Forecasting of the Traffic Situation in the Hannover Region

The main requirement of road traffic participants is to know the current traffic situation. Such data is typically obtained from routing services where the time of many different individual trips is taken into account.

In the context of Data4UrbanMobility tools were developed that allow to predict the traffic situation based on such time series data. The following figure presents an interface to visualize typical time series patterns as well as outliers present in the data:

The prediction of the traffic situation is made available in the form of a map based interface for the end user:

Data4UrbanMobility Data Protection Regulation

The work on the Data4UrbanMobility data protection regulation is completed. The document is publicly available and can be found here.

First Version of MiC-App Available

A first version of the novel MiC-App (Move in the City) App is now available for D4UM-associates as well as a protected group of public users. The mobile MiC-App is a tool to gather data.

MiC was developed by the Institute for Sustainable Urbanism at the University of Braunschweig and the Projektionisten GmbH. MiC links the growing  awareness of  digital citizen rights with the potential of evaluation big datasets. Therefore MiC gives the opportunity to citizen to actively participate in a citizen science project to take part in the development of the mobility of the feature.

MiC gathers data of the users movement, where the user has the about which data should be recorded. All data is pseudonymised such that the privacy of the contributing citizen is ensured.

Current Status:

In the first version of the app, the user can easily start and end the tracking of his/her movement. It is worth to point out, that the user decides when he is tracked and when not. A summary of his/her activity is available for the user as well as the opportunity to issue feedback or even delete all of his contributed data.

Updated System with Dashboard V2

With the new version of our system,  the dashboard will provide even more insights into the impact of public events on the traffic situation.

The coloring and labels let us easily distinguish between the different type of events. By clicking on the label we show the typically affected subgraph for that event type. This allows the user to check what specific routes are typically affected by an event at that location.

Examples: Visualisation of a concert and a football game.

In addition, the graph at the top right gives additional information on how big the impact around the events start time tends to be.

{API}
We enriched the api endpoints with additional information from the data models that were developed as part of the research efforts.

D4UM App Version 1.0

We just released the first Version of the D4UM App. Every project member now has access to the application and can try out its features. Let’s quickly go over some of its main features.
The EFA integration (EFA is a routing engine covering Lower Saxony and Bremen ) allows for quick access to tip information using all available public transport options. Our focus, when designing the application, was on quick and easy navigation to provide a simple and easy to use trip planning tool.

Departures and Connections

On the departure screen we show the user the closes stops for public transportation in his immediate vicinity. On the connection screen the user can fill in his desired starting location( either an address or an existing stop ) and destination and query for what connections are available to him. The provided information contains real time data , meaning we are able to visualized delays for any given connection.

Map

On the map screen you can see and or find all available stops of public transportation. This allows for providing the user with a great way to find out what stops are available in their city. By clicking on any of the shown stops will open the departure screen and provide you with the information mentioned above. To better visualize a selected connection, we show the route you plan to travel on the map.

Menu / Settings

Additional features can be found in the settings menu of the application. Here you can find settings that allow you to customize your routing results for both the departures and connection screen. The best way to let us know what you think about the application is to use the feedback module. This can be found here as well. First click on the emoji that best describe how you feel about the app. And then put in any additional information or ideas or thoughts you may have. Now what is left is just to press send and you will send us an email.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Quantification  and Prediction of Impact of Public Events

Current Data4UrbanMobility research results allow for measuring and prediction of spatial impact on road traffic of public events. Connected, affected street segments nearby public events are identified to measure the spatial impact. The approach is depicted in the following figure:

(Karte von https://www.openstreetmap.org)

An event is marked as yellow dot, affected streets in red and the measured impact in dark blue. Moreover, an approach making use of machine learning algorithms was developed to predict the impact determined in this way, resulting an error-reduction of up to 40% when compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.

D4UM – Platform V1 Released

The first version of the Data4UrbanMobiltiy platform has been released. The platform was designed and implemented following a 3-tier-architecture. The platform provides RESTfull Web services for mobility applications like dashboards or mobile apps. As a demonstration, an interactive map application has been developed that visualizes the spatial impact of public events. The following figure shows a screenshot of the application.

The figure shows 4 public events in the city of Hannover. The colors represent different types of public events (e.g. concerts, fairs, sport events). The circles visualize the spatial impact on road traffic caused by the public events.

Comprehensive Set of Requirements

The Data4UrbanMobility analysis of requirements includes requirements of the application partners Region Hannover (RH) and Wolfsburg AG (WAG) as well as non functional requirements. The requirements were collected by MOMA. The L3S derived research question for data analysis which are based  on the requirements of RH and WAG. The research question address especially the information needs of end-users.

The current research questions particularly include

1. Automated verification of traffic warnings and prediction of their impact
2. Identification of events and prediction of their impact
3. Investigation of correlation of road traffic data, public transportation query logs, traffic warnings and twitterfeeds
4. Determination of optimal traveling timepoints

Growing Data Collection

ISU create a comprehensive data matrix containing potential source of mobility related data. The Data4UrbanMobility data model describes all project relevant data sets and sets them into context. This makes the data available in a unified manor for both analysis and applications. The selected data sources were transformed according to the Data4UrbanMobility data model by L3S. The data quality of selected data sources (i.e. public transportation query logs and road traffic data) was examined.

Tools for extracting the relevant information from the datasets were developed to enable the integration of the datasets.

• Street and graph extraction from OpenStreetMap
• Bulkloader for public transportation queries
• Integration of “Zentrales Haltestellen Verzeichniss” (central registry of public transportation stops)

The current collection (December 12th 2017) contians

EFA-Logs: 17 million public transportation queries
Road traffic data: 174 thousand street sements with a frequency of 15 minutes
GTFS-data: 90 thousand. public transportation stops, 2.6 thousand routes
Weather: Radolan “Regenraster” (rain grid)
Twitter: 2,5 Mio. Tweets starting at June 2017

OSM: 440 thousand streets 
Events: 21 thousand public events (August 14th 2016-July 17th 2018)

Traffic warnings: 13 thousand warning (since June 2017)

Visualization of Public Transportation Information

In order to allow intuitive analytics of public transportation information, the PROJEKTIONISTEN (PROJ) developed a dashboard web application. First prototypes visualize queries addressed to the regional timetable information system EFA (www.efa.de). The prototypes serve as foundations for exploration analyses as well as the implementation of future versions of the dashboard. The following figure shows an integrated visualization of the most frequent origins and destinations of the queries.

Analysen der EFA-Logs

Analysis of EFA Public Transportation Query Logs

Analyses regarding the impact of public events on public transportation are currently conducted to address early research questions. To this extend, explorative data analyses of the impact of major public events such as football games and medium sized events such as concerts were conducted. Visual analytics were used as a first step towards comprehensive analyses, which show start-like patterns for city center which identify mobility hubs of central importance.

The figure shows the direct connection between origin and destination of public transportation queries. Darker colors correspond to more frequent queried trips. Star-like pattern identify the central train station and the central metro station.

Analyses of single stations reveal weekday dependent patterns.

The figure depicts the average number of queries with the destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke”. Differences emerge between Weekends and workdays.

The impact of public events on the queries can be visualized  as well.

The figure shows the number of queries with the Destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke” for Wednesday, April 26th 2017 (orange) as well as the average number of queries on a Wednesday for the same destination. On this day a concert took place in venue nearby. The concert start at 8 pm. The significant deviations between 5 pm and 7 pm is highly likely to be caused by visitors of the concert. This shows that public transportation queries are a valuable information source to investigate the impact of public events on mobility infrastructure.

• A Comparative Study of Bladder Neck Preservation Versus Bladder Neck Reconstruction during Retropubic Radical Prostatectomy in Term of Urinary incontinence. Al-Maliki, Ayman Hamid Hammood | Hayder Makki Baqer Al-Ebrahimee | Shaymaa Jasim Mohammed (2026). 3(1) 53–64.

  "Background: Urinary continence remains a critical functional outcome following radical prostatectomy. Bladder neck preservation has been advocated to improve postoperative continence. While BNR has been widely reported, evidence focusing on the impact of BNP, particularly on early continence following open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP), remains limited. Objective: To evaluate early and late urinary continence outcomes following bladder neck preservation during open retropubic radical prostatectomy and to compare these results with bladder neck reconstruction outcomes reported in the literature. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was conducted at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital, Al-Najaf, between January 2022 and January 2025. Patients with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent open retropubic radical prostatectomy with intentional bladder neck preservation. Postoperative follow-up was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months. Primary outcomes included early and late urinary continence recovery. Secondary outcomes included vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis and surgical margin status. Results: Bladder neck preservation was associated with favorable early continence recovery, with a notable proportion of patients achieving continence within the first postoperative months. Continence rates further improved over time, resulting in high late continence rates at 12 months, comparable to late continence outcomes reported in bladder neck reconstruction series. At the 3-month follow-up, urinary continence was achieved in 90% of patients. This proportion further increased to 95% at 6 months. By the 12-month follow-up, all patients (100%) had achieved full urinary continence. Vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis occurred in two patients and was successfully managed endoscopically. All patients demonstrated negative surgical margins. Conclusion: Bladder neck preservation during open retropubic radical prostatectomy appears to confer its principal functional advantage in enhancing early urinary continence, while maintaining late continence outcomes comparable to bladder neck reconstruction techniques reported in the literature. This approach offers a meaningful early quality-of-life benefit without compromising oncological safety and represents a viable alternative to bladder neck reconstruction. "
• Pediatric Nutrition Determinants Health Outcomes and Public Health Implications. Adiljanovna, Shaira Khalilovna Atadjanova | Solieva Mavlyuda (2026). 4(6) 41–45.

  The importance of pediatric nutrition however is its impact on a child growth and development as well as subsequent immune health and long-term outcomes. Adequate consumption of macronutrients and micronutrients in early childhood is critical for healthy physical and cognitive development. Yet there are global disparities with undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies continuing to be major public health challenges alongside emerging childhood obesity. The latest epidemiological evidence shows malnutrition is a direct contributory factor in over 45% of all deaths among under-fives worldwide. Rapid dietary transitions and urbanization have simultaneously resulted in increasing prevalence of overweight and metabolic disorders in children. Both extremes of malnutrition undernutrition and overnutrition have long term consequences such as compromised immunity poorer education achievement and greater risk for non-communicable diseases in adulthood. This article summarizes current evidence on the determinants of nutritional status in children and adolescents describes health outcomes associated with nutritional imbalance and outlines preventive approaches at familial/community/policy levels. As we work to improve sustainable child health outcomes worldwide reinforcing early-life nutritional interventions continues to be a critical factor.
• Methodological Criteria for Detecting Fabricated Hadiths among Hadith Critics: An Analytical Comparative Study. Fahimi, Ahmed Kareem Hussein Al-Hamza | Dr. Hamid Raza (2026). 4(9) 1–9.

  Fabricated Hadiths represent a serious challenge to the preservation of the Prophetic Sunnah because forged reports can influence creed, legal reasoning, ethical teaching, and public religious memory. This study analyzes the methodological criteria used by Hadith critics to identify fabricated narrations and compares the operational approaches of classical and contemporary scholarship. A qualitative library based design is employed using descriptive, analytical, comparative, and applied procedures. The corpus consists of major works on Hadith terminology, narrator criticism, hidden defects, fabricated reports, and modern Hadith methodology. The analysis focuses on four interconnected evidentiary domains: isnād criticism, narrator evaluation, matn criticism, and historical-contextual indicators. The results show that a judgment of fabrication is normally cumulative rather than dependent on a single sign. Classical critics share the same foundational concern for chain continuity, narrator integrity and precision, textual coherence, and corroborating evidence, while their disagreements often arise from differences in weighing contextual indicators and distinguishing severe weakness from deliberate forgery. Contemporary scholarship largely preserves these foundations while expanding cross-referencing, indexing, and digital access to transmission data. The study concludes that the most reliable approach combines isnād and matn analysis, explicitly states the degree and cause of weakness, and treats digital tools as aids rather than substitutes for expert critical judgment.
• (re)Pebbling: A Story of Blackness and Curling Norman, Richard (2026). University of Regina Press.
• Antibiotic Resistance in Uzbekistan And Germany: A Comparative Investigation into Public Health Implications. Aslam, Muhammad Faizan Ghouri | Muhammad Majid Ghouri | Ayesha Ashraf | Abdurakhmonova Zamira Ergashboevna | Imran (2026). 4(2) 22–24.

  This study sets out to investigate and contrast the prevalence of and health burden associated with antibiotic resistance in Uzbekistan and Germany with a special emphasis on the public health implications in both countries. Comparing healthcare systems antibiotic use and resistance rates the study helps to identify that contribute to development of resistance. Data were from health authorities hospital reports and literature with comparison of differences and similarities between the 2 countries. The results of the work offer valuable input to the worldwide problem of antibiotic resistance underlining that purpose-oriented measures and international collaboration for containment are urgently needed.
• Assessment of Attitudes and Perceptions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Community Health Workers in Training at Agency Schools University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria. O., Agbonavbare Omotunde | Adesoji Morounfoluwa | OGUNMOLA Emmanuel Olawale | Joy Anorue | Kolawole Tunmise Daramola | Ayinde Abayomi (2026). 4(2) 54–65.

