136.

  As we all know, the role of the education system, especially the higher education system, is important in the development of the country. Therefore, all developed countries pay great attention to the organization of a high-quality and effective education system in the country. In addition, in recent years, a number of measures have been implemented in our country, additional conditions have been created by the state, and large amounts of funds have been spent from the state budget. This article compares the funds allocated by the state to the education system of Uzbekistan and developed countries, in particular to the higher education system, their share in the total state budget and the country's gross domestic product. Scientific conclusions and recommendations were developed by the author according to the research results.
• ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ВНЕДРЕНИЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В НАЛОГОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ УЗБЕКИСТАН. |, Ачилов Салохиддин Саломович (2023). 4(11) 108–120.

  Внедрения современной цифровые технологии в сфере государственную налоговую систему является одним из эффективных способов управления. Решение проблемы качества внедрения цифровые технологии требует комплексного подхода управления объектами налоговых структур, а также максимального выполнение принципы и правил услуг от надзорных органов и субъектов предпринимательство. Рассматривается один из новых и нестандартных подходов, к решению актуальной проблемы оценка качества внедрения цифровых технологии в налоговой системе, связанной с экспертной оценкой. В результате создается удобства и прозрачность о предоставляемых отчетах налогоплательщиков, путем предоставления широкого спектра современных и комфортных интерактивных государственных услуг. Новый подход является актуальной и важной для совершенствования системы управления налоговыми поступлениями в бюджет и других обязательных платежей, а также для создания рыночного экономического механизма оценки качества оказываемых интерактивных услуг органами государственной налоговой системы Республике Узбекистан.
• METHODS OF DEVELOPING INITIAL MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTS IN EARLY GRADES. qizi |, Toshboyeva Saidakhon Rakhmonberdiyevna | Rasulova Surayyo Komiljon (2023). 4(12) 103–107.

  The article discusses the methods and importance of developing initial mathematical concepts in early grades, as well as the contemporary role and significance of technological advancements in shaping mathematical concepts.
• HISTORY OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS. |, Jabbarov Anvar Egamovich (2023). 4(11) 99–102.

  The science that studies the laws of beauty and artistic creativity, in relation to objects of technical form, is called technical aesthetics. One of the elements of technical aesthetics can be considered technical drawing. People have used technical drawing for a long time and in a variety of its forms. Most often, technical drawing is used when creating new objects. A new idea that is being born in a person's mind, an unexpectedly new image of an object that has arisen, require immediate fixation, and the simplest, most convenient and fastest form of fixation of creative thought turns out to be drawing.
• DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF THE STREET-ROAD NETWORK OF THE CITY OF KHIVA. |, Abrorbek Kutliev | Kuvvat Usmanov (2023). 4(11) 93–98.

  In this article, the determination of the density of the street-road network of the city of Khiva is carried out using mathematical models, and zoning models of the density of the street-road network in the neighborhood section of the city are developed, and suggestions and recommendations are presented to improve the efficiency of the density of the city's street-road network.
• Step by step: small tasks to contribute to the SGDs in the CIEDA Library. Cuesta, David Mercadal (2023). 3(2) 19–20.

  The Centro Internacional de Estudios de Derecho Ambiental (CIEDA-CIEMAT) is a research centre for Environmental Law, part of the Research Centre in Energy, Environment, and Technology (CIEMAT). It is situated in Soria (Castille and Leon, Spain), known for its' beautiful natural landscapes, but also one of the most sparsely populated regions, making this centre vital for rural areas communities.
• Designing An Intellectual System Of Forming Scientific Indicator Ratings In Higher Education. |, Tursinxanov N. | Pardayev M. (2023). 4(12) 81–84.

