Berry phases and the related concept of Berry curvature can give rise to many unconventional phenomena in solids. Here, we discover a colossal orbital Zeeman effect of topological origin in a bilayer kagome metal, TbV6Sn6. Using spectroscopic imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy, we reveal that the magnetic field leads to a splitting of the gapped Dirac dispersion into two branches with enhanced momentum-dependent g factors, resulting in a substantial renormalization of the Dirac band. These measurements provide a direct observation of a magnetic field-controlled orbital Zeeman coupling to the orbital magnetic moments of up to 200thinspaceBohr magnetons near the gapped Dirac points. Our work provides direct insight into the momentum-dependent nature of topological orbital moments and their tunability via the magnetic field, concomitant with the evolution of the spin Berry curvature. These results can be extended to explore large orbital magnetic moments driven by the Berry curvature governed by other quantum numbers beyond spin, such as the valley in certain graphene-based structures.

Virus discovery by genomics and metagenomics empowered studies of viromes, facilitated characterization of pathogen epidemiology, and redefined our understanding of the natural genetic diversity of viruses with profound functional and structural implications. Here we employed a data-driven virus discovery approach that directly queries unprocessed sequencing data in a highly parallelized way and involves a targeted viral genome assembly strategy in a wide range of sequence similarity. By screening more than 269,000 datasets of numerous authors from the Sequence Read Archive and using two metrics that quantitatively assess assembly quality, we discovered 40 nidoviruses from six virus families whose members infect vertebrate hosts. They form 13 and 32 putative viral subfamilies and genera, respectively, and include 11 coronaviruses with bisegmented genomes from fishes and amphibians, a giant 36.1 kilobase coronavirus genome with a duplicated spike glycoprotein (S) gene, 11 tobaniviruses and 17 additional corona-, arteri-, cremega-, nanhypo- and nangoshaviruses. Genome segmentation emerged in a single evolutionary event in the monophyletic lineage encompassing the subfamily Pitovirinae. We recovered the bisegmented genome sequences of two coronaviruses from RNA samples of 69 infected fishes and validated the presence of poly(A) tails at both segments using 3’RACE PCR and subsequent Sanger sequencing. We report a genetic linkage between accessory and structural proteins whose phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary distances are incongruent with the phylogeny of replicase proteins. We rationalize these observations in a model of inter-family S recombination involving at least five ancestral corona- and tobaniviruses of aquatic hosts. In support of this model, we describe an individual fish co-infected with members from the families Coronaviridae and Tobaniviridae. Our results expand the scale of the known extraordinary evolutionary plasticity in nidoviral genome architecture and call for revisiting fundamentals of genome expression, virus particle biology, host range and ecology of vertebrate nidoviruses.

We expect the monopole signal at the lowest frequencies below 100MHz to be composed to two components: the deep Rayleigh-Jeans tail of the cosmic microwave background and two distinct features: the dark ages trough at ∼17MHz and the cosmic dawn trough at ∼75Mhz. These are hidden under orders of magnitude brighter foregrounds whose emission is approximately a power-law with a spectral index ≈−2.5. It is usually assumed that monopole signals of interest are separable from foregrounds on the basis of spectral smoothness. We argue that this is a difficult approach and likely impossible for the Dark Ages trough. Instead, we suggest that the fluctuations in the foreground emission around the sky should be used to build a model distribution of possible shapes of foregrounds, which can be used to constrain presence of a monopole signal. We implement this idea using normalizing flows and show that this technique allows for efficient unsupervised detection of the amplitude, width and center of the Dark Ages trough as well as Rayleigh-Jeans tail of the cosmic microwave background for a sufficiently sensitive experiment. We discuss the limitations of the inherent assumptions in this method and the impact on the design of future low-frequency experiments.

Antigen-specific priming of T cells results in the activation of T cells that exert effector functions by interaction of their T-cell receptor (TCR) with the corresponding self-MHC molecule presenting a peptide on the surface of a target cell. Such antigen-specific T cells potentially can also interact with peptide-MHC complexes that contain peptides from unrelated antigens, a phenomenon that often is referred to as heterologous immunity. For example, some individuals that were pre-immunized against an allergen, could subsequently mount better anti-viral T-cell responses than non-allergic individuals. So far only few peptide pairs that experimentally have been shown to provoke heterologous immunity were  identified, and available prediction tools that can identify potential candidates are imprecise. We developed the MORITS algorithm to rapidly screen large lists of peptides for sequence similarities, while giving enhanced consideration to peptide residues presented by MHC that are particularly relevant for TCR interactions. In combination with established peptide-MHC binding prediction tools, the MORITS algorithm revealed peptide similarities between the SARS-CoV-2 proteome and certain allergens. The method outperformed previously published workflows and may help to identify novel pairs of peptides that mediate heterologous immune responses.

The ever-growing corpus of scientific literature presents significant challenges for researchers with respect to discovery, management, and annotation of relevant publications. Traditional platforms like Semantic Scholar, BibSonomy, and Zotero offer tools for literature management, but largely require manual laborious and error-prone input of tags and metadata. Here, we introduce a novel retrieval augmented generation system that leverages chat-based large language models (LLMs) to streamline and enhance the process of publication management. It provides a unified chat-based interface, enabling intuitive interactions with various backends, including Semantic Scholar, BibSonomy, and the Zotero Webscraper. It supports two main use-cases: (1) Explorative Search & Retrieval - leveraging LLMs to search for and retrieve both specific and general scientific publications, while addressing the challenges of content hallucination and data obsolescence; and (2) Cataloguing & Management - aiding in the organization of personal publication libraries, in this case BibSonomy, by automating the addition of metadata and tags, while facilitating manual edits and updates. We compare our system to different LLM models in three different settings, including a user study, and we can show its advantages in different metrics.

Periodic temporal modulation of Hamiltonians can induce geometrical and topological phenomena in the dynamics of quantum states. Using the interference between two lasers, we demonstrate an off-resonant optical lattice for a polariton condensate with controllable potential depths and nearest-neighbour coupling strength. Temporal modulation is introduced via a gigahertz frequency detuning between pump lasers, creating a polariton `conveyor belt'. The breaking of time-reversal symmetry causes band structures to become non-reciprocal and acquire a universal tilt given by Planck's constant and the frequency of modulation (h\($\Delta$\)f). The non-reciprocal tilting is connected to the non-trivial topology of the Floquet--Bloch bands, which have a finite Chern number. Detailed characterization of the lattice potential depth and its dynamics highlights the role of high-energy carriers in the formation of optical potential landscapes for polaritons, demonstrating the possibility of modulation faster than the polariton lifetime and opening a pathway towards Floquet engineering in polariton condensates.