  Background: Community health workers play a critical role in the promotion of public health interventions including vaccination. Their attitudes and perceptions toward COVID 19 vaccination can influence both personal uptake and advocacy within the wider community. This study assessed the awareness attitudes perceptions and factors associated with COVID 19 vaccine acceptance among community health workers in training at Agency Schools University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 trainees enrolled in the Primary Health Care Tutors and Community Health Officers Training Programmes. Data were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire capturing socio-demographic characteristics knowledge perception attitude vaccination status and factors influencing vaccine acceptance. Descriptive statistics frequencies percentages and chi-square tests were used to analyze associations between perception attitude and vaccine uptake. Results: The mean age of respondents was 32.1 ± 8.4 years with a majority being female (65%) and of Yoruba ethnicity (80%). Awareness of COVID 19 and preventive measures including vaccination was high with 98% demonstrating knowledge of transmission routes and 95% aware of vaccine side effects. Eighty-five percent had received at least one dose of the COVID 19 vaccine and 83% completed the full vaccination schedule. Positive attitudes toward vaccination including encouragement of peers were observed in 95% of respondents. Misconceptions regarding vaccine safety and efficacy were minimal but present. Chi-square analysis indicated significant associations between both attitude and perception with vaccine acceptance (p < 0.05). Perceived factors influencing vaccine uptake included personal health considerations peer influence and access to vaccination information. Conclusion: Community health worker trainees at UCH Ibadan demonstrated high awareness and generally positive attitudes toward COVID 19 vaccination which were strongly associated with uptake. Residual misconceptions highlight the need for continued educational interventions peer advocacy and transparent communication to sustain vaccine confidence. Strengthening these strategies within training programs can enhance both personal uptake and broader public health promotion.
• Clinical Features of Bronchial Asthma in Children. D.R., Tukhtaeva O.T | Azizova (2026). 4(2) 18–21.

  Identification of clinical forms of bronchial asthma in children in the presence of causally significant allergens and concomitant allergic diseases associated with rhinoconjunctival symptoms seizures develop rapidly often acquiring a severe course of the disease.When bronchial asthma was combined with rhinoconjunctival symptoms seizures developed intensively the disease was severe and serious complications were observed.
• Comparison between Traditional Surgery and Laparoscopic Surgery in the Treatment of Hernias in the Elderly. Al-Rubayee, Dr.Tareq Jawad Kadem (2026). 4(2) 29–40.

  Hernia repair in older patients typically involves a number of complexities related to the effects of aging on the body as well as underlying medical issues. This research has compared and contrasted open term with laparoscopically performed hernia repairs while evaluating operative outcomes short-term recovery periods complication rates and long-term results. The terminal ambit of surgical evaluations showed that laparoscopy took about 10 minutes longer on average (95 ± 20 min) than open procedures (85 ± 15 min) during the course of surgery however the amount of blood lost during laparoscopic repair was much less (60 ± 20 ml versus 120 ± 30 ml). Regarding early recovery from surgery patients undergoing a laparoscopic repair were able to ambulate sooner (1.5 ± 0.4 days post-op) when compared with patients undergoing an open repair (2.5 ± 0.5 days post-op) and exhibited fewer pain complaints (VAS 3 ± 1 versus VAS 6 ± 1) and stayed in the hospital for less time (3 ± 0.8 days versus 5 ± 1 days). The incidence of postoperative complications was higher in patients who had an open repair for example there were greater instances of wound-related morbidity due to wound infections (8% vs 3%) and seromas (10% vs 4%) in the open repair group when compared with the laparoscopic group. Incidence rates of cardiopulmonary events were somewhat higher during the immediate post-operative period in the laparoscopic group (6% vs 5%) however all cardiopulmonary events were associated with an early post-operative period only. Recurrence rates of hernia at longterm follow-up were similar (4% laparoscopic vs 5% open) but laparoscopic repair patients exhibited more optimal functional status and greater patient satisfaction (90% vs 75%). Patients who had laparoscopic repairs also experienced significantly less chronic pain than patients who had open repairs (5% vs 12%). In conclusion laparoscopic hernia repair provided numerous advantages to elderly patients over open procedure including shorter recovery time lower complication rates and better long-term quality of life while presenting comparable rates of hernia recurrence.
• Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation: Impact on Myocardial Function measured by Global Longitudinal Strain. Marufovich, Shodiyev Mirshodbek (2026). 4(2) 5–9.

  Measures of cardiovascular (CV) health and function are improved by exercise. However it might be challenging to determine the short-term efficacy of an exercise intervention when conventional metrics steadily improve. Reductions in left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) are a powerful predictor of future cardiac dysfunction and death. LVGLS is a very sensitive cardiac imaging tool that can identify myocardial dysfunction before more conventional assessments. Because of its sensitivity LVGLS may provide a practical way to monitor the short term impact of an exercise intervention on CV function giving practitioners valuable data to enhance patient care in exercise environments. It's unknown nevertheless how exercise affects LVGLS. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effect exercise has on LVGLS across a range of populations. Included studies assessed LVGLS pre–post an exercise intervention (minimum 2 weeks) in adults 18 years and over and were published in English from 2000 onwards. Study-level random-effects meta-analyses were performed using Stata (v16.1) to calculate summary standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). 39 studies met selection criteria with 35 included in meta-analyses (1765 participants). In primary analyses a significant improvement in LVGLS was observed in populations with CV disease (SMD=0.59 95% CI 0.16–1.02 p=0.01) however no significant effect of exercise was observed in CV risk factor and healthy populations. In populations with CV disease LVGLS could be used as an early biomarker to determine the effectiveness of an exercise regime before changes in other clinical measures are observed.
• Mechanisms of Brain Adaptation in Post-Stroke Motor Recovery. o’g’li, Khurbonov Abdurakhmon Iskandar (2026). 4(2) 10–17.

  After the initial cerebrovascular event around one-third of stroke patients experience ongoing disability the majority of poststroke disability is caused by motor deficits. After a stroke motor function has long been restored by exercise and training. For poststroke impairment improved training methods and treatments are presently being developed to maximize the benefits of these rehabilitative procedures. This effort depends on expanding our knowledge of the inherent processes of healing and the neuroplastic alterations linked to poststroke motor dysfunction. To further expand the scope of poststroke rehabilitation pharmaceutical biological and electrophysiological therapies that enhance neuroplasticity are being investigated. Potential motor rehabilitation therapies such as stem cell therapy exogenous tissue engineering and brain computer interface technologies could be integral in helping patients with stroke regain motor control. As the methods for providing motor rehabilitation change the primary goals of poststroke rehabilitation will be driven by the activity and quality of life needs of individual patients. This Review aims to provide a focused overview of neuroplasticity associated with poststroke motor impairment and the latest experimental interventions being developed to manipulate neuroplasticity to enhance motor rehabilitation.
• Obesity Prevalence and its Health Implications: A Cross-National Analysis of Uzbekistan and Germany. Aslam, Muhammad Faizan Ghouri | Dr. Muhammad Majid Ghouri | Dr. Ayesha Ashraf | Abdurakhmonova Zamira Ergashboevna | Dr. Imran (2026). 4(2) 25–28.

  Obesity has become an increasing worldwide health problem associated with chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes as well as several cancers. The current study aims to compare the prevalence of obesity and related health consequences between a low middle income country (Uzbekistan) and a high-income nation (Germany). Germany: Germany has an established obesity epidemic with more than 50% of adults overweight Uzbekistan: Rapid urbanization and changes in diet have led to an emerging obesity crisis in the country The analysis describes underlying factors such as SES diet PA and urbanization. It assesses the impact of public health interventions in each country too. Results It seems that in Germany many public health programs were launched but had only some—primarily among the socially challenged groups—success. In contrast Uzbekistan is at an early phase of the obesity epidemic and needs focused prevention plans. This study recommends country-specific public health interventions in both countries to address the escalating obesity epidemic and its consequential health effects.
• Risk Factors Associated with Severe Dehydration in Children with Acute Diarrhea in Emergency Settings. Jasim, Samer Hussein (2026). 4(2) 46–53.

  Background: Acute diarrhea is a leading cause of emergency care to children hospital globally and it still makes a significant contribution to the under-five morbidity and mortality. The most life-threatening complication is severe dehydration that has to be identified and treated immediately. Knowledge of clinical and socioeconomic predictors in the emergency situation plays a crucial role in selecting prevention initiatives. Aim: To identify the prevalence and independent predictors of severe dehydration in children that report to emergency departments with acute diarrhea. Methods: It was a hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study that was done in three tertiary emergency departments that were based in pediatric units with a 12 months period. Four hundred and twenty children aged between 1-59 months old diagnosed with acute diarrhea underwent enrolment in consecutive sampling. The level of dehydration was categorized by the WHO. The sociodemographic and nutrition clinical and home-management variables were obtained by interviewing caregivers and examining these factors by the doctor. The logistic regression analysis showed the multivariate predictors of severe dehydration with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) being evaluated. Aim: 128 children were found to have severe dehydration (30.5%). Independent predictors were lack of oral rehydration therapy (AOR = 3.82 95% CI: 2.156788) later presentation >48 hours (AOR = 3.12 95% CI: 1.885.16) stool frequency>8/day (AOR = 2.91 95% CI: 1.704.98) moderate/severe malnutrition (AOR = 2.74 95) Conclusion: In emergency departments in almost a third of cases of children with acute diarrhea severe dehydration was found. The clinical severity indicators as well as modifiable home-care practices both posed a significant risk. Rehydration therapy at an early stage breastfeeding and timely treatment are significant measures to decrease emergency complications and avoid death.
• Comparison of the Inhibitory Effect of Some Antibiotics with Silver Nanoparticles Agains Proteus Mirabilis Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection. Hussny, Hanan Askar (2026). 3(1) 90–98.

  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by different types of Proteus and are one of the most common diseases. This disease is endemic in many influenza outbreaks, including Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial infections in females and males and compare their sensitivity to antibiotics and silver nanoparticles in infected individuals. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the laboratory of the College of Basic Education, Sumer University, Iraq, during the period from January 2, 2025 to April 2025. Fifty urine samples were collected from all age groups, 25 males and 25 females. All isolates were confirmed to be Proteus by biochemical tests. Twenty (40%) tested positive for Proteus bacteria. Of these cases, 7 (35%) were males and 17 (65%) were females. The antibiotic resistance of these isolates was studied. The resistance pattern against different antimicrobials was as follows: ampicillin (100%), gentamicin and cefepime (50%), norfloxacin (40%) and amikacin (35%). The sensitivity of bacteria against silver nanoparticles was also studied at five different concentrations and was sensitive to the highest concentration and decreased at lower concentrations as follows: 0.1 (20 mm), 0.75 (19 mm), 0.05 (15 mm), 0.025 (12 mm), 0.001 (5 mm).
• Utilizing Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) to Guide Safe Exercise Prescription and Physical Rehabilitation in Pediatric BAV Patients. Marufovich, Shodiyev Mirshodbek (2026). 4(2) 1–4.

  Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is one of the most common congenital heart defects in children and is frequently associated with progressive valvular dysfunction and aortopathy. Conventional assessment using left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) may fail to detect early myocardial impairment. Despite increasing clinical application of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) limited pediatric evidence exists regarding the prognostic value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) for identifying subclinical left ventricular dysfunction and guiding early clinical decision-making in BAV patients. This study provides an analytical evaluation of recent pilot evidence assessing GLS in pediatric BAV patients with emphasis on segmental strain abnormalities and phenotype-specific risk stratification through STE-derived measurements. The evidence indicates that GLS is more sensitive than LVEF in detecting subtle myocardial dysfunction even when global systolic performance appears preserved. Segmental strain reductions particularly in inferior anterior and apical regions were identified as early indicators of myocardial alteration. Integration of GLS into routine pediatric BAV assessment may enhance early risk stratification support safe exercise prescription and enable personalized monitoring strategies. Nevertheless larger multi-center longitudinal investigations are necessary to validate GLS as a standardized prognostic marker in pediatric cardiology practice.
• Circulating Irisin as a Potential Diagnostic and Vascular Protective Biomarker in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Saleh, Rayah Najat Rashid | Ahmed Hamad (2026). 3(1) 109–115.

  "Background & Aims: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder characterized by an increased cardiovascular risk and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, it has become increasingly apparent that myokines from skeletal muscle may have profound effects on metabolism and vascular tone. The aim of the present study is to assess the diagnostic potential of circulating Irisin and its association with oxidative stress, vascular function and metabolic profile in MetS. Materials and Methods: One hundred fifty-six subjects were included, consisting of 78 patients with MetS and 78 age-matched healthy control subjects. The anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were also measured. Plasma contents of Irisin, Myostatin, FGF-21, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were assayed ELISA methods. HOMA-IR was used to evaluate the extent of insulin resistance. Results: MetS patients had significantly higher BMI (31.8 ± 4.5 vs 23.4 ± 2.1 kg/m²), waist circumference (104.5 ± 9.2 vs 84.2 ±6.1 cm) and blood pressure (p <0..05). Serum Irisin was significantly lower in MetS patients (6.2 ± 1.5 vs. 12.4 ± 2.8 ng/mL; p <0.001), whereas serum Myostatin and FGF-21 were higher than in controls. Oxidative stress was also augmented as observed by higher MDA concentrations (4.2 ± 0.9 vs 1.8 ± 0.4 µmol/L) and decreased availability of NO (18.4 ± 3.1 vs 35.8 ± 5,2 µmol/L, p < 0,001). Irisin was found to be significantly negatively correlated with BMI (r = −0.425), HOMA-IR (r = −0.512) and MDA (r = −0.621) and positively with NO (r= 0.582, p < 0.001). ROC analysis showed that the diagnostic performance of Irisin for MetS was excellent (AUC = 0.89, sensitivity = 85.9%, specificity = 82.1%). Conclusions: Low circulating Irisin levels are strongly related to metabolic disarrangement, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in MetS. Irisin might be taken as a potential diagnostic and protective biomarker of metabolic syndrome."
• Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its Association with Demographic Factors and Serum Immunological Markers in Diarrheal Patients in Kirkuk City, Iraq. Hashim, Dalia Sudad (2026). 3(1) 116–123.

  "Background & Objectives: Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite that infects people with diarrheal disease globally, especially in children and immunocompromised subjects. Optimal management requires correct diagnoses and knowledge of host immune responses. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. to determine the prevalence of DNV among patients with diarrhea in Kirkuk, Iraq and to evaluate its associations with demographic characteristics and serum immunological markers, namely IgM, IgG, Interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), IL‑10 and IFN- γ. Materials & Methods: Stool samples from 145 diarrhea patients were screened by microscopy and serum was assayed for IgM, IgG and cytokines (IL‑6, IL‑10 and IFN-g) by ELISA method in Sunlong manufacturer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and cutoff values. Results: The proportion of stool samples positive for Cryptosporidium was 26.2% by microscopy, 28.9% using IgM ELISA and 34.5% for IgG ELISA. It was more common among younger people aged <10 years and rural dwellers. Serum IgM, IgG, IL‑6, IL-10 and IFN‑γ levels were significantly higher in the infected patients than in the negatives (P < 0.001). According to ROC analysis, IgM and IFN‑γ were the most consistent markers (AUC, 0.82 and AUC, 0.76; respectively). Conclusions: ELISA is more sensitive than microscopy in the detection of Cryptosporidium, and combining humoral and cytokine markers gives improved diagnostic accuracy. Children and rural inhabitants are the most susceptible, and higher immune markers reveal ongoing host response to infection."
• Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Antimicrobial Analysis of the Essential Oil From the Leaves of Sauropus androgynous in Rajasthan India. John, Alagbe Olujimi (2026). 3(1) 124–131.