  The rapid development of information technology and the ever-increasing flow of information, require process control without taking into account the human factor. At the same time, the organization of the management of processes without the human factor in the studying process serves to improve the quality of education. Therefore, it is important to determine the rating of professors and teachers in higher education institutions and to develop an automated system for evaluating the rating of these institutions based on the rating. In this work, the functions, models, and database structure of the system for the formation of rankings based on the scientific activity of professors and teachers and the determination of potential changes based on prediction data are developed.
• A Study on Effectiveness of Orientation Process at Sign Ware Technologies. |, Mohamed Sulaiman. J | P. Sudha | V. Pradeep | (2023). 4(11) 15–34.

  The goal of every company's orientation programme should be to help new hires feel at home and ready to contribute as quickly as feasible. Fast and efficient results can be achieved by including this procedure into the organization's larger training plans and making sure it receives adequate attention and management. Human resource management (HRM) begins with the orientation of new hires. It includes introducing the new hires to the company's culture and their coworkers for the first time. This study, titled "A Study on Effectiveness of Orientation Process", attempts to understand the importance and the effectiveness of the orientation process in Sign Ware Technologies. The purpose of this study is to examine how employees at Sign Ware Technologies felt about the company's orientation programme. To further explore the connection between orientation input and perception of employee output, this research is also helpful. For this study, we use a questionnaire to gather information from participants. For the purpose of this research, 100 workers will serve as the sample. This project is statistically analysed using simple percentages, one-way ANOVA, and correlation. We suggest an orientation period of two to five days for new hires. During employee orientation, the first stop is always Human Resources, where the new hires are greeted by the designated host who shows them around the office and introduces them to everyone. Appropriate recommendations have been made to the management based on the other findings.
• Machine for the Transformation of Recycled Paper Based on the Internet of Things. |, R. Regin | S. Suman Rajest | Shynu T | Steffi. R (2023). 4(11) 61–80.

  Instead of spending money on new paper, there is a practical solution: recycling. Most discarded papers end up in landfills or in the hands of street merchants. Many large machines exist now to recycle paper, but the price tag on a compact unit is likely to be too high for most people. Therefore, the issues can be completely eliminated by developing a simple and inexpensive machine. With the aid of such a recycling machine, we will be able to make noncomplex, basic, and inexpensive papers that the institution can reuse rather than always buying. The necessary parts of the machine's design will be assembled beforehand. The project will figure out how to standardise and organise the resulting papers into a complete one after making the necessary tweaks. Getting high-quality paper and then using a cutting machine to shape it into the final product is currently priority number one. It will be easy enough for a human to design and build the machine, putting the emphasis on current job prospects. The machine was built primarily in accordance with Industry 4.0 standards. Papers will be recycled in an automated system using an application from a grinder to a cutter to produce fine paper in the correct dimensions. Here, the user can remotely switch on the machine from any part of the world over the internet. The Internet of Things also enables remote alterations to paper length and quantity.
• REINVENTING ENTERPRISE DATA ARCHIVING FOR THE DIGITAL ERA. v Smirnov |, Sergi (2023). 4(11) 55–60.

  This paper examines next generation approaches to transform enterprise data archiving methodologies for the burgeoning digital age. We analyze the limitations of traditional archiving and the innovations needed to effectively manage massive growth in enterprise data volumes. Detailed sections are included covering the following aspects:• The exponential growth in enterprise data and ensuing archiving challenges• Intelligent policy-based automation to enable smarter archiving.• Cloud-native architectures for highly scalable archives• Persistent metadata synchronization for greater archived data utility • Comparison of on-premises, cloud, and hybrid archiving models• Archiving best practices related to security, retention, discovery etc. • Case studies of real-world archiving implementations• Recommendations for a modern holistic enterprise archiving strategyAdvanced data archiving techniques such as machine learning policies, cloud repositories, active metadata, and unified cross-platform access are imperative today to control data sprawl, accelerate insights, and ensure regulatory compliance. By reimagining archiving for the digital age, enterprises can cost-efficiently extract maximum value from data while minimizing risks.
• «ПЛЮСЫ» И «МИНУСЫ» ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ. |, Даулетьяров К.Ж. (2023). 4(11) 50–54.