The quantum-mechanical description of assemblies of particles whose motion is confined to two (or one) spatial dimensions offers many possibilities that are distinct from bosons and fermions. We call such particles anyons. The simplest anyons are parameterized by an angular phase parameter θ. θ = 0, π correspond to bosons and fermions, respectively; at intermediate values, we say that we have fractional statistics. In two dimensions, θ describes the phase acquired by the wave function as two anyons wind around one another counterclockwise. It generates a shift in the allowed values for the relative angular momentum. Composites of localized electric charge and magnetic flux associated with an abelian U(1) gauge group realize this behavior. More complex charge-flux constructions can involve nonabelian and product groups acting on a spectrum of allowed charges and fluxes, giving rise to nonabelian and mutual statistics. Interchanges of nonabelian anyons implement unitary transformations of the wave function within an emergent space of internal states. Anyons of all kinds are described by quantum field theories that include Chern–Simons terms. The crossings of one-dimensional anyons on a ring are unidirectional, such that a fractional phase θ acquired upon interchange gives rise to fractional shifts in the relative momenta between the anyons. The quasiparticle excitations of fractional quantum Hall states have long been predicted to include anyons. Recently, the anyon behavior predicted for quasiparticles in the ν = 1/3 fractional quantum Hall state has been observed in both scattering and interferometric experiments. Excitations within designed systems, notably including superconducting circuits, can exhibit anyon behavior. Such systems are being developed for possible use in quantum information processing.

Quantized adiabatic transport can occur when a system is slowly modulated over time. In most realizations, however, the efficiency of such transport is reduced by unwanted dissipation, back-scattering, and nonadiabatic effects. In this paper, we realize a topological adiabatic pump in an electrical circuit network that supports remarkably stable and long-lasting pumping of a voltage signal. We further characterize the topology of our system by deducing the Chern number from the measured edge band structure. To achieve this, the experimental setup makes use of active circuit elements that act as time-variable voltage-controlled inductors.

Abstract Black, air-stable crystals of the new ruthenate(V) Sr3(Ag2/3Sr1/6)RuO6 were grown in a silver ampoule using KO2 as oxidative flux. X-ray diffraction on single-crystals revealed a rhombohedral structure with the space group R c. Sr3(Ag2/3Sr1/6)RuO6 crystallizes isostructural to Sr4PtO6 in the K4CdCl6 structure type. By sharing trigonal faces, alternating [RuO6] octahedra and [(Ag2/3Sr1/6□1/6)O6 trigonal prisms form segmented chains running parallel to the crystallographic c-axis. Eightfold coordinated strontium cations are located between the rods. Regardless of the wide spatial separation of the magnetic cations (588 and 594 pm), Sr3(Ag2/3Sr1/6)RuO6 shows long-range antiferromagnetic order below the relatively high Néel temperature of 79 K in magnetic fields up to at least 9 T, as measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and heat capacity show. Despite the pseudo one-dimensional character of the structure, the characteristic of the susceptibility indicates a three-dimensional coupling of magnetic ions.

We demonstrate the schema and ontology matching tool COMA++. It extends our previous prototype COMA utilizing a composite approach to combine different match algorithms [3]. COMA++ implements significant improvements and offers a comprehensive infrastructure to solve large real-world match problems. It comes with a graphical interface enabling a variety of user interactions. Using a generic data representation, COMA++ uniformly supports schemas and ontologies, e.g. the powerful standard languages W3C XML Schema and OWL. COMA++ includes new approaches for ontology matching, in particular the utilization of shared taxonomies. Furthermore, different match strategies can be applied including various forms of reusing previously determined match results and a so-called fragment-based match approach which decomposes a large match problem into smaller problems. Finally, COMA++ cannot only be used to solve match problems but also to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of different match algorithms and strategies.

We present a \($^31\mathrmP$\) NMR investigation of \($\mathrmBaCdVO(\mathrmPO_4)_2$\) focusing on the nearly saturated regime between \($\ensuremath\mu_0H_c1=4.05\phantom\rule0.16em0ex\mathrmT$\) and \($\ensuremath\mu_0H_c2=6.5\phantom\rule0.16em0ex\mathrmT$\), which used to be considered a promising candidate for a spin-nematic phase. NMR spectra establish the absence of any dipolar order there, whereas the weak field dependence of the magnetization above \($H_c1$\) is accounted for by Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction terms. The low-energy spin dynamics (fluctuations), measured by the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate \($T_1^\ensuremath-1$\), confirms the continuity of this phase and the absence of any low-temperature phase transition. Unexpectedly, the spin dynamics above \($H_c1$\) is largely dominated by two-magnon processes, which is expected above the saturation field of a spin-nematic phase, but not inside. This shows that \($\mathrmBaCdVO(\mathrmPO_4)_2$\) is indeed close to a spin-nematic instability; however, this phase is not stabilized. We thus confirm recent theoretical predictions that the spin-nematic phase can be stabilized, at most, in an extremely narrow field range close to saturation or is rather narrowly avoided [Jiang et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 116701 (2023)].

Context. Gaia Data Release 3 (Gaia DR3) contains the second release of the combined radial velocities. It is based on the spectra collected during the first 34 months of the nominal mission. The longer time baseline and the improvements of the pipeline made it possible to push the processing limit from GRVS = 12 in Gaia DR2 to GRVS = 14 mag. Aims. We describe the new functionalities implemented for Gaia DR3, the quality filters applied during processing and post-processing, and the properties and performance of the published velocities. Methods. For Gaia DR3, several functionalities were upgraded or added to the spectroscopic pipeline. The calibrations were improved in order to better model the temporal evolution of the straylight and of the instrumental point spread function (PSF). The overlapped spectra, which were mostly discarded in Gaia DR2, are now handled by a dedicated module. The hot star template mismatch, which prevented publication of hot stars in Gaia DR2, is largely mitigated now, down to GRVS = 12 mag. The combined radial velocity of stars brighter than or equal to GRVS = 12 mag is calculated in the same way as in Gaia DR2, that is, as the median of the epoch radial velocity time series. The combined radial velocity of the fainter stars is measured from the average of the cross-correlation functions. Results. Gaia DR3 contains the combined radial velocities of 33 812 183 stars. With respect to Gaia DR2, the temperature interval has been expanded from Teff ∈ [3600, 6750] K to Teff ∈ [3100, 14 500] K for the bright stars (GRVS ≤ 12 mag) and [3100, 6750] K for the fainter stars. The radial velocities sample a significant part of the Milky Way: they reach a few kiloparsecs beyond the Galactic centre in the disc and up to about 10−15 kpc vertically into the inner halo. The median formal precision of the velocities is 1.3 km s−1 at GRVS = 12 and 6.4 km s−1 at GRVS = 14 mag. The velocity zeropoint exhibits a small systematic trend with magnitude that starts around GRVS = 11 mag and reaches about 400 m s−1 at GRVS = 14 mag. A correction formula is provided that can be applied to the published data. The Gaia DR3 velocity scale agrees satisfactorily with APOGEE, GALAH, GES, and RAVE; the systematic differences mostly remain below a few hundred m s−1. The properties of the radial velocities are also illustrated with specific objects: open clusters, globular clusters, and the Large Magellanic Cloud. For example, the precision of the data allows mapping the line-of-sight rotational velocities of the globular cluster 47 Tuc and of the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Demonstrates How To Perform FMEAs Step-by-StepOriginally designed to address safety concerns, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is now used throughout the industry to prevent a wide range of process and product problems. Useful in both product design and manufacturing, FMEA can identify improvements early when product and process changes are