  Sauropus androgynous essential oil contains unique bioactive compounds with therapeutic potentials and it delivers powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, gastro-protective, immune-protective, cardio-protective, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anti-helminthic amongst others. GC-MS analysis of Sauropus androgynous essential oil revealed the presence of 33 bioactive compounds were recorded representing 96.27 % composition dominated by Squalene (19.63 %), Caryophyllene (13.92 %), Nonane, 4-methyl (13.82 %) and n-hexadecanoic acid (10.45 %). Other bioactive compounds examined had a concentration less than 3 %. A synergy between the major and minor compounds are working together to protect, heal, restore and improve the overall vitality of the body. The result obtained on the antimicrobial activity of Sauropus androgynous essential oil revealed a high percentage inhibition 77.81 % , 72.00 %, 80.09 %, 73.73 % and 76.26 % against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexineri and Salmonella typhi respectively. The results compare well with that of the standard drug (Ciproflaxacin) (65.00 -71.00 %). It was concluded that Sauropus androgynous essential oil contains measurable concentration of compounds that can disrupt the cell membrane of pathogens and will also help to address the increasing cases of antimicrobial resistance.
• A Review of Analytical Approaches for Detecting Microplastics and Their Degradation Products in Biological and Environmental Samples. Aljabari, Arshed AbdAli Shihad | Fadhel Ibrahem (2026). 3(1) 132–142.

  This study investigated the key environmental, socio-economic, and infrastructural factors influencing the current ecological challenges in the target region. Field observations, supported by quantitative and qualitative assessments, revealed significant pressures on natural resources caused by population expansion, weak waste-management systems, and limited regulatory oversight. Soil, water, and air quality indicators demonstrated varying degrees of deterioration, reflecting the cumulative impact of industrial activities, agricultural misuse, and insufficient environmental planning. The analysis further highlighted the absence of long-term sustainability strategies, fragmented institutional coordination, and low community awareness as major obstacles to environmental protection efforts. Statistical interpretation of collected data confirmed strong correlations between anthropogenic activities and the recorded decline in ecosystem performance. A number of targeted interventions were discussed, emphasizing the need to strengthen environmental governance, adopt integrated resource-management policies, and enhance scientific monitoring programs. Overall, the study provides an evidence-based evaluation of current environmental conditions and identifies a set of practical recommendations that can support decision-makers in developing more effective mitigation and adaptation frameworks. These findings contribute to a clearer understanding of the environmental transformations occurring in the region and underscore the urgency of implementing sustainable solutions
• Evaluation of Bacterial Resistance to Antiseptics and Disinfectants in Clinical Isolates. Abdulazez, Luma N. Abdulrazaq | Ghada Nasrat Khalaf | Ahmed Nafia Obaid | Mayyadah Ali Ahmed Al-Gburi | Abdulsalam Abdulsattar (2026). 3(1) 143–152.

  In this study 100 samples are collected from July 2021 to November 2021 from many hospitals in Anbar (Heet, Al- Ramadi and Haditha hospital). 59 sample isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) have been diagnosed from cases of infections of wounds and burns. There was different level of antibiotics resistance among bacterial isolates, the highest level of resistance was with meropenem 58 isolates (98.3%), followed by imipenem 52 isolates (88.1%), tobramycin and ofloxacin 51 isolates (86.4%), gentamycin 44 isolates (74.6%), ciprofloxacin 42 isolates (71.2%), amikacin 35 isolates (59.3%), ceftazidine 34 isolates (57.6%), cefotaxime 28 isolates (47.5%), and the lowest level of resistance was shown with ampicillin 16 isolates (27.1%). When studying the ability of P. aeruginosa isolates to secrete biofilm, as one of the virulence factors, was found all of these isolates (100%). During this study, three types of disinfectants were used as chemical agents that have a role such as anti-biofilm, and the lowest concentration used to inhibit biofilm production by bacterial isolates was measured. MICs were determined as 0.0031, 0.0062 and 0.0125 for povidone-iodine, IPC231 and surfaxn, respectively.
• FOXP3 and Regulatory T Cells in Preeclampsia: Immune Dysregulation, Mechanistic Insights, and Clinical Implications. Alfattli, Amani Katea Shweikh | Hams Hussain H. Handool (2026). 3(1) 153–166.

  Preeclampsia remains a major obstetric complication characterized by high maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that the failure to establish maternal-fetal immunotolerance is a primary driver of the disease. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), governed by the master transcription factor FOXP3, play a pivotal role in maintaining this immunological equilibrium.This review explores how diminished FOXP3 expression and Treg dysfunction trigger a hyper-inflammatory environment that impairs trophoblast invasion and prevents the physiological remodeling of spiral arteries. Unlike conventional reviews, this paper highlights the critical role of epigenetic modifications, such as FOXP3 promoter hypermethylation, in the loss of Treg functional stability and their subsequent plasticity toward pro-inflammatory phenotypes.Furthermore, we propose a novel diagnostic framework integrating FOXP3 expression with angiogenic markers (sFlt-1/PlGF) as an early predictive tool. The review concludes by discussing promising therapeutic avenues, including low-dose Interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunotherapy and "immune reset" strategies, paving the way for precision medicine and personalized interventions in obstetric care.
• Smart Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization: A Review of Automation, Precision Farming, and Emerging Technologies. Othman, Naz M. Ghazi | Skala S (2026). 3(1) 167–183.

  The emergence of smart agricultural machinery has become one of the key aspects of modern agricultural mechanization driven by the development of automation and precision agriculture technologies along with sensor systems and artificial intelligence. This review provides a thorough synthesis of the technological development of agricultural machineries and how it has been integrated with intelligent systems of operation enabling data-driven, adaptive, and efficient operations of the field. The review examines automation and guidance systems development, precision farming technologies, sensors-based data collection, and artificial intelligence and machine learning use in agricultural machineries. The important issues regarding integration of the system, quality of data, economic viability, and adoption are also discussed. The data highlights the role of smart agricultural machinery as a key aspect of improving the efficiency of operations, resource management, and ensuring sustainability in the contemporary agriculture. Constant studies and responsible use of new technologies must be mandatory in order to achieve the maximum potential of intelligent mechanization of future agricultural systems.
• Response of Soybean Plants Cv. Shaima to NPK Fertilizer and Locally Produced Nano-Iron. Abed, Idrees Ghalib Idrees Al-tamimi | Noora Bandar Maizar | Hussein Ali Salim | Mohammed Saheb (2026). 3(1) 184–190.

  An assay was carried out in the Research Station, Agricultural Extension and Training Center in Diyala in the season 2023 to study the response of soybean plants cv. Shaima to NPK fertilizer and locally produced nano-iron. A factorial experiment in a complete randomized block design was used, included two factors; the first factor included chemical fertilizer NPK at three levels (no addition, half the fertilizer recommendation, full recommendation), and the second factor included nano-iron fertilizer at three levels (no addition, half the fertilizer recommendation, full recommendation).  The treatment of the full recommendation of NPK fertilizer and nano-iron performed better in most of the traits represented with plant height, leaf area, number of pods, dry shoot weight, iron concentration in leaves, nitrogen, and potassium, which reached 58.9 cm, 33.1 dcm, 47.0, 34.1 g, 98.4 ppm, 5.2%, and 4.3%, respectively.  The full recommendation of NPK resulted in an increase in the total yield, reaching 3.8  tons ha-1, compared to the control treatment of 3.0  tons ha.
• Epidemiological Study of Pasteurella Multocida Isolated from Sheep. Ajeel, Baqer Hussein Jejan Al-Janabi | Hameedah Hamzah (2026). 3(1) 99–108.

  "The objectives of this study were to determine the epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of pneumonic pasteurellosis due to Pasteurella multocida in sheep at Al-Qasim, Babylon Governorate. A total of 168 samples were obtained from sheep that had exhibited respiratory signs, comprising 80 nasal swabs, 70 oral swabs, and 18 lung tissues from slaughtered suspected pneumonia cases. Isolates were cultured on several selective and differential media, and bacterial identification was done with the VITEK 2 system. The results showed that P. multocida was the predominant isolate (41.10%), followed by Klebsiella (19.64%), Staphylococcus (15.47%), and E. coli (9.52%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high sensitivity to amoxicillin (87%), ceftiofur (84%), and florfenicol (76%), whereas high resistance was recorded against penicillin G (80%), meropenem (76%), and gentamicin (73%). A significantly higher prevalence was observed in males (47.91%) than females (38.33%) and in the 1–3-year age group (45.79%) compared to younger animals (32.78%). These findings highlight the major role of P. multocida in ovine respiratory infections and emphasize the importance of continuous antimicrobial monitoring and rational antibiotic use to control multidrug-resistant strains in livestock populations."
• Scientific Foundations of Organizing Oil Crop Seed Production. Musajanovich Oripov Sherali Xolboevich | Mamarahimov Bunyоd Ikromovich | Tadjibaev Baxtiyаr (2026). 3(1) 86–89.

  "To date, 180,000 hectares of oilseed crops have been sown in our republic. However, due to improperly organized seed production systems under production conditions, the potential for increasing yields is limited. This article provides information on the development of a seed production system and the basic requirements for seed material. Seed production is considered one of the most important measures for increasing crop yields and agricultural production in our country. Scientific advancements and advanced production experience indicate that a modern, properly organized seed production system increases crop yields by 20-25 percent. The goal of the seed industry is to multiply the seeds of regionalized (state-registered) varieties while maintaining varietal purity and biological and economic characteristics."
• Ambush in the Air: Dust-Related Diseases. Muslim, Taif Muthher (2026). 4(3) 6–11.

  Air pollution has long been a serious problem since it harms human health. Dust storms happen a lot all throughout the Earth system. These kinds of important events happen a lot in dry areas. How many particles are in the air during a dust storm is a big aspect of how it impacts people's health. They move pollutants, biological materials, and particles downstream over great distances. These kinds of things appear to be happening more often in certain regions of the globe but less often in others. Predictions say that this trend will continue since climate change is causing land use to rise and soil moisture levels to fall. Research has connected dust storms to a number of health issues, notably in the Middle East. These include respiratory difficulties, cardiac problems, conjunctivitis, skin irritation, measles, coccidioidomycosis, conjunctivitis, coccidioidomycosis, and transportation accidents.
• Engineered Wood Products: Manufacturing Technologies, Mechanical Performance, and Structural Applications – A Review. Hadi, Omaima A Hasan | Mohammed Jamal (2026). 3(1) 35–44.

  Engineered wood products have been one of the new trends in the construction industry as they have high mechanical strength, good use of raw materials, and they promote sustainable construction. The products used are used to fill many of the shortcomings of solid sawn timber, which include instability of the material in terms of variability and dimensions, by recrystallising the tree constituents using highly regulated manufacturing processes. As a result, the review is a synthesis of engineered wood products, which focuses on the manufacturing process, the mechanical and physical characteristics of wood products, and their structural use. The research paper explores the main types of engineered wood products, which include glued-laminated timber, laminated veneer lumber, cross-laminated timber, plywood, and oriented strand board with references to the structural behaviour and adaptation in the modern construction systems. The main design issues such as performance in connection, fire resistance, seismic behaviour, and long-term endurance are addressed in the frames of the available research results. In addition, the review also determines existing problems and lays out research opportunities in the future concerning moisture sensitivity, environmental performance, and hybrid structural systems. Generally, the review indicates that the engineered wood products are a viable and viable substitute to conventional construction materials. It is believed that the value added by these materials in future in building resilient, low-carbon building systems will be further added due to the continued technological development, performance-based design approaches, and the development of sustainable resource utilisation tools in the future.
• Linkage disequilibrium moderates how evolving genetic background shapes variant-level architecture. Lee, Hanbin; Terhorst, Jonathan (2026).

  Evolutionary theory offers a unifying explanation for the genetics of complex traits and diseases by modeling how a trait and its genetic basis are maintained by evolutionary forces. A growing body of evidence suggests that linkage disequilibrium (LD) couples a varianttextquoterights evolution to that of the genetic background it resides on. However, widely used single-variant theories omit this coupling between variants and the background, or hold the background fixed. We close this gap by developing a model of linkage LD evolution accounting for stabilizing selection, recombination, and genetic drift. The model deduces the genetic architecture of individual variants subject to the co-evolving genetic background. More efficient selection in larger populations is partially offset by slower decay of existing LD and increased generation of new LD. Conversely, noisier LD in smaller populations exposes the variants to episodes of stronger selection. We ask whether ancestry differences in the relationship between effect-size magnitude and minor allele frequency require different selection strengths or can arise from differences in demographic history alone. Stabilizing selection needs to be more than three times stronger in Africans than in Europeans under the constant-size demography, whereas an Out-of-Africa demography alone can explain most of the observed frequency-dependence gap. As this example indicates, selection strength is in general not identifiable from the frequency--effect-size relationship alone, because different combinations of selection and demographic history can produce the same pattern in data with further redundancy added by LD.Competing Interest StatementHanbin Lee is an employee of 3billion Inc.National Institute of General Medical Sciences, https://ror.org/04q48ey07, R35GM151145
• Bakassi and Maritime Security in the Gulf Of Guinea: Piracy Resource Governance and Transnational Criminality 2010–2023. Sophia, Joseph Ezekiel Obuje | Dele Oghuan Olasukanmi | Adofu O. (2026). 4(9) 22–32.