  В статье рассматриваются вопросы использования информационно-коммуникационных технологий, их место и роль в системе образования, положительные и негативные моменты и последствия их использования.
• Analysis of mobile applications created to assess the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. Mukhriddin Arabboev, Shohruh Begmatov | Mokhirjon Rikhsivoev | Khurshid Aliyarov | Saidakmal Saydiakbarov | Zukhriddin Khamidjonov | Sardor Vakhkhobov | Khabibullo Nosirov | (2023). 4(11) 39–49.

  In today’s world, the fields of application of digital technologies are expanding day by day. One of the areas where modern technologies are widely and effectively used is the healthcare sector. In the field of healthcare, mobile technologies are becoming increasingly important in keeping patients under continuous monitoring and preventing the risk of the development of disease. This paper reviews mobile applications developed by researchers around the world on diabetes, one of the most common serious diseases in the world, including gestational diabetes. Commercially available mobile applications for gestational diabetes development risk assessment were also analyzed.
• Methods of Determining Points with Rational Coordinate to Line. |, Abjalilov Sanakul Xujamovich | Abjalilov Botir Xujamovich | Berdiyeva Ibodat (2023). 4(11) 35–38.

  The article discusses the definition of rational coordinate points related to a curve in a plane, as well as their applications in number theory and other areas of mathematics.
• 8th IFLA Green Library Award winners share their stories. Jaramillo, Andrés Felipe Corrales; Penzo, Marta (2023). 3(2) 8–12.

  This award included two categories - The best green library award and best green library project. Below are stories from this years winners or links to the winners. The Best Green Library Award Winner: Columbian Biblioteca EPM, Cucuta. The Best Green Library Project Winner: West Vancouver Memorial Library, BC, Canada: Climate Writer in Residence at the West Vancouver Memorial Library: A Novel Solution.
• MATHEMATICS TEACHERS AND JOB PERFORMANCE IN SCHOOLS. |, Dr. Onoge Honmane | Joel Olusegun Ajinuhi (2023). 4(11) 137–142.

  This paper looked at the concept of mathematics teacher and functions of mathematic teachers in the schools. The paper also looks at mathematics teacher job performance in the school and the factors that can enhance mathematics teacher’s job performance in the schools. Secondary data were used in the paper. The data were collected from print and online publications. The paper concluded that adequate funding, supervision, training, conducive working environment, motivation and provision of instructional materials are factors that enhances job performance of mathematics.
• APPLYING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF UZBEKISTAN. Erkin, Abdusattorov (2023). 4(12) 121–131.

  The article discusses the perspectives of applying strategic management methods in the management of higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Uzbekistan. The author examines current trends in the higher education market, problems of the internal environment of the sector and challenges of the external environment, as well as existing problems in the activities of HEIs in the country. The objective need to introduce strategic management in universities is justified. As a result of the study, a strategic management model and a sample strategic plan for HEIs in Uzbekistan are developed.
• Distinct spin and orbital dynamics in Sr\($_\mathbf2$\)RuO\($_\mathbf4$\). Suzuki, H.; Wang, L.; Bertinshaw, J.; Strand, H. U. R.; Käser, S.; Krautloher, M.; Yang, Z.; Wentzell, N.; Parcollet, O.; Jerzembeck, F.; Kikugawa, N.; Mackenzie, A. P.; Georges, A.; Hansmann, P.; Gretarsson, H.; Keimer, B. (2023). 14(1) 7042.

  The unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 has long served as a benchmark for theories of correlated-electron materials. The determination of the superconducting pairing mechanism requires detailed experimental information on collective bosonic excitations as potential mediators of Cooper pairing. We have used Ru L3-edge resonant inelastic x-ray scattering to obtain comprehensive maps of the electronic excitations of Sr2RuO4 over the entire Brillouin zone. We observe multiple branches of dispersive spin and orbital excitations associated with distinctly different energy scales. The spin and orbital dynamical response functions calculated within the dynamical mean-field theory are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Our results highlight the Hund metal nature of Sr2RuO4 and provide key information for the understanding of its unconventional superconductivity.
• Press release, Wicklow County Council: Inaugural Reading Goals Ambassador ceremony at Greystones Municipal District. Costello, Catherine (2023). 3(2) 25–26.