We demonstrate the schema and ontology matching tool COMA++. It extends our previous prototype COMA utilizing a composite approach to combine different match algorithms [3]. COMA++ implements significant improvements and offers a comprehensive infrastructure to solve large real-world match problems. It comes with a graphical interface enabling a variety of user interactions. Using a generic data representation, COMA++ uniformly supports schemas and ontologies, e.g. the powerful standard languages W3C XML Schema and OWL. COMA++ includes new approaches for ontology matching, in particular the utilization of shared taxonomies. Furthermore, different match strategies can be applied including various forms of reusing previously determined match results and a so-called fragment-based match approach which decomposes a large match problem into smaller problems. Finally, COMA++ cannot only be used to solve match problems but also to comparatively evaluate the effectiveness of different match algorithms and strategies.

This book presents the mathematical theory of finite elements, starting from basic results on approximation theory and finite element interpolation and building up to more recent research topics, such as subgrid viscosity methods and Discontinuous Galerkin methods. The main body of the text is organized into three main sections. The first part develops the theoretical basis for the finite element method, emphasizing inf-sup conditions over the more conventional Lax-Milgrim paradigm, while the second and third parts address various applications and practical implementaions of the method, respectively.Written at the graduate level, the text contains numerous examples and exercises and will be beneficial to students and researchers alike. Depending on one's interests, several reading paths can be followed, emphasizing either convergence results, numerical algorithms, code efficiency, or applications in the engineering sciences.

The focus of this contribution is on how to structure and represent engineering design knowledge for the design engineer's cognitive tasks, corresponding to an intuitive way of thinking as well as to conscious systematic design methods without limiting human problem solving. To derive detailed requirements on a useful knowledge representation for computer-aided engineering design, generalized operations of human problem solving and information processing can be specified for design problem solving. In an analytical research approach, eight main models of knowledge representation were compared concerning their utility to support human problem solving in engineering design. According to the results of this analysis, an example application is illustrated.

This contribution deals with the development of the web-based multimedia learning system "Integral II" in the domain of university education. In a German-wide network fifteen participating research institutes and academic chairs construct e-learning modules for the application field of industrial engineering and ergonomics. These modules are used as supplement in lectures and exercises and in individual learning situations. An overview to the project is given in this article as well as results from the requirements analysis and their consequences for the e-learning approach.

Für ein Verstehen des komplexen Themas "Gesundheit" ist zunächst eine Analyse der Rahmenbedingungen und Einflussgrößen erforderlich. Ergonomische Gestaltungsfelder müssen erkannt und gesundheitsförderliche Prinzipien verstanden werden, bevor Methoden zur gesundheitsförderlichen Arbeitsgestaltung angewendet und im Unternehmen organisatorisch verankert werden können. Nicht zuletzt hat Gesundheit einen, wenn auch häufig nicht entsprechend akzeptierten, hohen Stellenwert für die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Unternehmens. Gesundheitsförderung wird so zum "wertschöpfenden" Prozess und zur Querschnittsaufgabe für alle betrieblichen Akteure. Wesentliche Rahmenbedingungen und Entwicklungstendenzen sind: (1) Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes und Regelungen der Unfallversicherungsträger mit rechtlich bindendem Charakter, (2) personenbezogene Entwicklungstendenzen wie höhere Qualifikation, höherer Stellenwert persönlicher Gesundheit, steigendes mittleres Alter der Erwerbstätigen u.a., (3) Entwicklung von Krankheitsarten und des Umfangs krankheitsbedingter Ausfälle, (4) Organisatorische Entwicklungen wie Dezentralisierung von Verantwortung, Flexibilisierung von Arbeitszeiten, Veränderungen von Aufgabeninhalten und -strukturen etc. sowie (5) Technische Entwicklungen, wie z.B. die zunehmende Anzahl von Bildschirmarbeitsplätzen oder die Integration von Automatisierungstechnologie.

Im Rahmen des BMBF-geförderten Projektes "Integral II" entwickeln, erproben und evaluieren 15 Hochschulpartner aus ganz Deutschland ein webbasiertes, multimediales Lehrsystem zur interdiziplinären Vermittlung von arbeitswissenschaftlichen Lehrinhalten, schwerpunktmäßig in den Ingenieur-, Geistes- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, aber auch für die Bereiche Design, Architektur, Informatik und verschiedene Naturwissenschaften. Auf Basis einer umfassenden Anforderungsanalyse wurden didaktische Gestaltungsempfehlungen für die einzelnen Lernmodule und die Lernumgebung sowie technische, softwareergonomische und Usability-Empfehlungen entwickelt. Die als Kooperationspartner eingebundenen Institute und die Projektpartner erstellen entsprechend ihrer Kompetenz jeweils zu einem oder mehreren Teilgebieten der Arbeitswissenschaft multimediale Module und setzen das System mit allen Inhalten in ihrer Hochschullehre ein. Dabei reichen die Anwendungsszenarien vom mediengestützten Selbstlernen (individuell oder in der Gruppe) über virtuelle Seminare und Tutorien bis hin zum Teleteaching in einer rein virtuellen Vorlesung und zielen dementsprechend auf die Förderung von Fach-, Methoden-, Sozial- und Lernkompetenz der studentischen Nutzer.