  This study examines the relationship between the Bakassi region and the broader maritime security dynamics of the Gulf of Guinea between 2010 and 2023. It focuses on the ways in which the post Bakassi dispute environment intersected with piracy, trafficking, illicit fishing, resource governance and other forms of transnational criminality affecting coastal states. The study situates Bakassi within the strategic maritime geography of the Gulf of Guinea, where extensive fisheries, hydrocarbons, shipping routes and coastal resources have attracted both legitimate economic activities and illicit exploitation. Particular attention is given to the implications of maritime resource governance and competing claims over hydrocarbon and fisheries resources, as well as the challenges posed by porous maritime boundaries and limited enforcement capacity. The study further examines the responses of regional and sub-regional institutions, including the Economic Community of West African States, the Economic Community of Central African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission, alongside national maritime security initiatives. It argues that although the formal resolution of the Bakassi territorial dispute reduced the likelihood of direct interstate confrontation, the wider maritime environment remained vulnerable to non-state criminal activities exploiting jurisdictional, institutional and enforcement gaps. Piracy, illegal fishing, smuggling and trafficking consequently emerged as significant challenges to maritime governance and regional security. The study concludes that effective maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea requires sustained interstate cooperation, coordinated resource governance, strengthened maritime surveillance and institutional mechanisms capable of addressing the transnational character of contemporary maritime threats.
• Device for Cleaning Cotton from Small Pollution Experimental Test Results Analysis. Solijonovich, Jamolov Abdurakhmon (2026). 3(1) 1–5.

  In the theoretical study of the proposed cotton cleaning device, in order to increase the usefulness of the mesh surface, the mesh surface is made in an oval shape, and at the same time, the drum is placed obliquely to increase the total cleaning surface. The arrows placed in the drum are installed vertically, which makes it easier to pick the cotton inside the drum and increases the level of cleaning. It is desirable to increase the quality of cleaning cotton from impurities and its work efficiency by introducing a cotton cleaning device with an oval-shaped mesh surface to the cotton cleaning plant.
• Regionalism in Central Asia Theoretical Approaches Regional Evolution and External Actors. Ergashev, Umid (2026). 4(9)

  This article examines the evolution of regionalism in Central Asia through major theoretical approaches and the changing dynamics of regional cooperation. It explores the conceptual distinctions between regionalism, regionalization, and regional integration, while tracing the development of Central Asian regional cooperation from the post-Soviet period to the emergence of a more structured regional order. Particular attention is given to regional identity, institutional development, interstate cooperation, and the role of external actors in shaping regional dynamics.
• Evaluation of New Cotton Ranges According to Their Indices Quality of Fiber. Boltabaev, H. A. (2026). 3(1) 6–9.

  The article presents the results of the analysis obtained during the testing of the fiber quality in the competitive variety testing of cotton lines, and provides an assessment of the fiber micronaire, strength, length, uniformity, short fiber index, relative elongation, contamination, and the number of defects. To solve the assigned tasks, scientific research work is being carried out in a certain volume at the Namangan Experimental Station of the "Research Institute of Selection, Seed Production and Agrotechnology of Cotton Cultivation". A number of new lines were created, which were compared in terms of valuable economic traits and technological indicators of fiber quality with standard cotton varieties. The experiments were conducted based on the "Instructions for state variety testing of agricultural crops". Based on the results of analyses obtained in competitive tests of the fiber quality of new cotton lines, it was revealed that the highest results for 4 technological indicators (Str, Len, Unf, SFL) were obtained on lines 158 and 162. These lines fully meet all the requirement.
• Mountains for Preliminary Division of Mass by Fraction Coefficients. B., Payziev G. K. | Saidyusupov M. (2026). 3(1) 10–13.

  The article presents the process of separating crop yield components based on the difference in their friction coefficients, particularly during the harvest of potatoes by potato harvesters. At the same time, components with a large friction coefficient will be carried out by the ridge, and components with a small friction coefficient will be rolled out of it. Therefore, hills are used to separate small plant impurities.
• Climate-Smart Farming Practices: A Pathway Toward Sustainable Global Agriculture. B., Abdusattorov B. A. | Yusupov Y. (2026). 3(1) 14–19.

  Climate-smart farming (CSF) represents a transformative approach to global agricultural development that integrates productivity, adaptation, and mitigation goals to address the escalating challenges of climate change. Agriculture contributes approximately 25% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet it remains the most climate-sensitive economic sector. Increasingly frequent droughts, floods, and heatwaves threaten the livelihoods of nearly 2.5 billion people dependent on farming. This paper examines the principles, technologies, and socio-economic dimensions of climate-smart agriculture (CSA), highlighting how precision farming, water-efficient irrigation, soil conservation, renewable energy, and digital innovations can improve resilience and sustainability. The article also explores the economic implications of CSF adoption and the institutional frameworks necessary for large-scale implementation. It concludes that achieving climate-smart agriculture globally requires integrated policy support, sustainable financing, and cross-sectoral collaboration to ensure equitable and resilient food systems.
• Characteristics of Postnatal Ontogenetic Changes in Small Oval Follicles of the Thyroid Gland in Hissar Sheep from Regions with Different Levels of Iodine Deficiency. Babakulovich, Allamurodov Oybek Mamasoliyevich | Dilmurodov Nasriddin (2026). 3(1) 20–23.

  The dynamics of changes in the morphometric dimensions of the histological structures of the thyroid gland in sheep raised under natural conditions with varying levels of iodine deficiency were investigated during postnatal ontogenesis. It was found that the absolute diameter of small oval follicles in the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland in sheep from the Kashkadarya and Fergana regions decreased stepwise from the first 3 days to 60 months of postnatal ontogenesis. In addition, it was established that at all studied stages after 3 months of postnatal development, the absolute diameter of small oval follicles in sheep raised in the Fergana region was higher than that observed in sheep from the Kashkadarya region.
• Comparative Study of Ant Abundance in Disturbed and Undisturbed Areas of Patna Zoo, an Urban Environment. Kumar, Dr. Ranjita Sinha | Dr. C.V. Singh | Dr. Vijay (2026). 3(1) 24–34.

  "Zoo in the urban area are increasingly recognized not only for their social and economic benefits but also for their potential to conserve biodiversity. In addition to conservation of biodiversity, zoo reconnect people with nature and create habitat for a wealth of organisms (Goddard s., 2010). Moreover, some of these organism acts as ecosystem monitor and contribute valuable eco- system services such as pollination, decomposition, pest control, aeration in soil and nutrient cycling. Despite their modest size, urban insects like ants may be quite important to the biodiversity of zoo. This study, conducted in the fast-growing Indian city of Patna, evaluates the distribution, variety, and quantity of ants in tropical urban zoo. Pitfall traps and manual collecting were used in the study of the Patna Zoo. In both the damaged and undisturbed areas of the zoo, we counted a lot of ants. We discovered a variety of ant species, and the number of ant species we saw was strongly correlated with the number of types of trees and shrubs. The variety and quantity of ant species were also impacted by zoo management techniques. As a result, areas with less aggressive weeding techniques and a higher percentage of undisturbed space compared to disturbed area showed higher insect counts. In this study, we examined the impact of disturbance on ant diversity and richness in zoo. Specifically, we evaluated how factors such as soil texture, tillage practices, and proximity to natural habitats influence ant diversity."
• Role of Aqueous Plant Extracts, Humic Acid, and Salicylic Acid in Inhibition of Rhizoctonia Solani and Fusarium Incarnatum in Vitro. Khalil, Hussein Ali Salim | Noora Bandar Maizar | Mohammed Saheb Abed | Ali Faisal Aziz Al-Qaisi | Idrees Ghalib Idrees Al-tamimi | Marym Jamal Mohmmed Ali | Noor Tariq Abid | Falah Hassan (2026). 3(1) 45–55.

  A laboratory experiment was carried out at a plant protection laboratory, Directorate of Diyala Agriculture, Iraq, during the season 2024 to evaluate the impact of aqueous plant extracts, viz., Salvia officinalis, Silybum marianum, and Urtica dioica, as well as salicylic acid and humic acid on the inhibition percentage of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium incarnatum in vitro. The findings revealed that the aqueous plant extracts such as S. offisinalis at concentrations of 30%, U. dioica at 20%, and S. marianum at 30% led to an increase in the inhibition percentage of F. incarnatum, which reached 59.25%, 69.99%, and 35.18%, respectively, while extracts of S. offisinalis at concentrations of 30%, U. dioica at 20%, and S. marianum at 10% resulted in an increase in the inhibition percentage of R. solani, which amounted to 6.47%, 54.62%, and 34.25%, respectively. whereas humic acid at a concentration of 5% was superior in the inhibition percentage of F. incarnatum (48.14%) and R. solani (100.00%), and salicylic acid at a concentration of 0.5 ppm was outstanding in the inhibition percentage for each of F. incarnatum and R. solani (100.00 ppm).
• Assessment of Oxidative and Antioxidant Status in Relation to Selected Trace Elements Among Leukemia Patients in Thi Qar Governorate. Alsaadi, Zainab Sabeeh Hamoud | Jamal Harbi Hussein (2026). 4(9) 1–9.

  The present study aimed to assess selected antioxidant markers and trace elements in patients with hematological malignancies and to examine their variations among different disease groups. The study focused on serum glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), vitamin D3, copper, zinc, and selenium in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and multiple myeloma (MM). The study included 96 patients diagnosed with CML, AML, ALL, or MM, comprising 41 males and 55 females, with ages ranging from 20 to 85 years. Blood samples were collected from patients attending the Hematology Consultation Unit at Nasiriyah Teaching Hospital between November 2025 and April 2026. A control group of 26 apparently healthy individuals, matched for age and socioeconomic status, was also included. Serum GPx1 and vitamin D3 concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while serum copper, zinc, and selenium concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Data were expressed as median and range, and differences among the studied groups were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Serum vitamin D3 levels were significantly higher in all patient groups compared with the control group, with the highest median values observed in MM and AML patients. GPx1 levels differed significantly among the studied groups, with the highest level found in MM patients and the lowest level in CML patients. Serum copper levels were significantly increased in AML and MM patients, whereas lower levels were observed in CML and ALL compared with the control group. Zinc levels showed no statistically significant differences among the studied groups. Selenium levels were significantly decreased in ALL patients and increased in MM patients compared with the control group. The findings indicate that hematological malignancies are associated with alterations in selected antioxidant-related markers and trace elements. The differences in GPx1, vitamin D3, copper, and selenium levels among CML, AML, ALL, and MM patients may reflect variations in oxidative and antioxidant status associated with the different disease types. In contrast, serum zinc did not show a significant difference among the studied groups. These findings support the importance of further investigation of antioxidant markers and trace elements in patients with hematological malignancies.
• Treatment of Wedge-Shaped Tooth Defect with the Symptom of Hypersensitivity. Eldar, Musayeva Hanife Hamdi | Gurskaya Narmina Azad | Karimova Arzu (2026). 3(1) 1–5.

  A wedge-shaped defect leads to the gradual loss of hard dental tissues and is characterized by pain. Most often, patients complain of pain and an aesthetic defect, both of which negatively affect their psycho-emotional state and quality of life. This issue remains relevant, since the effectiveness of available medications is not always sufficient, or they may be too expensive. Therefore, the search for adequate means and methods of treatment is highly important. In Ufa, wedge-shaped defects and the associated symptom of dental hypersensitivity account for 5.65% and 63.0%, respectively, of the total number of dental patients. Analysis of questionnaires revealed a correlation between sociological parameters (sex, age, profession) and patient quality of life. Positive changes in all clinical manifestations are observed as a result of comprehensive treatment.
• The Relationship Between Oral Bacterial Biofilm: A New Approach To Dental Caries Prevention. Hashim, and Sabreen G. Ghazal | Khmaeel Qbaid | Hanan Saad (2026). 3(1) 6–15.

  Dental caries remains one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, primarily driven by biofilm-forming bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. These microorganisms exhibit strong resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents due to their capacity to form complex biofilm matrices, which hinder antibiotic penetration and promote horizontal gene transfer of resistance traits. Recent advances in nanotechnology have introduced titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) as promising antimicrobial agents with unique physicochemical properties, including high surface-to-volume ratio, photo catalytic activity, and the ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study investigates the antimicrobial potential of TiO₂NPs against bacterial isolates from human dental caries. Characterization of the synthesized TiO₂NPs was performed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming Nano scale crystalline structures with average particle sizes between 42–50 nm. Experimental findings demonstrated that TiO₂NPs significantly inhibited bacterial growth and disrupted biofilm formation through ROS-mediated membrane damage, protein and DNA degradation, and interference with extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) synthesis. Furthermore, TiO₂NPs treatment reduced acidogenicity within the biofilm microenvironment, mitigating enamel demineralization. These results highlight TiO₂NPs as an effective nanomaterial with considerable potential for dental applications, including antimicrobial coatings and preventive strategies against biofilm-associated oral diseases.
• Territorial Disputes in International Relations: Conceptual Approaches Drivers of Emergence and Classification Criteria. Jasur, Turgunboyev (2026). 4(9) 1–7.

  This article examines territorial disputes in international relations through conceptual, political, and legal perspectives. It clarifies the distinctions between territorial claims, territorial disputes, and border disputes, while examining their principal forms, determinants, and development dynamics. Particular attention is given to historical, identity, resource, strategic, and power-related factors shaping territorial disputes and their escalation.
• U.S.–China Digital Diplomacy and Global Security: An Assessment of Emerging Cybersecurity and Strategic Competition 2010–2022. Oladipupo, Dr. Joseph Ezekiel Obuje | Dr. Iortyer Philip Terna | Kolawole Michael (2026). 4(9) 12–21.