  Eight students from Greystones schools who read over 20 books as part of a special reading project were rewarded at a special ceremony in the Greystones Municipal District offices on Tuesday last (Sept 26th). The students were taking part in the inaugural ``Reading Goals'' book club, a specialised children's book club that read books connected to the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The book club is based in Greystones Library. The club was established in February 2021 and coincided with ``Ireland Reads'', an initiative of the Government of Ireland, supported by public libraries.
• Large anomalous Hall, Nernst effect and topological phases in the 3d-4d/5d-based oxide double perovskites. Samanta, Kartik; Noky, Jonathan; Robredo, Iñigo; Kuebler, Juergen; Vergniory, Maia G.; Felser, Claudia (2023). 9(1) 167.

  Magnetism and spin-orbit coupling are two fundamental and interconnected properties of oxide materials, that can give rise to various topological transport phenomena, including anomalous Hall and anomalous Nernst effects. These transport responses can be significantly enhanced by designing an electronic structure with a large Berry curvature. In this context, rocksalt-ordered double perovskites (DP), denoted as A2BB’O6, with two distinct transition metal sites are very powerful platforms for exploration and research. In this work, we present a comprehensive study based on the intrinsic anomalous transport in cubic and tetragonal stable DP compounds with 3d-4d/5d elements. Our findings reveal that certain DP compounds show a large anomalous Hall effect, displaying topological band crossings in the proximity of the Fermi energy.
• Künstliche Intelligenz und Hirnforschung: Neuronale Netze, Deep Learning und die Zukunft der Kognition Krauss, Patrick (2023). Springer, Berlin; Heidelberg.

  Wie funktioniert Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) und gibt es Parallelen zum menschlichen Gehirn? Was sind die Gemeinsamkeiten von natürlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz, und was die Unterschiede? Ist das Gehirn nichts anderes als ein biologischer Computer? Was sind Neuronale Netze und wie kann der Begriff Deep Learning einfach erklärt werden?
• Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung im Mathematikunterricht am Beispiel des Themas Klima. Just, Janina; Siller, Hans‑Stefan; Vorhölter, Katrin (2023). 76(6) 456–463.

  Bildung für Nachhaltige Entwicklung soll Lernende befähigen informierte Entscheidungen zu treffen und aktiv an der Gestaltung einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft mitzuwirken. Hierbei kann die Mathematik als Wissenschaft der Muster und Strukturen die Grundlage vieler Modelle und Entscheidungsverfahren bilden. In unserem Beitrag stellen wir eine Unterrichtsequenz vor, in der Schüler/innen mit Hilfe von Mathematik Zusammenhänge und Fragestellungen zum Klimawandel am Beispiel des CO2-Budgets beantworten.
• Multiple physics pretraining for physical surrogate models. McCabe, Michael; Blancard, Bruno Régaldo-Saint; Parker, Liam Holden; Ohana, Ruben; Cranmer, Miles; Bietti, Alberto; Eickenberg, Michael; Golkar, Siavash; Krawezik, Geraud; Lanusse, Francois; others (2023).
• Promoting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through Library Subject Guides. Kıraç, Suna (2023). 3(2) 20–21.

  The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have become a focal point of global efforts to address pressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and environmental sustainability. Koç University (Turkey) Suna Kiraç Library Sustainability Committee is actively continuing its work to raise awareness and promote the 17 SDGs set by the United Nations. Following our successful Textbook Swap1 campaign, we are taking SDG awareness to the next level by creating a dedicated Subject Guide.
• Best practices in sustainability at the Luca Pacioli Library, Italy. Maddaluno, Paola (2023). 3(2) 21–22.