An vielen Stellen wird schon heute die klassische arbeitswissenschaftliche Präsenzlehre an den Hochschulen mit multimedialen und computerunterstützten Elementen ergänzt, um Sachverhalte und Prozesse mit Hilfe Neuer Medien besser veranschaulichen zu können. Um darüber hinaus auch die direkte Interaktion der Studierenden mit dem Lerngegenstand zu ermöglichen und in einem anwendungsorientierten Zusammenhang ihre Problemlösefähigkeit zu fördern, setzen neue Angebote auch auf andere Formen des Lernens, von virtuellen Tutorien über telekooperative Seminargruppen bis hin zum medienunterstützen Selbstlernen. Die Entwicklung, Erprobung und Evaluation solcher neuen Lernangebote verfolgen derzeit 15 Hochschulpartner aus ganz Deutschland, indem sie im Rahmen des vom BMBF-geförderten Kooperationsprojektes "Integral II" ein webbasiertes, multimediales Lehrsystem zur interdiziplinären Vermittlung von arbeitswissenschaftlichen Lerninhalten aufbauen, schwerpunktmäßig in den Ingenieur-, Geistes- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften, aber auch für die Bereiche Design, Architektur, Informatik und verschiedene Naturwissenschaften. Auf Basis einer umfassenden Anforderungsanalyse konnten für die einzelnen Lernmodule vier didaktische Kernszenarien abgegrenzt werden. Die technischen Rahmenbedingungen wurden erhoben und über die Open-Source-Lernplattform ILIAS umgesetzt sowie für alle beteiligten Partner softwareergonomische und Usability-Empfehlungen entwickelt. Auf dieser Grundlage wurden von den Projektpartnern entsprechend ihrer Kompetenz jeweils zu einem oder mehreren Teilgebieten der Arbeitswissenschaft multimediale Module entwickelt, die im Wintersemester 2002/2003 einer ersten Evaluation im Lehrkontext unterzogen werden. Durch die große Zahl der Projektpartner beim Aufbau dieses Lehrsystems konnte innerhalb kurzer Zeit ein sehr umfangreiches Angebot an Inhalten und Fallstudien bereitgestellt werden, das in unterschiedlicher Zusammenstellung und angepasst an die spezifischen Lehrsituationen der einzelnen Hochschulen genutzt werden kann. Neben der eigentlichen Entwicklung des Lehrsystems und der Erstellung der Lerninhalte spielt im Projekt auch die wissenschaftliche Entwicklung und Erprobung des Meta-Konzeptes zur Entwicklung, zum Aufbau, zur Pflege und Vermarktung des multimedialen Lernsystems eine Rolle. Über die Projektlaufzeit hinaus sollen in einem Open-Source-Ansatz auch neue Partner eingebunden sowie die Pflege und Weiterentwicklung des verteilten internetbasierten Lehr-/Lernsystems gewährleistet werden. In diesem Beitrag wird die multimediale Lehr-/Lernplattform "Integral II" vorgestellt und ein Überblick über die einzelnen E-Learning-Module der Projektpartner gegeben.

Personen sprechen nicht nur mit anderen Personen, sondern gelegentlich auch mit sich selbst, und einige Personen sprechen mit technischen Geräten. Die Umfrage einer US-amerikani-schen Versicherungsgesellschaft (Progressive, 2000) ergab, daß 32% der Befragten ihrem Auto einen Namen gaben und 12% der Befragten ihrem Auto ein Geschenk zum Valentinstag machen würden. Warum betrachten Personen technische Geräte als menschlich, wann tun sie dies und wie nehmen sie ihre eigenen Dialoge und die Dialoge anderer Personen mit technischen Geräten wahr: dies waren - unter anderem - die Fragen, die wir erörtern wollten. Die Behandlung nicht-menschlicher Objekte wie Menschen ist unter dem Begriff Anthropomorphismus bekannt. Ein kurzer Überblick über die gegenwärtige Forschung geht dem Bericht über die Ergebnisse voraus. Basierend auf der gegenwärtigen Forschung und eigenen Erfahrungen formulierten wir einige Fragen bezüglich der Interaktion von Personen mit technischen Geräten. Ein Fragebogen schien die angemessenste Methode zu sein. Wir erwarteten, daß sowohl die Persönlichkeitsstruktur als auch die technische Kompetenz der Befragten von Relevanz sein würden. Daher wurde neben dem NEO-FFI (McCrae \& Costa, 1987) zur Erfassung von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften auch ein Fragenblock bezüglich der selbst eingeschätzten technischen Kompetenz verwendet. Die Ergebnisse und Konsequenzen dieser Studie werden abschließend im Rahmen von Streß am Arbeitsplatz diskutiert.

In this paper the development of a intuitive user interface for augmented reality welding application is described. The new interface will provide a better view of the welders work environment as well as some supporting information, such as overlaid CAD graphics, important parameters of the welding machine etc. The development of the graphical user interface has been an iterative process and has undergone different phases, e.g. testing prototypes with end-users. In this paper a usability test is described, which was carried out in order to check different types of supporting tools for easier navigation through the menu.

Augmented Reality - a new kind of machine interaction - uses so-called Head-Mounted Displays (HMD) to overlay the real world with virtual information. The use of monocular HMDs opens the user the possibility to use it on the left or on the right eye. HMD manufacturers recommend to use these on the dominant eye. According to this recommendation the influence of the dominant eye has been evaluated in an experiment.

Augmented Reality (AR) bezeichnet die Anreicherung der realen Welt mit zusätzlichen virtuellen Informationen, die im Kontext zur betrachteten Realität stehen. Bei AR handelt es sich jedoch um eine recht junge und komplexe Technologie, bei der die Lösung der technologischen Fragestellungen oftmals im Vordergrund stand. Evaluationen erster AR-Prototypen im industriellen Bereich, bei denen schlecht gestaltete Benutzungsschnittstellen bis hin zur Nichtausführbarkeit der Arbeitsaufgabe führten, unterstrichen die Notwendigkeit einer ergonomischen Gestaltung der Mensch-Rechner-Schnittstelle, damit ein späterer Einsatz im Produktivbereich ermöglicht werden kann. Die Gestaltung einer ergonomischen Benutzungsoberfläche für AR ist jedoch insofern schwierig, als ein Paradigmenwechsel vom Arbeitssystem "Bildschirmarbeitsplatz", dem während der gesamten Arbeitszeit die ungeteilte Aufmerksamkeit gilt, zu einem Unterstützungssystem für ein anderes Arbeitssystem stattfindet, in welches sich das AR-System lediglich als Arbeitsmittel zur Aufgabenbewältigung einordnen muss. Ziel dieses Teilvorhabens war deshalb die benutzerzentrierte Gestaltung von Augmented-Reality-Systemen in Entwicklung, Produktion und Service mit Hilfe arbeitswissenschaftlicher Methoden. Auf diese Weise wurde sichergestellt, dass die entwickelten und prototypisch umgesetzten AR-Systeme den Anforderungen von Mitarbeitern und Arbeitsprozessen entsprechen, die Benutzungsschnittstellen software- und hardware-ergonomisch gestaltet wurden, durch AR-Funktionalitäten Verbesserungen der Arbeitsorganisation in den genannten Anwendungsfeldern ermöglicht werden. Darüber hinaus wurden in diversen Evaluationen der entwickelten Prototypen die wirtschaftlichen Effekte belegt. Letztendlich wurde eine webbasierte, multimediale Lehreinheit als innovatives Trainingsverfahren geplant und realisiert, die für die inner- und überbetriebliche Aus- und Fortbildung genutzt werden kann.