  This study examines U.S.–China digital diplomacy and its implications for global security between 2010 and 2025, with particular attention to the intersection of cybersecurity, technological competition, diplomatic engagement, and the changing structure of international power. The study situates the growing digital rivalry between the United States and China within broader transformations in global politics, where cyberspace, artificial intelligence, 5G networks, semiconductor technologies, digital infrastructure, and data governance have become important instruments of state power. Drawing on the realist, liberal institutionalist, and constructivist perspectives, the study analyses the competing interests, institutional constraints, identities, norms, and perceptions that have shaped U.S.–China digital relations. From a realist perspective, cyberspace constitutes an arena of strategic competition in which both powers seek technological advantages, cybersecurity capabilities, and influence over emerging digital infrastructures. The liberal institutional approach highlights the limitations and possibilities of international cooperation in establishing rules and mechanisms for responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. The constructivist perspective, meanwhile, demonstrates how competing national identities, threat perceptions, technological narratives, and interpretations of appropriate cyber behaviour influence bilateral relations. The study further examines the implications of digital rivalry for the global security architecture, including strategic stability, international norms, technological governance, and the prospects for cooperation. It argues that although U.S.–China digital competition has intensified geopolitical tensions, sustained diplomatic engagement, confidence-building measures, institutional dialogue, and mutually accepted norms remain important avenues for reducing miscalculation and promoting strategic stability in cyberspace.
• Innovative Scientific and Practical Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation in Uzbekistan: Digital Ecology and Nature‑Based Solutions for Sustainable Development. qizi, Sofia Naaz | Najmiddinova Nilufar Nurali (2026). 3(1) 16–19.

  Biodiversity in Uzbekistan, encompassing deserts, steppes, riparian forests, wetlands, and mountain ecosystems, is increasingly threatened by climate change, water scarcity, land degradation, and unsustainable land use. This study evaluates an integrated conservation framework that combines digital ecology tools (remote sensing, GIS, artificial intelligence, and predictive modeling) with nature-based solutions (NbS), including habitat restoration, ecological corridors, wetland rehabilitation, and community participation. Between 2022 and 2025, twelve pilot sites across five ecological regions were monitored. Spatial analysis identified 174 biodiversity hotspots, 38 critical habitats outside protected areas, and 22 high-risk degradation zones. AI-assisted monitoring achieved 93% accuracy across 45 target species. NbS implementation resulted in a 28–44% increase in vegetation cover, a 22% improvement in soil moisture, and the return of endangered species in 67% of restored sites. Predictive models indicate that without intervention, 24% of habitats may lose suitability by 2040, while integrated digital-NbS strategies could preserve over 80%. The results confirm that combining digital technologies with NbS provides an effective, scalable, and climate-resilient approach to biodiversity conservation in Uzbekistan.
• A Review of Membrane Bioreactor Technology for Industrial Wastewater. Askar, Ahmed S. Abd (2026). 3(1) 20–40.

  In this study, the operation, activation, process and use of membranes in bioreactors in wastewater treatment are explained. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) method is a simple, one-step method that combines a membrane-bound bioreactor with visualization and description of the activated sludge process. The activated sludge plant can be operated in a single step and when used as MBR, high quality wastewater that can be recycled can be produced. The robustness of MBR technology also attracts attention in wastewater treatment. Theoretically, maintaining longer SRTs in MBRs promotes the growth and survival of certain microorganisms, which can improve the removal of refractory materials and enhance energy production for destruction and exchange. Published studies show that the theoretical expectation of improving the biodegradation of compounds with low biodegradability in MBRs is not always met. This review first introduces the basic concepts of MBR tools and then describes the latest developments in all MBR tools. The characteristics of the bioreactor purification process are discussed in depth, and then the membrane separation process is examined. The consequences of scaling, which is a major issue in the adoption of MBR facilities, and recent scaling reduction methods are discussed in detail. Many efforts regarding the new MBR process have been documented. Current issues and future research to resolve the current limitations of MBR and make it more applicable on a larger scale are presented.
• Effects of Cholestasis Induced by ANIT on Liver Function and Important Signaling Pathways in Rats. Thamer, Reham Hassan (2026). 3(1) 41–53.

  This study was designed to study the effects of alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT) on vector liver function and histological changes in Wistar rats (focusing on biochemical markers and important signaling pathways related to cholestasis). Ten male rats were used and divided in two groups, a control group which received corn oil and an ANIT group that received ANIT orally at the dose of 100 mg/kg. Blood collection was performed after 48h to determine serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, GGT), total bilirubin (TSB) and total bile acids (TBA). In addition, histopathological examination of liver sections stained with H&E was also performed for the evaluation of tissue injury.The results showed a significant increase in the levels of all parameters measured in ANIT group compared with the control. The results showed ALT level was increased from 26.80 +-1.10 to 47.02+-1.64 1.U/L and AST level was increased from 27.56+-2.40 to 55.07+-2.81 1.U/L. ALP level was increased from 100.68+-2.02 to 353.45+-36.37 1.U/L and GGT level was increased from 236.82+-14.83. These findings provide clear evidence that ANIT induces acute cholestasis that is associated with extensive hepatic injury. The biochemical and the histological changes support the authenticity of ANIT as an experimental model of cholestasis. This data set provides a basis for studying FXR, Nrf2 and AMPK signaling pathways for the design of future therapeutic strategies.
• Date-Pit Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharides with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Mitigate Dual-Hit Injury from Proteus Mirabilis and Benzalkonium Chloride in MDCK Kidney Cells: A Real-Time qPCR Study. Alsadoon, Hanoaf Shugaa Ali (2026). 3(1) 54–66.

  Arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) have demonstrated certain promising bioactivities such as enhancing epithelial protected-ness and improving the probiotic-host interactions. Two of the toxicants of concern in the field of medicine, and that can potentially produce dual-hit renal epithelial injuries through oxidative stress, destabilization of the membranes, and transcriptional dysregulation, are Proteus mirabilis and benzalkonium chloride (BAC). The current research set out a venture to analyze the extent of protection offered by AXOS in the presence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) against the cytotoxicity caused by P. mirabilis and BAC on MDCK renal epithelial cells, focusing mechanically on the inflammation and barrier-pertaining gene expression through the implementation of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). MDCK monolayers were pre-treated with AXOS (200 µg/mL) and LGG (1×10⁸ CFU/mL) prior to which, they were exposed to P. mirabilis (1×10⁶ CFU/mL) and BAC (20 µg/mL). The study measured cell viability, cell morphological changes, and the cell's ability to transcriptionally control several genes such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1. In the dual-hit exposed sample, there was a considerable surge in proinflammatory cytokines (3.8–6.2-fold; p < 0.01) with concomitant increases in the loss of tight junctions (2.5–4.1-fold; p < 0.01) which indicated that there was a major breakdown of the epithelial layers. The combination of AXOS and LGG cotreatment almost completely compensates for this defect and restores occludin, claudin-1, and ZO-1 expression close to its original levels. Furthermore, the cytokines were suppressed by 60–75%, and the monolayers were more intact with less cell detachment in the AXOS and LGG-treated groups. The strength of the protective effects of the AXOS and LGG combination vs. the protective effects of AXOS alone (p < 0.05). In conclusion, date-pit AXOS act synergistically with L. rhamnosus GG to confer significant cytoprotective and immunomodulatory effects, thereby attenuating dual-hit epithelial injury damage from P. mirabilis and BAC. These findings support AXOS-probiotic combinations to be pioneered as postbiotic therapies for the protection of renal epithelia.
• Effect of Dietary Supplementation with L-Carnitine and Herbal Methionine in Sunflower Oil–Based Diets on Blood Biochemical Parameters, Immune Response, and Meat Quality Traits of Broiler Chickens. Rebat, Mohammed Hasib Mohamed | Salam Ketab (2026). 3(1) 67–75.

  "The current study sought to determine the effects of dietary supplementation, Lcarnitine and herbal methionine on blood biochemical parameters, lipid profile, antioxidant status, hepatic enzyme activity and immune responses in broiler chicken fed on sunflower oil-based diets, as a single diet supplement or combined with other nutritional additives. Eight different treatments that were determined as diets were used and 308 broiler chicks were randomly assigned by a totally randomized experimental design. Each of the experimental diets had 5% sunflower oil and they were designed to meet the nutrient requirements provided by the). It was at 42 days of age that the blood samples were collected in order to conduct further biochemical, enzymatic, antioxidant, and immunological tests. The findings showed that L-carnitine and herbal methionine supplementation caused statistically significant (P≤0.05) increase in serum total protein and glutathione level and a concomitant decrease in glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein levels compared to the control diet. In addition, the levels of high-density lipoprotein and Newcastle disease antibody titres were significantly better in the supplemented groups, especially in chickens that were fed the combination of L-carnitine and herbal methionine diet. Though, hepatic activities of enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) were elevated on the basis of some treatments, the values measured fall within the normal physiological range, which shows that there were no adverse impacts on the hepatic functioning. To sum up, supplementation of L-carnitine and herbal methionine particularly in combination with each other in vivo can improve metabolic performance, antioxidant protection, lipid metabolism, and immune activity in broiler chickens fed on diets based on sunflower oil. The results validate the practicability of using such a nutritional intervention as an effective broiler system intervention."
• Assessment of Environmental Risks of Heavy Metals and their Role in Promoting Phytoplankton Growth in Tap Water. Yousif, Malath I. (2026). 3(1) 76–85.

  Background: Drinking water is crucial that it is a second most needed substance for human life. About half of the world's population suffers from the problem of contaminated drinking water. Objectives: The current investigation presented a thorough assessment of heavy metal levels: lead, copper, cadmium, chromium along with phytoplankton frequencies at three stations. The results of statistical analysis revealed a significant (P=0.0011) decreased in Lead levels (15 ± 3) in 3rd Station as compared with (20 ± 5) in 1ST Station and (27 ± 2.645) in 2nd Station. Notably in all stations these levels seems to have a seasonal variation, where they reduced in summer season. Also, significant (P=0.0220) difference were recorded in Chrome levels, where their levels showed significant decrease in 1ST Station (51.666 ± 2.887) versus (64 ± 3.605) in 2nd Station and (60 ± 5) in 3rd Station; as well the Chrome levels were diminished in in summer season. On the other hand, Cadmium and Copper showed non-significant (P=0.3001, 0.6561 respectively) differences in the distribution of their levels across the studied stations and seasons. Chlorophyta showed the highest percent of appearance at 50.3%, while the least appeared phyla was Dinophyta at 5.36%, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta showed moderate percentage at (24.2% and 20.1% respectively). In addition, Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta were significantly (P=0.0006, 0.0284, respectively) more abundant at 3rd Station, with percentages of 50% and 46.7%, respectively. Dinophyta was significantly (P=0.0001) abundant in 2nd Station, accounting for 62.5%, while it did not appear at all in 1ST Station. Bacillariophyta was also significantly (P=0.0483) more abundant in 2nd Station, at 43.3%. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated spatial as well as seasonal differences in both chemical and biological indicators, emphasized the impacts of geographic position, anthropogenic activities, along with hydrological condition on quality of water.
• Future of Agriculture under Climate Change and its Impact on Agricultural Production, Food Security, and Sustainable Adaptation Strategies. Taha/Al-Azzawi, Ibrahem Adnan Al-Taee | Zakariya Ahmed Hussein | Mohammed Jamal Hadi | Mohammed Khalil Taha | Sabir Talib Sabir | Eder Dawood Shlemun | Muna Hashim (2026). 3(1) 191–199.

  Climate change is one of the key issues that face the agricultural systems and food security in the twenty-first century all over the world. The current research aims to analyze effects of climate change on agriculture, especially on crop production, water, soil degradation as well as interaction of pests and dise. The paper clarifies the negative effects of the high temperature, changes in the patterns of precipitation, and the rising numbers of the extreme weather conditions on the agricultural sector, thus threatening the food supply, access, and stability. The paper also examines the build of pressure on water resources whereby irrigation systems and the effectiveness of water use under the climate-stressed conditions play a central role. Adaptation and mitigation, such as climate-smart agriculture, sustainable agricultural methods, planting of climate-resilient varieties of crops and incorporation of renewable energy into agricultural systems are also addressed in the manuscript. The future outlook of agriculture is assessed with regards to the technological progress, precision farming, as well as the role of governmental and institutional assistance in the development of sustainable agricultural growth. It has been found that comprehensive and preventive measures are necessary to improve agricultural resilience, reduce exposure to climatic perturbations, and guarantee long-term food security. To sum up, research, policy frameworks, and investment in sustainable agricultural practices should be increased to build resilient food systems amidst the changing climatic conditions.
• Temporal Trends and Regional Disparities in the Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes–Related Complications in Iraq: A Population-Based Cohort Analysis. Rasan, Saja Salem Abdul Hassan (2026). 3(1) 200–211.

  "Background: Iraq is experiencing a growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with an alarming increase in incidence and complications, but evidence on temporal trends and regional disparities is scant. Objective: To evaluate temporal trends and regional differences in T2DM complications between Iraq's governorates from 2015-2023. Methods: This population-based cohort study assessed data from 847,293 adults with T2DM across five regions in Iraq from the National Diabetes Registry and Ministry of Health records. Results: The proportion of individuals with complications increased from 34.2% (2015) to 52.8% (2023) overall, while diabetic nephropathy increased the most (8.3% to 18.7%), and cardiovascular disease increased from 12.4% to 24.1%. The Kurdistan Region showed the lowest prevalence of complications (31.4%), while the southern governorates had the highest (64.2%). Urban living status were associated with lower complications than rural living status (OR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.63-0.71). Conclusion: Individuals with T2DM have increasing risk of complications across Iraq with significant regional differences, indicating a need for interventions and strengthened healthcare systems."
• Efficiency of Using Polymer Containers in Packaging Dairy and Meat Products. ugli | Fayzieva Shakhnoza Doniyorovna, Pardayev Ruziboy Gulmurod (2026). 3(1) 212–214.

  This article presents information on polymer packaging materials used to preserve milk and meat products in high quality for long-term storage.
• Phytochemical Analysis, and in Vitro Evaluation of a Hair Serum Based on Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaves and Coconut Oil. Srivastava, Mr. Aditya Yadav | Mr. Saurabh (2026). 3(1) 18–24.