  The Luca Pacioli library of the State General Accounting Department (RGS) is part of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) founded in 1869, one of the oldest state institutions located in Rome, Italy. During the social distancing mandate caused by the Covid health crisis, the library connected with its users, predominantly approx. 6000 dependents of the Ministry, through the creation of videos featuring presentations of free access electronic volumes and some physical volumes from its own collection. Including interviews with the authors, the videos aimed to promote staff professional development and learning despite the lack of physical access to the library.
• Utilizing outdoor spaces at a public library: A sustainability success story. Griffin, Daisy (2023). 3(2) 23–25.

  Connecting with nature and getting time outside is known to benefit both mental and physical health, acting to reduce depression, anxiety, and stress levels. In urban areas, however, there can be limited opportunities for exposure to natural elements such as plants, native animals, and sunshine. For this reason, providing inviting outdoor areas with lush vegetation at libraries and other public institutions can increase community well-being (White et al, 2013). If done well, these nature areas can also make a library space more eco-friendly and improve sustainability. Programs held in open air areas are also less likely to spread contagions among attendees and can extend programming space as Auburn Public Library in Auburn, AL has found. In this article, we'll highlight some of the successes of utilizing outdoor space at Auburn Public Library, an urban library in Auburn, AL, USA.
• The rising moon promotes mate finding in moths. Storms, Mona; Jakhar, Aryan; Mitesser, Oliver; Jechow, Andreas; Hölker, Franz; Degen, Tobias; Hovestadt, Thomas; Degen, Jacqueline (2022). 5 393.

  To counteract insect decline, it is essential to understand the underlying causes, especially for key pollinators such as nocturnal moths whose ability to orientate can easily be influenced by ambient light conditions. These comprise natural light sources as well as artificial light, but their specific relevance for moth orientation is still unknown. We investigated the influence of moonlight on the reproductive behavior of privet hawkmoths (Sphinx ligustri) at a relatively dark site where the Milky Way was visible while the horizon was illuminated by distant light sources and skyglow. We show that male moths use the moon for orientation and reach females significantly faster with increasing moon elevation. Furthermore, the choice of flight direction depended on the cardinal position of the moon but not on the illumination of the horizon caused by artificial light, indicating that the moon plays a key role in the orientation of male moths.
• Towards implementing Black Boxes in Mathematical Modeling an epistemological Approach Adapting models from science and science education. Just, Janina; Siller, Hans-Stefan in Congress of the European Society for Research in Mathematics Education (CERME12) (2022). (Vol. TWG26)

  This article explores the concept of black boxes within mathematical modeling. First, we perform a literature-based clarification of the term black box, the use of a black box, and explore the use of this construct in science, and workplace. A black box is characterized by the following issues: (a) being believed to be distinct, (b) having observable (and relatable) inputs and outputs, (c) being black (that is, opaque to the observer). Afterwards, we demonstrate the uses of black boxes within mathematical modeling. We generalize these uses to a model of how black boxes can be implemented in mathematics education. Based on this model, we derive educationally relevant activities for using and opening such a black box. The application of these activities is illustrated in more details using an example of physical chemistry: the Arrhenius Equation. Keywords: Black box, mathematical modeling, STEM
• The Role of Mathematics in STEM Secondary Classrooms: A Systematic Literature Review. Just, Janina; Siller, Hans-Stefan (A. Barbosa; I. Vale; S. Carreira, eds.) (2022). 12 629.