Augmented Reality uses Head Mounted Displays (HMD) to overlay the real word with additional virtual information. Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD), a new display technology, no longer requires Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). VRD technology addresses the retina directly with a single laser stream of pixels. There are no studies on the user's informational strain in this new VRD technology. Various papers have shown that Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a valid indicator for the user's informational strain. An empirical test revealed no difference in the user's HRV between VRD technology and LCD technology. Consequently, there seems to be a comparable user informational strain regarding the display types.

The introduction of new ways of learning, using the internet as distribution channel meets the given organizational structure of universities. Among the efforts within the INTEGRAL II project are the establishment of an e-learning platform in the context of teaching at university and the evaluation of this platform and its impact on the target group of students of industrial engineering and ergonomics. A multi-layer model as a framework for evaluation is been introduced.

This study is concerned with the anthropomorphization of technical devices and the resulting influence on human-machine interaction; a special focus is laid on the verbal interaction be-tween human and machine. Questions were, for example: why do people regard technical devices as human, when do they do so and how do they perceive their own dialogue and other persons’ dialogues with technical devices? Further, the correlational dependencies were analyzed between the amount of shown anthropomorphism, the subjects’ personality structure (using the five factor model of McCrae \& Costa, 1987), the fear of technical devices and the self-rated technical competency. A subsequent regression analysis revealed that extraversion and gender of the respondents were significant predictors of the amount of interaction with technical devices. It was found in another regression analysis that neuroticism and agreeableness were significant predictors of self-rated technical competency. Technical devices that were seen as helpers or friends were generally treated less unfriendly than devices perceived as tools exclusively. Finally, the findings are discussed in the context of emotion and stress at work and the usabil-ity of technical devices.

This contribution deals with the impact of human error on the overall system reliability in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). Autonomous production cells are used exemplary to illustrate an error-compensating system design on the basis of Sheridan’s paradigm of supervisory control. In order to specify human errors and their effects in terms of system disturbances a taxonomy of system disturbances is recommended. This taxonomic approach was derived by a value benefit analysis and is based on HEDOMS (Human Error and Disturbance Occurrence in Manufacturing Systems) with slight modifications and Reason’s GEMS (Generic Error Modeling System). The taxonomy is used for data acquisition. Next, a risk priority equivalent similar to FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) is introduced to structure the data according to their relevance. Then, Vicente’s and Rasmussen’s guidelines for an ecological interface design are related to the paradigm of supervisory control. On the basis of these guidelines four case studies are presented to show their successful applicability for interface design in FMS.

This paper describes research on a wearable Augmented Reality (AR) welding support system. "Blind welding" caused by current protecitve welding helmets is to be replaced by AR supported views of the welding process. In this development the question of 2D to 3D viewing aids arises. For the experiment an integrated helmet with two High-Dynamic Range Camerias (HDRC) and a closed view stereoscopic head-mounted display was used. The experimental task was to position pegs on a pegboard. Alignment angles of the cameras and inter-camera separation distances were varied under the different experimental conditions. It was found that a convergent alignment of the cameras resulted in less mistakes and higher speed. An effect of the inter-camera separation was found in 3D-perception, suggesting the advantage of smaller distances.

Pushed by the connectivity of the internet, the emerging power of the world wide web, and the prevailing nature of "virtual" organizations, i.e. locally distributed teams collaborating by using networked computer systems (groupware), many new forms of computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) are becoming increasingly common. The communities of science and practice dealing with analysis and design of CSCW are truly multi-disciplinary and combine knowledge from computer science, software engineering, human factors, psychology, sociology, ethnography, business administration and training. Despite this quantitative and qualitative growth, many groupware systems still have serious usability problems. At worst, cooperating by using groupware can be awkward and frustrating compared to face-to-face collaboration. Still, research on CSCW has only sketchy knowledge of how people really collaborate, and translating what people actually do into effective designs is difficult. As well, the effort involved in assessing groupware prototypes and systems is onerous. There are neither any universal evaluation techniques nor any generally approved design criteria existing. The methods of cognitive task analysis can contribute to improve both groupware design, e.g. by giving insight in demand, structure and process of collaborative task execution, and task design for locally distributed teams, e.g. by analyzing the effects of groupware on work structure and process, allocation of responsibility and resources, and task bound communication. This paragraph joins the domains of task analysis and CSCW by explaining cognitive issues in collaboration and applying them in a collaborative project planning scenario.

Wenn Menschen gemeinsam ein Arbeitsobjekt bearbeiten, sich jedoch nicht an einem gemeinsamen Ort befinden, kommt es bei der Koordination ihrer Tätigkeiten manchmal zu Abstimmungsschwierigkeiten, und der Fortlauf der gemeinsamen Arbeit ist infolge dessen von geringer Effizienz gekennzeichnet. Gründe dieser Abstimmungsschwierigkeiten werden aufgezeigt und als Lösungsansatz wird ein Modell vorgestellt, das auf einer Abstraktions-Dekompositions-Hierarchie basiert, mit dem auf natürliche Art und Weise das Wissen einer Arbeitsperson über ein bestimmtes Fachgebiet abgebildet werden kann. Durchgeführte Versuche verdeutlichen die Erwartungen der Kooperationspartner bei gemeinsamen Entwicklungsprojekten und die mögliche Unterstüzung durch den gewählten Ansatz.

Providing efficient, naturally-to-use environments for simultaneous product development is one of the challenges that the CSCW community will face. In this paper a framework is proposed which enables engineering designers to represent their knowledge in a natural way and beyond provides the opportunity to synchronize it with cooperation partners. This paper especially addresses the goal awareness issue in distributed cooperative work settings and how it can be supported by a cognitive engineering approach. For this purpose an empirical case study with a software prototype of a product design environment was conducted. First results presented here include typical cooperation channels within the experimental setting.

"UseWorld.Net" is a web-based portal for the community of man-machine-interfaces. To support the cooperative tasks of the members, a shared workspace was included. This shared workspace was based on an open framework, called "SWOF" that provides the basic features and can be customized to dif-ferent cooperation case. Based on this customization even an adaptation of SWOF to mobile devices was implemented. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to pre-structure the information and increase the users’ informational and structural awareness. In this article the con-cept is described and the results of a first evaluation are presented.

"UseWorld.Net" is a web-based portal for the community of man-machine-interfaces. To support the cooperative tasks of the members, a shared workspace was included. This shared workspace was based on an open framework, called "SWOF" that provides the basic features and can be customized to a different cooperation case. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to restructure the information. So the system help the users to keep information in a consistent way and reduce the number of necessary agreements between the group members. In this article the concept is described and the results of a first evaluation are presented.