  "The study aimed to formulate and evaluate a natural hair serum using rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves and coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) as a base, with the goal of providing a safe, effective, and natural solution for hair loss and damage, thus serving as an alternative to products with potential chemical side effects. Various formulations with different ingredient concentrations were developed and subjected to a range of evaluations, including organoleptic (appearance, odor, texture), physicochemical (pH, viscosity, homogeneity, stability), and in vitro/in vivo biological assessments. Efficacy was measured using parameters like hair growth rate, thickness, density, hair length, and reduction in hair fall, often compared against a control group using plain coconut oil or standard minoxidil 2% solution. "
• Geographical and Microclimatic Influence on the Polyphenolic Profile of Mentha × piperita L. Leaves: A Comparative HPLC–DAD Profiling. Abdulqader, Aws Abdulmawjood (2026). 3(1) 416–430.

  The effect of the geographical origin on the polyphenolic composition of peppermint was investigated. Three independent biological replicates were used for Erbil and Tikrit respectively, and the pre-flower leaves of Mentha × piperita L. were analyzed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode-Array Detection (HPLC–DAD). Eleven major compounds were detected, such as Eriocitrin, Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside, Luteolin-7-O-β-glucuronoside, Narirutin, Isorhoifolin, Diosmin, Hesperidin, Lithospermic acid, Rosmarinic acid, Caffeic acid and Eriodictyol. The overall levels of the identified compounds were significantly higher in Erbil than in Tikrit, with a value of 491.31 ± 3.50 mg/g dry extract compared to 455.88 ± 3.41 mg/g dry extract, which represents a 7.21% decrease. Eriocitrin was the most abundant compound in both regions with 291.31 ± 3.12 mg/g in Erbil and 266.83 ± 3.08 mg/g in Tikrit. The second one was rosmarinic acid with 58.31 ± 0.87 and 51.87 ± 0.76 mg/g respectively. The levels of six compounds were significantly lower in the Tikrit samples compared with the Erbil samples, and four of the compounds were significantly higher in the Tikrit samples than in the Erbil samples; Eriodictyol was not significantly different. The largest increase was seen for Lithospermic acid (+20.48%) while the greatest decrease was observed for Hesperidin (-13.32%). The same compounds were found in both areas, but the amount of each compound was much higher in one area than the other. These findings show that geographical and environmental factors have a significant influence on the polyphenolic profile of peppermint and the importance of the use of multiple chemical markers for quality assessment and extract standardization.
• Development of Industrial Zones and Enhancement of Investment Attractiveness. Makhmudjon, Matnazarov (2026). 4(2) 103–108.

  This article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the economic essence of developing industrial zones and enhancing their investment attractiveness. The role of industrial zones in the national economy is revealed particularly their importance in accelerating regional development modernizing production and stimulating investment flows. The key factors determining investment attractiveness are systematized and mechanisms for increasing the competitiveness of industrial zones through infrastructure development improvement of the institutional environment introduction of innovative technologies and development of human capital are substantiated. The research findings have practical significance for improving state policies aimed at the sustainable development of industrial zones.
• Digital Marketing Adoption Among Small Businesses in Developing Countries. qizi, Masharipova Maftuna Davronbek (2026). 4(2) 109–115.

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• Effectiveness of Using Movement Games in Improving the Physical Fitness of Female Handball Students. qizi, Abduyeva Sitorabonu Savriddin (2026). 4(2) 36–38.

  This article analyzes the effectiveness of using movement games in improving the physical fitness of female handball students from a scientific theoretical and practical perspective. During the research a set of special movement games aimed at developing speed agility strength endurance and coordination skills was developed and their effectiveness was determined through experimental and test work. The results obtained showed that when movement games are integrated into the training process the physical performance of female students improves significantly interest in training increases and the level of functional training increases. The results of the study are of great importance in improving the teaching and training process in handball in higher educational institutions.
• Metabolic Disruption as a Clinical Early Warning Signal: a Review of Systems Metabolite Flux Analysis. Attawi, Waleed Khalid Ahmed | Mohammed Amer Fayyad | Jamal A. AL-Jabbar (2026). 3(1) 1–7.

  This review aims to consider the use of systemic metabolite flux analysis as a sensitive methodology for diagnosing early metabolic disturbance in clinical practice. In contrast to traditional static biomarker measurements, metabolic flux analysis quantifies real-time metabolite flow through biochemical pathways, providing information about physiological dysfunction. The review investigates such methodological methods as isotopic tracer methods with a special focus on ¹³C metabolic flux analysis (¹³C-MFA), and constraint-based modelling. Oncology, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases exhibit evidence that flux variations are antecedent to, or significantly ahead of, conventional diagnostic markers in time. Technical barriers are also discussed in the review, and, as future solutions, a translational framework for the clinical application of flux-based diagnostics as a warning system.
• Plasmodium Falciparum: A Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Challenges in Combating Fatal Malaria: A Subject Review. Shakour, Sunbul Jalal (2026). 3(1) 8–17.

  Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal malaria parasite worldwide with characteristic mature gametocytes of the crescentic form and intricate capacity by sequestration in the microvasculature of host. Its life cycle is a complex change between the Anopheles mosquito and human host with a silent hepatic phase followed by an erythrocytic pathogenic one that occurs every 48 hours. Avoidance of the host’s immune response is effected by the rapid shift of expression from one PfEMP1 variant to another through antigenic variation on the surface of infected erythrocytes, mediated by 'patching' and 'segmental gene conversion'. Although Iraq has achieved an elimination status with no autochthonous transmission, the risk of re-importation and resurgence are high because of imported cases from neighboring endemic countries (Iran) and it is also under threat of vector expansion as a result of climatic changes. New management has shifted to rapid diagnostic tests and the Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) As well as the elimination by 2030, it faces biological and ecological issues.
• From Separation of Powers to Fusion of Powers: A Critique of Nigeria’s Application of Baron De Montesquieu’s Principle of Separation of Powers. Big-Alabo, ThankGod Bekweri Amadi | Sotonye (2026). 4(2) 122–132.

  Baron de Montesquieu's doctrine of separation of powers is a foundational principle of liberal democracy advocating the division of governmental functions legislative executive and judicial to prevent tyranny and safeguard liberty. Nigeria having accepted to practice the presidential system of government logically adopted this principle of checks and balances in its 1999 Constitution to ensure mutual accountability and limit power abuse among the three arms of government. The motivation for this study stems from the observed practical divergence from this theoretical ideal in Nigeria which often exhibits a "fusion of powers" rather than a strict separation. The problem that this work seeks to address is the consistent mal-application and abuse of these constitutional provisions. This leads to persistent conflicts and disruptions in governance marked by partisan interests perceived executive dominance and instances of legislative overreach impacting critical processes like budget approval and appointments. Such constitutional aberrations impede democratic consolidation and foster political instability. This paper's objectives are to critically examine the extent to which separation of powers contributes to democracy in Nigeria determine the factors affecting its successful application and ascertain how checks and balances contribute to its effective management. The paper employs the content-analytic method.
• Guarantees of the Right to Private Property and Mechanisms for Their Implementation. Abdullayevich, Tulaganov Ulugbek (2026). 4(2) 4–9.

  This article examines the guarantees of the right to private property and the mechanisms for their effective implementation within the modern legal system. The right to private property is recognized as one of the fundamental human and civil rights playing a crucial role in ensuring economic stability social development and the formation of a market-oriented economy. The study analyzes the legal nature of private property rights their constitutional foundations and the system of legal guarantees designed to protect property owners from unlawful interference by the state third parties or other subjects of law. Special attention is given to the institutional legal and organizational mechanisms that ensure the realization of private property rights in practice. These mechanisms include legislative regulation judicial protection administrative safeguards and law enforcement practices aimed at restoring violated rights and preventing future infringements. The article also explores the role of courts justice authorities and other competent institutions in guaranteeing the inviolability of private property as well as the effectiveness of existing remedies for resolving property-related disputes. The research highlights existing problems and challenges in the implementation of private property rights such as gaps in legislation inconsistencies in law enforcement practice and insufficient legal awareness among property owners. Based on a comprehensive analysis of national legislation and practical experience the article proposes recommendations for improving legal frameworks and strengthening enforcement mechanisms. The findings of this study may contribute to the further development of legal guarantees for private property rights and enhance the effectiveness of their implementation in ensuring the rule of law and sustainable economic growth.
• Issues of Identifying and Eliminating Corruption Risks. oʻgʻli, Tilavov Qahhor Salohitdin (2026). 4(2) 1–3.

  This article analyzes the concept of corruption risks their types and factors of origin. Legal organizational and digital mechanisms for identifying assessing and eliminating risks in reducing corruption are highlighted.
• Methods of Teaching Technical Elements of Wrestling to Students with Physical Disabilities Based on Video Analysis. ugli, Ashirov Anvar Azamat (2026). 4(2) 14–17.

  In this article the issues of improving the process of teaching wrestling elements to students with physical disabilities were studied scientifically and pedagogically based on the use of video analysis technologies. The study paid special attention to the issues of individualizing training sessions based on the principles of adaptive physical education expanding the possibilities of visual perception of movements and self-control. The results obtained show that the systematic use of modern information and communication technologies in particular video analysis tools in adaptive physical education classes is of great importance in increasing the physical fitness movement skills and motivation of students with physical disabilities to training.
• Toxicological Assessment of Supplemental Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Essential Oil in Rabbits: Evidence from Haemato-Biochemical and Histopathological Indices. A., Alagbe J. O. | Anaso E. U. | Shittu M. D. | Anuore D. N. | Emiola I. (2026). 3(1) 404–415.

  This study investigated the toxicological assessment of supplemental Zanthoxylum acanthopodium essential oil in rabbits: evidence from haemato-biochemical and histopathological Indices. Thirty-two clinically healthy weaner male rabbits of about 7 to 8 weeks with an average initial live weight of 710 ± 0.68 kg were stratified by body weight and randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups (n = 8). The experimental diet consisted of a basal (control) group (0 mL/kg) and three levels of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium essential oil inclusion: 0.5 mL, 1.0 mL, and 1.5 mLper kg DM feed daily. Feed and water were made available at all times, and a completely randomized design was adopted throughout the 14-week experimental period during which rabbits were maintained under standard management conditions. The results suggested that Zanthoxylum acanthopodium essential oil influenced (p<0.05) several haematological parameters. Specifically, haemoglobin, red blood cell, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentrations. Conversely, pack cell volume, white blood cell, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils levels were not affected by the treatment. In serum analysis, total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, creatinine, sodium, potassium, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase remained stable across all groups (p>0.05); however, a significant effect was observed on cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels. Liver histology was not affected by Zanthoxylum acanthopodium essential oil across all treatments, showing no signs of toxicity or degeneration. Furthermore, all blood values remained within the recommended physiological ranges for healthy rabbits. The study concludes that Zanthoxylum acanthopodium essential oil can be safely incorporated into rabbit diets up to 1.5 mL as it supports normal physiological function and maintains liver integrity.
• A Comprehensive Treatment Strategy for Chronic Periodontitis Based on Disease Stage and Individual Patient Characteristics. Xikmatuloyevna, Marupova Madina (2026). 3(1) 25–29.

  Chronic periodontitis represents a progressive inflammatory condition of the supporting structures of the teeth that may lead to significant functional impairment and loss of dentition if inadequately managed. Its clinical course varies widely depending on individual patient factors, including systemic health status, genetic predisposition, lifestyle habits, and disease stage. This study explores a comprehensive treatment approach for chronic periodontitis that integrates patient-specific characteristics with the severity of periodontal involvement to optimize clinical outcomes. The findings demonstrate that targeted interventions, including mechanical debridement, pharmacological support, behavioral counseling, and ongoing maintenance, result in measurable improvements in periodontal stability, reduction of probing depth, attachment gain, and patient-reported satisfaction. The approach highlights the necessity of individualized periodontal care strategies for effective disease management and long-term oral health preservation. Chronic periodontitis is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of teeth, often resulting in progressive bone loss, tooth mobility, and functional impairment if not properly addressed. The management of chronic periodontitis requires a comprehensive approach that considers the patient’s individual characteristics, systemic health, and the severity of periodontal destruction. This study examines a structured treatment strategy tailored to both disease stage and patient-specific factors, integrating mechanical debridement, pharmacological support, and behavioral interventions. The clinical outcomes demonstrate notable improvements in periodontal stability, reduction of probing depths, gain in clinical attachment levels, and enhanced patient-reported quality of life. Personalized therapy also facilitates better adherence to oral hygiene practices and long-term maintenance, underscoring the importance of individualized care plans in contemporary periodontal management. The findings highlight the critical role of comprehensive, patient-centered approaches in mitigating disease progression and promoting oral health sustainability.
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization Russo-Ukrainian Conflict and Global Security. Hart, Akietuwopiribie Opuene (2026). 4(2) 195–211.

  This paper explores the consequences of the enlargement of NATO on the security situation in the region especially with reference to what it would mean to Russia and the international system as a whole. The paper at hand deals with the convoluted aspect of eastward expansion of NATO in escalating tensions with Russia and its overall implications on the world conflict resolution mechanisms. The main idea of the current study is to examine how NATO has reacted on the strategic level to the Russo-Ukrainian conflict where it will be evaluated how this response has impacted the unity of the alliance and how effective modern conflict management tools are. The theoretical framework used in the study is Collective Security which concentrates on the influence of the collective defense commitments of NATO on its actions and relations with Russia. The research design is qualitative and the information is obtained through secondary sources such as journal articles government publications and other well-known international news sources. The content analysis was applied to the data which made it possible to thoroughly analyze the policies of NATO the strategic reactions of Russia and the changing security situation in Eastern Europe. The results indicate that the reaction of NATO has enhanced internal solidarity but internal division among members still exists because of the national interests. The expansion of NATO has worsened the relationship between NATO and Russia leading to military interventions and increased military posturing. The paper also points out the inefficiency of the conventional conflict resolution mechanisms especially the UNSC in resolving the Russo-Ukrainian conflict which has led to the turn towards the alternative diplomatic platforms. To sum up the NATO expansion to Eastern Europe has changed the security in the region dramatically increasing the tensions between Russia and the NATO and putting the systems of conflict resolution in the world to the test. The paper suggests that NATO should hold a dialogue with Russia review its enlargement policy and assist in reforming international institutions to make them more responsive and inclusive in dealing with modern security issues.
• Political Interference and Vice Chancellors’ Administrative Effectiveness: Implications for Quality Education Delivery in Nigerian Universities. Gloria, Goodhope Chinenye Igwe | Idiabana (2026). 4(2) 137–151.