  Nowadays, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) play a critical role in a nation’s global competitiveness and prosperity. Thus, there is a need to educate students in these subjects to meet the current and future demands of personal life and society. While applications, especially in science, engineering, and technology, are directly obvious, mathematics underpins the other STEM disciplines. It is recognized that mathematics is the foundation for all other STEM disciplines; the role of mathematics in classrooms is not clear yet. Therefore, the question arises: What is the current role of mathematics in secondary STEM classrooms? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic literature review based on three publication databases (Web of Science, ERIC, and EBSCO Teacher Referral Center). This literature review paper is intended to contribute to the current state of the role of mathematics in STEM education in secondary classrooms. Through the search, starting with 1910 documents, only 14 eligible documents were found. In these, mathematics is often seen as a minor matter and a means to an end in the eyes of science educators. From this, we conclude that the role of mathematics in the STEM classroom should be further strengthened. Overall, the paper highlights a major research gap, and proposes possible initial solutions to close it.
• A new innovative real-time tracking method for flying insects applicable under natural conditions. Walter, Thomas; Degen, Jacqueline; Pfeiffer, Keram; Stöckl, Anna; Montenegro, Sergio; Degen, Tobias (2021). 6 35.

  Sixty percent of all species are insects, yet despite global efforts to monitor animal movement patterns, insects are continuously underrepresented. This striking difference between species richness and the number of species monitored is not due to a lack of interest but rather to the lack of technical solutions. Often the accuracy and speed of established tracking methods is not high enough to record behavior and react to it experimentally in real-time, which applies in particular to small flying animals.
• Human Resources Data Interpretation and Logic. Martinez-Gil, Jorge (2021).

  Currently, the digital transformation is becoming increasingly prevalent across numerous industries and their business models, driven by significant advancements in Big Data and Machine Learning technologies. These technologies enhance the ability to leverage data for decision-making processes that closely mimic human reasoning. The human resources sector, in particular, benefits from this shift, especially in the crucial task of matching job openings with suitable candidates—a key factor in organizational success. Despite these developments, the potential benefits of employing description logic-based methods often remain underutilized. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of how knowledge bases structured as ontologies are being implemented in the human resources industry.
• qgam: Bayesian Nonparametric Quantile Regression Modeling in R. Fasiolo, Matteo; Wood, Simon N.; Zaffran, Margaux; Nedellec, Raphaël; Goude, Yannig (2021). 100(9)
• Ss. Ali (Ww, ed.) (2020).
• A. Ali (2020).
• Global mobility and Handover management for heterogeneous network in vanet. Shukla, Ravi Shankar; Tyagi, Neeraj (2013). 5(3) 12.

  Now a day’s Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging technology. Mobility management is one of the most challenging research issues for VANETs to support variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. VANETs are getting importance for inter-vehicle communication, because they allow the communication among vehicles without any infrastructure, configuration effort, and without the high costs of cellular networks. Besides local data exchange, vehicular applications may be used to accessing Internet services. The access is provided by Internet gateways located on the site of roadside. However, the Internet integration requires a respective mobility support of the vehicular ad hoc network. In this paper we will study about the network mobility approach in vehicular ad hoc network; the model will describe the movement of vehicles from one network to other network. The proposed handover scheme reduces the handover latency, packet loss signaling overhead.
• EVALUATION OF COMPUTABILITY CRITERIONS FOR RUNTIME WEB SERVICE INTEGRATION. Thirumaran.M; Dhavachelvan.P; Aranganayagi.G; S.Abarna (2011). 2(3) 43–56.