The user interface of software products forms the connection between the user and the program with all its functionalities. This fact makes design of software for broad levels of user groups with different skills and experiences an important challenge. The following article deals with the experiences made with using a GNU General Public License (gpl) learning software off the rack in context of the e-learning project INTEGRAL II. A lack of learner-sided acceptance pointed up the need for further evaluations. Efforts made and implantations derived from these are described.

In this paper, the use-centered interface design for an adaptable administration system for chemical process design is presented. On the basis of the main work activities to be supported with the tool, two different analytical evaluation methods were applied to the prototypical original interface. The derived requirements led to the design and implementation of an alternative interface which was compared with the original one in an experimental study with ten users.

Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology merging real world with computer generated virtual objects in the user's field of view. This technology can also support work persons to execute their manual assembly tasks. For assembly as a new AR-application field only few heuristic guidelines are available for a user centered design. Whereas Virtual Reality (VR) needs the complete model of virtual objects AR for assembly support can use simple icons. Three icons and two different display technologies were evaluated in an experiment. A new icon combining arrow and torus and the look-around display technology support assembly tasks best.

Augmented Reality (AR) for assembly processes is a new kind of computer support for a traditional industrial domain. This new application of AR-technology is called ARsembly. The intention of this article is to describe a typical scenario for assembly and service personnel and how they might be supported by AR. For this purpose, tasks with different degrees of difficulty were selected from an authentic assembly process. In addition, two other kinds of assembly support media (a paper manual and a tutorial by an expert) were examined in order to compare them with ARsembly. The results showed that the assembly times varied according to the different support conditions. AR-support proved to be more suitable for difficult tasks than the paper manual, whereas for easier tasks, the use of a paper manual did not differ significantly from AR-support. Tasks done under the guidance of an expert, were completed most rapidly. Some of the information obtained in this investigation also indicated important considerations for improving future ARsembly applications.

Im Rahmen des Projekts INTEGRAL II wird eine e-Learning-Plattform für arbeitswissenschaftliche Themen entwickelt. Eine Teilfragestellung des Projekts ist die Evaluation. Diese muss sich im Sinne eines Zwiebelschalenmodells den verschiedenen Ebenen mit geeigneten Methoden nähern. Zur summativen Evaluation einer Ebene dieses Modells - den einzelnen Lernmodulen - wurde ein Kurzfragebogen micht acht Fragen entwickelt. Die Entwicklungsprozess und der resultierende Fragebogen werden vorgestellt.

In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Befragung wiedergegeben, die sich mit der Anthopomorphisierung technischer Geräte und dem daraus resultierenden Einfluss auf die Mensch-Technik-Interaktion beschäftigte; dabei wurde ein besonderer Fokus auf die verbale Interaktion zwischen Mensch und technischen Geräten gelegt. Fragestellungen waren beispielsweise: Warum betrachten Personen technische Geräte als menschlich, wann tun sie dies und wie nehmen sie ihre eigenen Dialoge und die Dialoge anderer Personen mit technischen Geräten wahr? Außerdem werden die Korrelationen zwischen dem Grad eines vorhandenen Anthropomorphismus, der Persönlichkeitsstruktur der Befragten, der Angst vor technischen Geräten und der selbsteingeschätzten Kompetenz im Umgang mit ihnen analysiert. Beispielsweise werden Geräte, die als Freund oder Helfer betrachtet werden, weniger unfreundlich behandelt als Geräte, die nur als Werkzeug empfunden werden. Des Weiteren werden Aspekte von Emotionen und Stress im Umgang mit technischen Geräten diskutiert.

Augmented Reality uses Head Mounted Displays (HMD) to overlay the real word with additional virtual information. Virtual Retinal Displays (VRD), a new display technology, no longer need Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). The VRD technology addresses the retina directly with a single laser stream of pixels. Empirical studies concerning the user’s informational strain of this new VRD technology are unknown. Various papers have shown, that the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a valid indicator for the user’s informational strain. An empirical test revealed no difference in the user’s HRV between the VRD technology and the LCD technology. Consequently, there seems to be an comparable users informational strain regarding the display types.

The development of a Web-based portal for the community of man-machine-interaction is the primary goal of the project MMI-Interaktiv. Scientists and other experts both in research and in industry can use this portal for information retrieval, communication, support and help. The portal is funded by the DFN organization and addresses initially German-speaking people. According to these aspects the portal is extended with a shared workspace to meet the cooperative needs depending on different user groups. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. Therefore, the design should be flexible and cover most of the requirements. To achieve these aims a "Shared Workspace Open Framework" called SWOF was developed. This frame-work can be adapted to several cooperation tasks and even to other problems.

Bei Augmented Reality (AR) handelt es sich um eine neue Technologie, die es gestattet, in das reale Sichtfeld von Benutzern zusätzliche virtuelle Informationen einzublenden. Um neben einer reinen Technikentwicklung auch die zukünftigen Benutzer von Anfang an zu berücksichtigen, wurdeim BMBF-geförderten Leitprojekt ARVIKA die benutzerzentrierte Systemgestaltung als zentraler Bestandteil des Projektes verankert. In diesem Beitrag werden neben der Vorgehensweise beim Usability Engineering im Projekt ARVIKA erste Ergebnisse aus der Evaluationsphase der AR-Benutzerschnittstellen dargestellt. Diese zeigen, dass AR zwar große Potentiale für die Praxis aufweist, jedoch wesentliche Bestandteile der heute gängigen Interaktionskonzepte desktopbasierter Systeme hinsichtlich ihrer AR-Tauglichkeit überarbeitet bzw. vollständig neu gestaltet werden müssen. Neben Problemen mit den bislang entwickelten AR-Benutzerschnittstellen werden Lösungsansätze dargestellt und so die Grundlagen für die Entwicklungen in der zweiten Projektphase aus benutzerzentrierter Sicht gegeben.

For the computer support of cooperative engineering design tasks, aspects of individual knowledge representation and team-based, collaborative work are described. In a cognitive engineering approach an analysis of empirical data in conjunction with the theories of shared mental models and awareness are used to derive implied requirements for cooperative design systems.

Die wachsende Komplexität der Arbeitssysteme in der Produktion sowie hohe Produktivitäts- und Qualifikationsanforderungen bezüglich der Prozessfähigkeit von Maschinen erfordern im Zuge der Organisationsentwicklung in der Produktion den Einsatz von rechnerbasierten Hilfesystemen für das Fachpersonal. Neben einer Diagnosefunktionalität solcher Unterstützungssysteme solltenherzu auch Hilfen zur Fehlerprognose sowie Vorschläge zurFehlerbehebung und zum Funktionsumfang eines Störungsdiagnosesystems einschließlich der Möglichkeit des elbst gesteuerten Lernens gehören. Allgemein geht es darum, die Kompetenz des Sytemanwenders als Gestaltungsziel zu berücksichtigen.