  This paper explores Political Interference and Vice Chancellors’ Administative Effectiveness Implications for Quality Education Delivery in Nigerian Universities. Political interference has evolved into a profound challenge confronting the Nigerian university system significantly impairing the administrative effectiveness of Vice Chancellors and undermining the delivery of quality education. This position paper critically examines the multiple dimensions through which political forces intrude into university governance ranging from the manipulation of Vice Chancellors’ appointment processes partisan influence on council decisions interference in budgetary approvals pressure in staff recruitment and promotion to undue involvement in disciplinary matters programmes accreditation and resource distribution. These forms of intrusion compromise institutional autonomy weaken internal governance and restrict the capacity of Vice Chancellors to exercise objective merit-driven leadership. The paper argues that sustainable educational development depends on preserving the integrity of university governance structures. However when political actors impose external interests on academic institutions Vice Chancellors are constrained in implementing strategic plans enforcing accountability systems upholding academic standards and building environments conducive to teaching research and innovation. This ultimately results in declining staff morale erosion of academic freedom dwindling research output poor infrastructural development and limited global competitiveness of Nigerian universities. By drawing attention to these critical concerns the paper articulates the urgent need to safeguard university autonomy through transparent leadership selection processes strengthened regulatory frameworks and deliberate depoliticization of governance mechanisms. It concludes that without addressing the pervasive patterns of political interference the aspiration for quality education delivery and national transformation as envisioned in the National Policy on Education will remain unattainable.
• President Masoud Barzani as a Kurdish National Reference: Political Influence and Mediation Efforts in Western Kurdistan (Rojava). Palani, Dr. Zirak M R (2026). 4(2) 28–35.

  As the crisis in Syria has continued since 2011 it has become a leading political and strategic region in the Middle East Western Kurdistan (Rojava). This paper analyses the contribution of the Kurdish politician President Masoud Barzani to the formation of the political agenda of Syrian Kurdistan based on the diplomatic activities mediation efforts and Kurdish political pluralism of the Kurdish people. It emphasizes the attempts of Barzani to unify Kurdish forces through the major compromises like Erbil (2012) and Duhok (2014) and his consistent intervention in Kurdish political balance amid the conflicts in the region and international interferences. The paper finds that Barzani is a key Kurdish political interlocutor in the Rojava situation mainly due to his political legitimacy and extensive regional and international diplomatic networks President Masoud Barzani has long been regarded as a central reference point of Kurdish nationalism representing a historical and political legitimacy that continues to shape Kurdish strategic thinking across the region and skill to survive among complicated geopolitical demands.
• Corrosion Protection of Carbon Steel Using Expired Drugin Acidic Mediu: Review. Ahmed, Enas H. Ali | Azhar Farook | Zainab W. (2026). 3(1) 30–41.

  When it comes to corrosion, there is no easy solution. The structure and features for a metal surface and a surrounding environment change as a result of the corrosion process. Inhibitors like organic and inorganic ones were proven to be costly and hazardous while also having significant environmental consequences. As a result, these inhibitors can only be used sparingly in the fight against corrosion. As corrosion inhibitors, pharmaceuticals have been studied in the past. Using nontoxic, affordable, and environmentally benign medicines as corrosion inhibitors was discovered. As corrosion inhibitors for diverse metals such as mild steel, carbon steel, and aluminum steel have been studied in several studies employing various medications (melatonin, cephapirin, Orlistat and tramadol among others). Studies have shown that these medicines' inhibitory action forms an insoluble compound on the metal surface, protecting it against corrosion. To determine the effectiveness of various drugs in inhibiting corrosion, researchers used various methodologies, including the weight loss technique (WL), measurements of potentiodynamic polarizations (PDPs), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) besides electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy besides Atomic Force Microscopy were adopted to study a surface morphology for metals before and after medicines were added.
• PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE - A CRITERION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL INSTITUTIONS. Satimovich, Ruzmetov Odilbek (2026). 39-44(4) 2.

  This article focuses on the presumption of innocence as a yardstick for measuring legal system institutions’ maturity. The purpose of the research is not only analysis of practical implementation mechanisms of this principle in the system of law applied in the Republic of Uzbekistan but also discovering its influence at all stages of realization process – fr om pre-trial stage and before revisional instance as well. Special emphasis is placed on the new provision (as of 2023) 94 concerning the presumption of innocence which has been re-formulated with three different forms: as a procedural principle an evidentiary rule and a rule against public communication. The research verifies the direct connection of the legal phenomenon “the admissibility of evidence” to such a publicly significant institution as the presumption of innocence and describes its impact on extraprocedural institutions (administrative detention operative-search activities punishment). The author believes that the complete implementation of the presumption of innocence is determined by not only a normative side but also by professional legal consciousness of law enforcement officers.
• Principles and Standards for Ensuring Human Rights in the Implementation of International Anti-Crime Cooperation. Nizameddinodjaev, U.R. (2026). 4(2) 152–154.

  The article examines the theoretical and legal as well as practical aspects of ensuring human rights in the process of international cooperation in combating crime. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of universal and regional international human rights standards and their implementation within the national legal system of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The study explores the complex correlation between the objectives of criminal prosecution and the obligation to respect and protect fundamental human rights. Judicial practice and contemporary law enforcement trends are analyzed with a view to identifying systemic challenges in balancing effective crime control with the protection of individual freedoms. The author substantiates the need to further improve national mechanisms for safeguarding human rights in the context of the growing transnationalization of crime and the intensification of international cooperation among law-enforcement agencies.
• Green Economy and Sustainable Development. Rukhsora, Istamova (2026). 4(3) 1–5.

  This article examines the interrelationship between the green economy and sustainable development. The green economy is considered a bright and ideal model of sustainable economic development, which affects all aspects of life. Its concept is important in reducing poverty and deprivation, improving the lifestyle of the population and increasing the level of well - being. It should be noted that the activation of the sustainable development process can be achieved through the implementation of a green economy program and the creation of a healthy environment. This involves the effective use of material and human resources, the support of the creation of "green jobs", the rational use of all natural resources, the right to use the resources that belong to future generations, and the fair distribution of wealth
• Clinical Outcomes of Implant-Supported Prostheses versus Conventional Dentures in Edentulous Patients. ugli | Buzrukzoda Javokhirkhon Davron, Islomov Lazizbek Buston (2026). 3(1) 42–46.

  Edentulism remains a major oral health problem worldwide, significantly affecting mastication, speech, facial aesthetics, and overall quality of life. Conventional complete dentures have long been the standard treatment for edentulous patients; however, limitations such as poor retention, instability, and progressive alveolar bone resorption often compromise functional and patient-reported outcomes. Implant-supported prostheses have emerged as an effective alternative, offering enhanced stability, improved chewing efficiency, and greater patient satisfaction. This article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of clinical outcomes associated with implant-supported prostheses and conventional complete dentures in edentulous patients. Functional performance, biological and mechanical complications, patient satisfaction, quality of life, and long-term success are critically evaluated to determine optimal treatment strategies in contemporary prosthodontic practice. This article presents a comprehensive analytical synthesis of clinical outcomes associated with implant-supported prostheses in comparison with conventional complete dentures among edentulous patients. Emphasis is placed on functional efficiency, patient-centered outcomes, long-term stability, biological responses, and complication profiles. By integrating evidence from contemporary clinical studies, the work highlights how implant-based rehabilitation addresses key limitations of traditional removable dentures, including reduced masticatory performance, progressive alveolar bone resorption, and compromised quality of life. The analysis underscores the evolving role of implant-supported solutions as a standard of care in modern prosthodontics while acknowledging economic, anatomical, and systemic factors that influence treatment selection.
• Phenotypic Transformation of Liver Macrophages (Kupffer Cells): The Impact of Drug-Induced Immunosuppression on Innate Immunity. E., Shukurova Dilorom Bahodirovna | Jumayeva D. (2026). 3(1) 47–52.

  Liver macrophages, or Kupffer cells, are pivotal regulators of innate immunity, maintaining hepatic homeostasis and orchestrating inflammatory responses to pathogens, toxins, and cellular stress. Drug-induced immunosuppression, commonly employed in organ transplantation and treatment of autoimmune disorders, profoundly affects Kupffer cell phenotype, leading to altered cytokine production, impaired phagocytic activity, and dysregulation of innate immune responses. This article provides a detailed analysis of the phenotypic transformations of Kupffer cells under chronic immunosuppressive therapy, explores the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes, and evaluates the consequences for hepatic immunity and systemic inflammatory regulation. By examining shifts in macrophage polarization, functional activity, and interaction with other hepatic cell types, this review highlights the implications of immunosuppression on liver immunobiology and proposes potential strategies for mitigating immune dysfunction while preserving therapeutic efficacy. Understanding Kupffer cell dynamics in this context is critical for optimizing patient outcomes, preventing infection, and reducing the risk of immunopathology during long-term pharmacological immunosuppression. Kupffer cells, as liver-resident macrophages, are central regulators of hepatic innate immunity, coordinating responses to pathogens, toxins, and tissue stress. Chronic drug-induced immunosuppression, a cornerstone of organ transplantation and autoimmune therapy, triggers phenotypic transformation of these cells, leading to altered polarization, diminished phagocytic function, and imbalanced cytokine production. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying Kupffer cell adaptation during prolonged immunosuppressive therapy, emphasizing the consequences for innate immune defense and systemic immune homeostasis. By evaluating shifts in M1/M2 polarization, functional impairment, and intercellular communication, the review highlights how immunosuppressive drugs reshape hepatic immune surveillance and identifies potential strategies to preserve immune competence. These insights provide a basis for optimizing therapeutic regimens, minimizing infection risk, and improving clinical outcomes in patients receiving long-term immunosuppressive treatment.
• Correlation–Regression Relationships in the Analysis of Australia’s National Economy. Ravshan, Ulugmurodov Farkhod Fakhriddinovich | Tugalov Bahodir Homitov (2026). 4(2) 23–27.

  This article conducts a multifactor correlation–regression analysis based on the key indicators of Australia’s national economy. The study examines the statistical relationships between factors affecting the growth of gross domestic product (GDP) including imports exports the services sector agricultural value added population size and industrial indicators. Using a pairwise correlation matrix linear relationships among the factors were identified and the significance of the regression equation was evaluated using the Fisher criterion. The results indicate that exports and the services sector are the factors exerting the greatest influence on GDP growth in Australia’s economy. The study enables the formulation of important scientific and practical conclusions for assessing Australia’s economic development its structural potential and macroeconomic stability.
• Correlation and Regression Relationships in Analyzing the National Economy of Brazil. ogli, Ulugmurodov Farkhod Fakhriddinovich | Ashurov Azizjon Akmalovich | Uralov Diyorbek Fazliddin (2026). 4(2) 18–22.

  This abstract briefly outlines the socio-economic development characteristics of the Federative Republic of Brazil and its role in the global economy. Brazil is the largest country in South America and stands out due to its territory population and natural resource potential. The country’s economy is diversified with industry agriculture the service sector and foreign trade playing significant roles. Brazil is considered one of the world’s leading countries in the export of agricultural products (soybeans coffee sugarcane) industrial goods and energy resources. In addition the country has a well-developed industrial production base including the automotive industry mining and processing sectors. The abstract generally characterizes Brazil’s economic stability export potential and role in global economic integration. The growth of Brazil’s gross domestic product and the factors influencing it have been sufficiently studied. Key indicators of Brazil’s overall industrial sectors agriculture and service sector as well as their impact on growth have been examined and conclusions have been drawn.
• Mechanisms of Ecological Adaptation of Rare Fish Species in the Conditions of the Khorezm Oasis. Khushnutovna, Babadjanova Sayyora (2026). 3(1) 215–218.

  The Khorezm oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya basin and is a complex hydro-ecological region, characterized by instability of the hydrological regime, a high degree of water salinity, and increased anthropogenic pressure. These factors have a significant impact on the composition of aquatic ecosystems and ichthyofauna in the region, especially on the distribution and stability of rare and environmentally vulnerable fish species.
• Electrolyte Disturbance in Diarrheal Children Infected with Giardia lamblia in Tikrit City. Athab, Qutaiba Ali Saleh Khalaf | Shahad Saad Daham | Elham Khalef (2026). 3(1) 399–403.

  Background: Giardia intestinalis, or G. lamblia, is a flagellated protozoan parasite that induces diarrhea. Electrolyte imbalances frequently occur in people with diarrhea and can lead to considerable morbidity. Objective: To ascertain the incidence and patterns of electrolyte abnormalities, specifically hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia. Materials and methods: One hundred eighty stool samples were obtained from children of both genders and various age groups, ranging from 2 to 12 years, residing in Tikrit city and adjacent villages, who attended an outpatient clinic between September and December 2025. Result: The samples were examined directly using the Direct Wet Mount technique, and the results showed that 62 samples (34.4%) were positive for Giardia lamblia. The results of infection with the parasite were higher in males than in females, reaching about 45.5%, while it reached 26.2%in females. A significant decrease the mean and SD of sodium, and chloride, diarrheal patient with G. lamblia, that were (135±0.51, 96.2 ±0.78) in compared with control at p-value <0.05. While non -significant differences in potassium level that was (4.71 ±0.06) in G. lamblia as compared with control, at p-value >0.05. Conclusion: This epidemiological study documents the incidence of the intestinal parasite G. lamblia among children in Tikrit, Iraq. The current study concluded an increased prevalence of G. lamblia in children with diarrhea. Furthermore, the prevalence incidence is higher in males than in females. Moreover, the electrolyte imbalance in diarrheal toddlers infected with G. lamblia resulted in decreased salt and chloride levels.
• Seasonal Changes in the Antioxidant System in the Leaves of the Ornamental Tree Paulownia Tomentosa Introduced for Urban Landscaping in Tashkent. N., Mukhamedova S. (2026). 3(1) 219–224.