  T Today’s competitive environment drives the enterprises to extend their focus and collaborate with their business partners to carry out the necessities. Tight coordination among business partners assists to share and integrate the service logic globally. But integrating service logics across diverse enterprises leads to exponential problem which stipulates developers to comprehend the whole service and must resolve suitable method to integrate the services. It is complex and time-consuming task. So the present focus is to have a mechanized system to analyze the Business logics and convey the proper mode to integrate them. There is no standard model to undertake these issues and one such a framework proposed in this paper examines the Business logics individually and suggests proper structure to integrate them. One of the innovative concepts of proposed model is Property Evaluation System which scrutinizes the service logics and generates Business Logic Property Schema (BLPS) for the required services. BLPS holds necessary information to recognize the correct structure for integrating the service logics. At the time of integration, System consumes this BLPS schema and suggests the feasible ways to integrate the service logics. Also if the service logics are attempted to integrate in invalid structure or attempted to violate accessibility levels, system will throw exception with necessary information. This helps developers to ascertain the efficient structure to integrate the services with least effort.
• Lipo Battery. Battery, Lipo (L. Battery, ed.) (2010).
• cancer or mesothelioma. Braverman, Daniel (2010).
• Take a memorable Journey The Ultimate Guide to an Taxi From Dundee up to St. Andrews. Priebe, Torsten; Schläger, Christian; Pernul, Günther (J. harry, ed.) (2004). 168–172.
• Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf Indices Revisited. https://usa5starit.com/product/buy-old-gmail accounts/ (W. V. N.-C. the link: athttps://usa5starit.com/; ➤If you want to more information just contact now.; 24 24-hour Reply/Contact; ➤Email: usa5starit@gmail.com; ➤Skype: @usa5starit; ➤Telegram: @usa5starit1; ➤whatsapp:+1(716)5011667, eds.) (2001). 26(1) 89–104.
• Shapley-Shubik and Banzhaf Indices Revisited. https://usa5starit.com/product/buy-verified-paypal accounts/ (➤If you want to more information just contact now.; 24 24-hour Reply/Contact; ➤Email: usa5starit@gmail.com; ➤Skype: @usa5starit; ➤Telegram: @usa5starit1; ➤whatsapp:+1(716)5011667, eds.) (2001). 26(1) 89–104.
• Mastering the Art of Auction Bidding. White, Jonny (2001). 26(1) 89–104.
• Vinod goenka goenka, Vinod (V. goenka, ed.) (2000).
• IPL Betting ID| IPL Cricket ID. 247bettingid (2000).
• Geometric Containment Orders: A Survey. Fishburn, P. C.; Trotter, W. T. (1998). 15(2) 167–182.

  A partially ordered set (X, ≺) is a geometric containment order of a particular type if there is a mapping from X into similarly shaped objects in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space that preserves ≺ by proper inclusion. This survey describes most of what is presently known about geometric containment orders. Highlighted shapes include angular regions, convex polygons and circles in the plane, and spheres of all dimensions. Containment orders are also related to incidence orders for vertices, edges and faces of graphs, hypergraphs, planar graphs and convex polytopes. Three measures of poset complexity are featured: order dimension, crossing number, and degrees of freedom.
• Statistical analysis of reliability data Crowder, Martin J.; Kimber, A. C.; Smith, R. L.; Sweeting, T. J. (1991). (First ) Chapman & Hall, London.
• Planar graphs and poset dimension. Schnyder, Walter (1989). 5(4) 323–343.

  We view the incidence relation of a graph G=(V. E) as an order relation on its vertices and edges, i.e. a
• Statistics for technology: a course in applied statistics Chatfield, Chris (1983). Chapman & Hall, London.
• An algorithm for finding a fundamental set of cycles of a graph. Paton, Keith (1969). 12(9) 514–518.

  A fast method is presented for finding a fundamental set of cycles for an undirected finite graph. A spanning tree is grown and the vertices examined in turn, unexamined vertices being stored in a pushdown list to await examination. One stage in the process is to take the top element v of the pushdown list and examine it, i.e. inspect all those edges (v, z) of the graph for which z has not yet been examined. If z is already in the tree, a fundamental cycle is added; if not, the edge (v, z) is placed in the tree. There is exactly one such stage for each of the n vertices of the graph. For large n, the store required increases as n2 and the time as nγ where γ depends on the type of graph involved. γ is bounded below by 2 and above by 3, and it is shown that both bounds are attained. In terms of storage our algorithm is similar to that of Gotlieb and Corneil and superior to that of Welch; in terms of speed it is similar to that of Welch and superior to that of Gotlieb and Corneil. Tests show our algorithm to be remarkably efficient (γ = 2) on random graphs.