An approach for the development of an e-learning platform is presented. Due to highly interacting yet limiting characteristics in terms of personal, legal, organizational, technical and didactical aspects a wholistic approach was chosen. According to this, a detailed requirements analysis was carried out that ends in the formulation of a didactical and software-technical concept for later implementation. A case study is used to illustrate this approach.

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a graphical user interface for a wearable augmented reality (AR) welding system. The AR-system enables the user to perceive his close environment more precisely than ordinary welding helmets and to receive additional online information about the welding process itself. During the usability test, single icons as well as user interfaces on an industrial PC and on two different head mounted displays - i-glasses video see-through and MicroOptical look-around display - were tested. Various methods were employed for this purpose, such as observation, thinking aloud, interviews and walkthroughs. The results indicated a positive attitude of the users towards the innovative AR-system. The participants expressed their comments and recommendations, which would be considered for further improvements and design of the system.

Augmented Reality (AR) ist eine junge Technologie, die es zusätzlich zur betrachteten Realität gestattet, situationsgerecht virtuelle Informationen (z.B. Produkt- oder Prozessinformationen) in das Sichtfeld des Betrachters einzublenden. Während der Evaluation eines für den Produktionsbereich entwickelten Prototyps wurde in einem Usability Test das AR-User-Interface-Konzept untersucht und dessen Selbstbeschreibungsfähigkeit festgestellt. Darüber hinaus konnten durch einbeziehung der späteren Anwender wichtige Verbesserungsvorschläge des Systems auf dem Weg zur Praxistauglichkeit erhoben werden, welche die Grundlage für die Entwicklung späterer Systeme darstellen.

Mitarbeiter des Zentrums Mensch-Maschine-Systeme (TU Berlin), des Fachgebiets Ergonomie im Design (Uni Essen), des pak-ZMMI (Uni Kaiserslautern) und des Instituts für Arbeitswissenschaft (RWTH Aachen) führen in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Arbeitspsychologie der ETH Zürich bestehende und zu entwickelnde Informationsangebote in einem Web-Portal zusammen und verbinden diese mit einer Kooperationsplattform. Mit dem Web-Portal, das Mitte 2003 in den Betrieb gehen wird, soll der Informationsaustausch und die Zusammenarbeit in Forschung und Entwicklung im Bereich der Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionsforschung (MMI) unterstützt und weiter verbessert werden. Die Entwicklung wird vom DFN-Verein finanziert. Der Betrieb des Portals wird von einem gemeinnützigen Trägerverein übernommen werden. Im folgenden Bericht werden die Ziele, die den Entwurf des Online-Dienstes geleitet haben, und die Funktionen des Portals anhand seiner Komponenten vorgestellt.

To create new processes or to retrofit existing ones different and party overlapping stages are passed through. Within these stages interrelated models that serve as the basis for decision making are developed and used in different software tools. By using different tools and models, however, it will sometimes be difficult to identify and to memorize dependencies between the models. Thus, the cognitive task performance of a chemical engineer may be impeded. A framework for representing and structuring chemical process design knowledge is presented. This framework illustrates the reasoning space for a chemical engineer involved in process design. Therefore, it supports decision making and can be used to guide the design of appropriate computer support.

Since engineering design research widened its view from prescribing to describing design activities, empirical studies have gained more and more importance. However, empirical research is not the "core competence" of engineering design. Therefore, it is useful to apply methods of empirical research developed in social science. Here a brief introduction to those methods is given, followed by two studies concerning information system support in the area of mechanical and chemical engineering. Finally, some general proposals for empirical research in engineering design are given.

Bei der Gestaltung einer multimodalen adaptiven Benutzungsschnittstelle zur Steuerung einer autonomen Produktionszelle mit Schwerpunkt auf dem 3D-Laserschweissen, wurde ein modellbasierter Entwicklungsprozess verwendet. Als Basis zur Modellierung der Benutzeraufgaben dienten gefärbte Petrinetze, die um zusätzlich Informationen zur adaptiven Gestaltung erweitert wurden. Eine handlungsgerichtete Benutzerunterstützung verwendet dieses Aufgabenmodell, um den übergeordneten Applikationsfluss zu kontrollieren, während stochastische Verfahren auf der syntaktischen Dialogebene eine detailliertere Handlungsunterstützung geben können.

Computer supported collaborative work (CSCW) allows people to cooperate by computers from different places and in different times. To enable an easier integration of such collaborative components intoweb-based communities and portals, a Shared Workspace Open Frameworks (SWOF) was developed. This framework provides the basic features of shared workspaces and can be customized to different cooperation classes. High usability is an important aspect of the implementation. To achieve these aims SWOF focuses on an information space with more task-suited item-types that can help to pre-structure the information. Thus, on the one hand the system can help the users to write down the needed information in a consistent way and, on the other, could reduce the arguments between the group members on how to structure their workspace. As a use case for SWOF the development of a Web-based portal for the community of a man-machine interaction was chosen. In the project MMI-Interaktiv, a portal is built with a SWOF-based shared workspace component. An evaluation for this use case is presented.

Numerous experimental studies on the design of user interfaces of common desktop monitors exist, whereas empirical studies concerning the design of an Augmented Reality user interface are unknown. Therefore, recommendations relating to the optimal representation size of virtual information for an head mounted display with see through mode, which is used for Augmented Reality, cannot be given at the moment. In order to apply this new technology successfully to an industrial area, such information is urgently necessary. For this reason, three different kinds of displays were tested in this study regarding human information perception. Thus, the smallest target size necessary to provide successful information processing could be determined for different tasks. This study gives exemplary results obtained through tests with the prototype of a "Virtual Retinal Display".

"MMI-Interaktiv" baut ein Kooperations- und Informations-Portal für die Gemeinschaft der MMI-Wissenschaftler auf. Es wird vom Deutschen Forschungsnetz (DFN) gefördert und mit dem Fachgebiet Design der Uni Essen, dem Lehrstuhl für Produktionsautomatisierung (pak) der Universität Kaiserslautern, dem Zentrum Mensch-Maschine-Systeme (ZMMS) der TU-Berlin und dem Institut für Arbeitspsychologie (IfAP) der ETH-Zürich durchgeführt.

Das Projekt TEREBES (Tragbares Erweitertes Realitäts-System zur Beobachtung von Schweißprozessen) wird vom BMB+F gefördert und gemeinsam mit dem Institut für Automatisierungstechnik der Universität Bremen, der EWM Hightech Welding GmbH in Mündersbach, der Optrel AG in Wattwil (CH) sowie der Lürssen Werft GmbH & Co in Bremen durchgeführt.

In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer Befragung wiedergegeben, die sich mit der Vermenschlichung (Anthropomorphisierung) technischer Geräte und dem daraus resultierenden Einfluss auf die Mensch-Technik-Interaktion beschäftigt; dabei wurde ein besonderer Fokus auf das Sprechen des Menschen mit dem technischen Gerät gelegt. Des Weiteren werden Aspekte von Emotionen und Stress im Umgang mit technischen Geräten diskutiert.

Augmented Reality (AR) is a form of human-machine interaction where information is presented in the field of view of an individual e. g. through a head mounted display, thus augmenting his or her perception of reality. This occurs in a context-sensitive manner, i. e. in accordance with and derived from the observed object, such as a part, tool or machine, or his or her location. In this way, the real-world field of view of a skilled worker, technician or design engineer is augmented with superimposed notes to present information that is relevant to this individual. ARVIKA develops this technology or applications in the fields of design, production, and service in the automotive and aerospace industries, for power and processing plants and for machine tools and production machinery. This technology offers special dimensions for mid-sized enterprises that can leverage an improved diagnostic and maintenance competence to increase their flexibility and efficiency, thereby strengthening their global competitive position. ARVIKA is primarily designed to implement an Augmented Reality system for mobile use in industrial applications. This article presents the milestones that have been achieved after a project duration of a full two years: A basic system for Augmented Reality systems was developed based on a specially designed software architecture. Initial application-specific prototypes have been created on this basis and have been evaluated in usability tests. The solutions that can be demonstrated today indicate a good progress of the project in terms of the basic technologies such as Augmented Reality (marker-based tracking), human machine interaction as well as the AR-oriented information delivery and workflow, but they also show the challenges for further development. Significant improvements that need to be achieved during the second phase of the project include markerless tracking, the engineering e. g. of product models and AR scenes and the availability of documents that can be used in AR.

This article deals with solving the problems of implementation of CAD systems in design departments. One reason for a lack of efficiency of design processes is that the users do not take full advantage of the function capacities. In order to overcome the poor performance in the production of technical drawings, CAD systems need improvements in their suitability for task requirements and their ability to adapt different user qualifications.

This study is concerned with the anthropomorphization of technical devices and the resulting influence on human-machine interaction; a special focus is laid on the verbal interaction between human and machine. Further, the correlational dependencies between the amount of shown anthropomorphism, the subjects' personality structure and the fear of technical devices will be analyzed. Finally, the findings are discussed in the context of emotion at work and the usability of technical devices.

Mehrere dynamische Bayes-Netze mit unterschiedlichen Topologien werden in Bezug auf die Modellierung von Handlungsvorhersagen evaluiert: (1) Markov-Kette erster Ordnung, (2) Hiden-Markov-Modell, (3) autoregressives Hidden-Markov-Modell, (4) faktorielles Hidden-Markov-Modell, (5) einfach-hierarchisches Hidden-Markov-Modell und (6) baumstrukturiertes Hidden-Markov-Modell. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, mit Hilfe einer Interaktionsaufgabe die stochastischen Modelle hinsichtlich der Vorhersagegenauigkeit des regelbasierten Interaktionsverhaltens vergleichend zu bewerten. Es wird das Fallbeispiel einer multimodalen Benutzungsschnittstelle zur Steuerung einer autonomen Produktionszelle herangezogen. Um eine geeignete Datenbasis zu schaffen, wurde eine Reihe erfahrener Nutzer beobachtet, während sieeine typische Aufgabe ausführten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anzahl der Benutzerbeobachtungen einen hohen Einffluss auf die Vorhersagequalität hat. Bei wenigen Benutzerbeobachtungen gibt es keine signifikanten Unterschiede bei der Vorhersagegenauigkeit von Markov-Ketten erster Ordnung, faktoriellen oder baumstrukturierten Hidden-Markov-Modellen.

Six topologies of dynamic Bayesian Networks are evaluated for predicting the future user events: (1) Markov Chain of order 1, (2) Hidden Markov Model, (3) autoregressive Hidden Markov Model, (4) factorial Hidden Markov Model, (5) simple hierarchical Hidden Markov Model and (6) tree structured Hidden Markov Model. Goal of the investigation is to evaluate, which of these models has the best fit for modeling the prediction of rule-based interaction behaviour for a real domain. Case study of the experiments is a multimodal user interface for supervisory control of advanced manufacturing cells. A group of experienced users were observed while executing a typical task, to build a data analysis basis for the evaluation. The results show that the number of user cases has high influence on the prediction quality and that there are no significant differences in using Markov Chain of order 1, factorial or tree structured Hidden Markov Models.

Modern work systems are characterized by many persons being involved and the common use of computer systems to support them. Particularly with regard to product development, organizational paradigms like Concurrent Engineering (Pennell \& Winner, 1989) enhance this trend. Therefore, task and information modeling for cooperative work are important for the design of work systems. In this paper, the further development of the C3modeling technique (Luczak et al., 1999; Killich et al., 1999) and ist application to chemical process development is presented.

Augmented Reality (AR)-systems systems are often refused by potential users even if their technical performance is good. Their problem is that they are not designed in a user-friendly way. The experience made with an AR-supported assembly scenario has shown that workers have appreciated the AR-supported assembly when some basic usability aspects have been taken into account.

In order to support design problem solving in every phase of the design process a concept of a complete and unambiguous structure for knowledge representation and design tool selection is introduced. Based on a design example this concept has been implemented as a software prototype. Results of an empirical investigation on the use of the prototype are given and implications for a more effective and efficient IT-concept to support the data-based work during process of product development are derived.

For the computer-support of knowledge-based human information processing, it is necessary to look at the representation of the information as well as designing an appropriate interface considering the ergonomics of human-computer interaction. Related to the established methodology for the design of technical systems, the cognitive model of an abstraction hierarchy was used as a framework for a task-appropriate knowledge representation in every phase of the design process. Based on a design task from the field of mechanical engineering, this concept was implemented as a software prototype. In an empirical study the practical applicability and usefulness of this concept was investigated. Trajectories of design problem solving were recorded and analyzed.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden auf der Grundlage eines qualitativen Modells anästhesiologischer Entscheidungs- und Handlungsprozesse der Entwurf und die Implementierung einer ergonomischen Statusanzeige für einen intraoperativen, kardiochirurgischen Anästhesiearbeitsplatz beschrieben. Die Entwicklung eines Konzeptes ging dabei von der Analyse der Funktionen und der daraus resultierenden Aufgaben des Anästhesisten aus, um anhand derer konkrete Ansatzpunkte für Optimierungsmöglichkeiten zu identifizieren, und zwar sowohl bei der räumlich-physischen Gestaltung der Arbeitsumgebung als auch - und hier lag der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit - in bezug auf das erforderliche Daten- und Informationsmanagement.