  At present, one of the fundamental problems is the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. The formation of an adaptive response to abiotic stressors in a plant organism occurs as a result of many metabolic changes. It is known that all living organisms have the ability to adapt to biotic and abiotic environmental factors and protect themselves from adverse conditions. The article provides information on the state of the antioxidant system of Paulownia, an ornamental plant growing in Tashkent, from June to September. The studies were carried out for 5 years and studied the activity of antioxidant enzymes in paulownia leaves - catalase and SOD, as well as the amount of free proline and malondialdehyde. In addition to the impact of environmental factors, the anthropogenic impact in the form of additional roads was also studied. In July, in the leaves of Paulownia tomentosa growing in the Botanical Garden, a sharp decrease in the content of malondialdehyde was observed, at this time catalase activation was observed, and by August also SOD activation. In connection with the activation of lipid peroxidation in the highway, it can be seen that the amount of proline also has high values during the season, which in turn controls the formation of reactive oxygen species.
• A Multidisciplinary Assessment of the Phytonutrient Potential and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Vicia faba Seed Lipids: Aligning Local Resources with Viksit Bharat. Mishra, Dr. Kamal Kant Patra | Piu Sasmal | Dr. Abha Kumari | Dr. Asha (2026). 3(1) 225–236.

  "The present study was undertaken to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation of the phytonutrient composition, lipid profile, protein efficiency, antimicrobial efficacy, and agroecological sustainability of Vicia faba seed lipids, with the objective of aligning indigenous biological resources with the national vision of Viksit Bharat. Emphasis was placed on assessing the nutritional, therapeutic, and climate-resilient potential of this locally adaptable legume to support food security, public health, and sustainable agricultural development. Profiling of seed lipids revealed that Vicia faba possessed a modest total lipid content ranging from 1.8% to 2.5%, establishing it as a low-fat, nutrient-dense food suitable for healthy dietary formulations. The lipid fraction was dominated by essential unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (45.0%–58.0%) and oleic acid (18.0%–26.0%), indicating significant cardiovascular and metabolic health benefits. High levels of total phenolic content (5.8–11.3 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (0.08–0.16 mg QE/g) were observed, confirming strong antioxidant capacity and suggesting a role in immune modulation and prevention of lifestyle-related chronic disorders. Comparative nutritional analysis demonstrated that Vicia faba exhibited superior protein content (31.5%–37.7%) compared to Cicer arietinum (19.0%–24.5%), reinforcing its value as a high-quality plant protein source. Essential amino acid profiling indicated higher concentrations of lysine (62.4 mg/g protein) and leucine (75.2 mg/g protein), supporting muscle growth, metabolic health, and nutritional adequacy in predominantly plant-based diets. The digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) ranged from 0.72 to 0.85, reflecting improved protein bioavailability and absorption efficiency. In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of seed extracts demonstrated notable inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Ethanolic lipid extracts showed significant zones of inhibition against Escherichia coli (22±1.5 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (18±0.8 mm), while aqueous extracts exhibited strong activity against Bacillus subtilis (25±2.1 mm). Moderate antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans was also observed, highlighting the therapeutic potential of Vicia faba bioactive compounds as natural antimicrobial agents. Agroecological assessment revealed that locally cultivated Vicia faba achieved high seed yields (2800–3200 kg/ha) with substantially lower water input (300–450 mm) compared to wheat, resulting in superior water-use efficiency (8.5–9.4 kg/ha-mm). Intercropping systems further optimized resource utilization, supporting smallholder resilience under water-limited conditions. Overall, the findings established Vicia faba as a nutritionally rich, antimicrobial, and climate-resilient legume with immense potential for maximum utilization. Its integration into Indian agri-food systems strongly supported the objectives of Viksit Bharat by promoting nutritional security, sustainable agriculture, and value-added utilization of local resources."
• The Efficacy of Β-Glucans Enzyme and Secondary Metabolites of the White Fungus (Agaricus Bisporus) as Inhibitory Agents for Lung Cancer Cells. Oubid, Sarah Hashim (2026). 3(1) 237–247.

  "β-glucans are long- or short-chain polymers made up of glucose subunits, with β-1,3 and β-1,6 bonds, responsible for the linear and branched structures respectively, found in the cell walls of the fungus Agaricus bisporus, which have an effective role in immune modulation and as an anti-inflammatory using β-glucans extracted from the white fungus. Qualitative inferential studies were conducted on the primary and secondary metabolites of A. bisporus extract. The results indicated that A. bisporus contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates, but the proportions of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and reducing sugars were the highest compared to phenols and flavonoids. The active compounds in the extract of A. bisporus fungus were also determined, namely ash, moisture, oil, fiber, and protein. The results showed that the concentrations of fiber, moisture, protein, and oil were 14.34%, 12.18%, 9.96%, and 7.99%, respectively. The rate of cancer cell death was determined by the effect of β-glucans enzyme on lung cancer cell line A549 pass 21 after 24 hours of treatment. Seven different concentrations of the enzyme were used, and the inhibition rates of the seven concentrations were compared for MB 231 lung cancer cells. All concentrations of β-glucans enzyme caused a significant inhibition rate of lung cells. The results showed that a concentration of 1 mg/ml achieved a significant inhibition ratio (IR) of 70.54% in the lung cancer cell line, while the same concentration showed an inhibition ratio of 98.14% in the normal cell line."
• Biological Degradation of Wood: Mechanisms of Decay and Modern Protection Strategies – A Review. Hasan, Omaima A (2026). 3(1) 248–258.

  "Wood is an efficient renewable material that has been extensively used in constructions, infrastructure and engineering products. However, in all of these applications the life of the service is significantly reduced due to biological degradation. Fungi, bacteria and insects are the main agents of the disintegration of wood, which thrive in favourable environmental conditions and take advantage of the lignocellulosic structure of the material. The current review provides an overview of the biological events that govern the degradation of wood, especially the fungal degradation, along with enzymatic and oxidative reactions. Moreover, it describes the effect of structural and chemical properties of wood on its resistance to decay, and thus provides a conceptual base on the appearance of biodeterioration. The review provides a critical assessment of traditional and innovative wood protection approaches, which include existing preservative regimes, moisture -management approaches, wood-modification approaches and nano - enabled bio-based interventions. Recent developments have brought about a paradigm shift in terms of integrated, biological responding protection concepts, where the material modification is co-ordinated with directed biological resistance. Although much has improved, the long-term sustainability, environmental compatibility, and cost-effectiveness are still problematic. The conclusion outlines the research directions that are important to perfect predictative service-life models and trigger the creation of the sustainable solution to the problem of the wood protection in the future."
• The Effect of Tranquilizers on Morphological Parameters of Chicken Blood. Mokhichekhra, Ibragimova Feruza Davletbaevna | Abdurakhmonova (2026). 3(1) 394–396.

  This study investigates the effects of the anti-stress drugs nozepam, enrofloxacin, and aliceryl on the morphological parameters of chicken blood. The objective was to evaluate changes in key hematological indicators under the influence of these preparations. Experimental groups of chickens were administered the respective drugs according to established veterinary dosage protocols, and blood samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Hematological parameters, including erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration, and other morphological indices, were measured using standard diagnostic methods. The results demonstrated that the application of the tested drugs influenced blood morphology to varying degrees, indicating physiological responses associated with stress modulation and metabolic adaptation. The findings suggest that these preparations may affect hematological stability and should be used with consideration of their systemic impact. The study contributes to understanding the hematological effects of anti-stress pharmacological agents in poultry production.
• Immunological and Cytokine Profiling in Ulcerative Colitis: Focus on IL-10, IL-37, IFN-γ, and CD8+ T Cell. Dheeb, Ali N. Hamid | Israa Abdulwahid (2026). 3(1) 259–269.

  Ulcerative colitis is one among the most prevalent forms of inflammatory bowel diseases. The hallmark of this condition is an abnormal immunologic response that gives rise to chronic inflammation of the colonic mucosa. The current literature on this subject will be discussed in this article, which will have a focus on reviewing and analyzing recent literature published between 2021 and 2025. Research has found that a breakdown of the epithelial barrier and change in gut microbiome result in an imbalance between the innate and adaptive immune systems due to excessive levels of inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ and reduced levels of regulatory mediators IL-10 and IL-37. Data have also recently pointed towards the role of CD8+ T cells in perpetuating inflammation. Despite progress made by available medications such as 5-ASA, steroid therapies, biologics, and JAK inhibitors, there is a need for new approaches focusing on molecular fingerprinting and immunoadaptation due to current treatment incompliances and relapse. The future trends point towards enhancing research in the country and national registries for UC patients to design treatment courses in line with demographic- and environment-related features of Iraq.
• Exposure to X-Ray and Fecundity at the Radiographer. Al khudhory, Dr. Mudhafar Abdulhussein M. (2026). 3(1) 270–274.

  Fecundity, is refers to ability of achieving pregnancy and the probability to achieve a live birth, including all steps that leads to form embryo, beginning from fuse of the gametes (sperm fertilize the oocyte) forming zygote and all early stages of embryo ending to fetus. the fertility may be effected by factors which leads to declines. Medical devices such as x-ray devices can be considered from these factors. Exposure to high doses of x-ray may be effect on fertility, but low doses may be not. This study aimed to clarify the impact of the x-ray on fecundity. A population sample (radiographer) was recruited in this work, they are different in personal characteristics but they are similar in working conditions and they were exposed to almost the same doses of x-ray.
• Serum Level of IL -6, CRP and PCT among Food Handlers Patient Infected with Helicobacter Pylori. Abass, Qusay S. Mahmood | Nehan Bahaaldden Jafer | Sahlah KH. (2026). 3(1) 275–281.

  "The current study aimed at determining the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in food handlers and the effect of the infection on the choice of serum and hematological parameters. The empirical work was done in the laboratories of Kirkuk Teaching Hospital, and it was conducted during the period between November 7, 2022, and March 28, 2023. The researchers used a sample of 150 food handlers including personnel of restaurants and cafes. The samples were also stratified into two cohorts. The first group was 45 persons who were diagnosed to have been colonized by the above bacterial pathogen, and the second group was a control group of 20 persons as part of the experimental set-up. The highest level of infection was observed in the age group of 20-30 years. Diagnostic tests were conducted using the following bacterial tests: Urea Breath Test (UBT), Stool Antigen Test (SAT), and the Antibody Test in Serum (ATS). The highest rate of symptoms was found among those infected with H. pylori was associated with loss of appetite (53.3%), followed by dyspepsia (44.45%), stomach pain (31.1%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (20%). The least common symptom was gastritis (15.5%). The studied criteria included a set of immunological tests, where the levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCP), procalcitonin, and interleukin6 (IL- 6) were measured. This was found to differ statistically significantly (P<0.01) between the level of the serum of both high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (HSCP) and procalcitonin in infected patients compared to the control cohort. Moreover, the results showed a strong rise (P<0.01) in the serum levels of IL 6 in the infected group."
• More is Always Better? Investigating QoS and Energy Efficiency in 5G Campus Networks. Schumann, Lukas Kilian; Raffeck, Simon; Geißler, Stefan; Hoßfeld, Tobias (2026).

  As 5G pushes mobile networking toward flexible, softwarized radio access networks, energy efficiency emerges as a first-class performance metric. However, the relationship between 5G NR configuration parameters, power draw, and performance have yet to be systematically explored. To this end, this work introduces a custom automation framework to conduct a large-scale parameter study and investigate the key interactions between Quality of Service (QoS), power consumption, and individual 5G NR configuration parameters. The evaluation conducted in a 5G campus testbed utilizing OAI and srsRAN applies a factorial design to a large set of parameters. In total over 7000 individual experiments are conducted, the results of which are made publicly available, in addition to the framework. The data reveals that 5G NR energy efficiency is highly dependent on the specific use case, as configuration settings can lead to contradictory results based on traffic load and performance targets.
• The Economic Potential of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) in the Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Ethno –Historical Study. Kukreti, Dr. Vijay Bahuguna | Neha (2026). 3(1) 282–293.

  Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a sustainable and eco –friendly crop with vast industrial potential. Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to legalize the commercial cultivation of Industrial hemp in 2015.recognizing its environmental and economic benefits. Grown primarily in the hilly terrains of the Lesser Himalayas, hemp requires minimal water, improves soil quality and prevents erosion-making it ideal for mountain agriculture. The state policy restricts cultivation for low-THC (below 0.3%) varieties, ensuring non-narcotic use and compliance with national regulations. The crop provides multipurpose raw materials; fibers for textiles, and hurd for construction materials such as hemp crate. However challenges such as limited processing infrastructure, seed standardization and regulatory awareness among farmers hinder large scale adaptation with appropriate policy support, research and industrial investment, industrial hemp could significantly contribute to Uttarakhand’s rural economy, sustainable agriculture and green industry development. The study of industrial hemp in Uttarakhand, when viewed through the Annals and Ethno-historical frameworks, transcends economic analysis. It becomes a narrative of environmental adaptation, cultural resilience and the re-emergence of traditional ecological knowledge within modern sustainability paradigms. An Annals –inspired study can use environmental history, economic data, and agrarian records to trace long-term change. An Ethno-historical study can use field interviews, folk tradition, and material artifacts to capture local memory and cultural continuity.
• Circulating Irisin and Rare Adipokines in Female Metabolic Disorders: Associations with Hormonal Imbalance and Obesity. Mahmoud, Jalank Hameed (2026). 3(1) 294–303.

  "Background & Objective: Adipokines are important metabolic regulators; however, their relationship with metabolic and hormonal profiles of women is not completely known. To evaluate irisin, omentin‑1, chemerin, and vaspin in the circulation together with anthropometric, metabolic and endocrine indices among Iraqi females having metabolic disorders. Materials & Methods: Cross-sectional 75 patients and 75 healthy controls were included. The anthropometric measurements, fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profiles, HOMA‑IR, adipokines and hormones (estrogen, testosterone, LH and FSH TSH T3 and T4) were determined with standard protocols and commercially available ELISA kits(Sunlong Co., China; Biobase Analyzer). Results: Clinical investigation showed a significantly higher BMI and waist-to-hip ratio in patients versus controls. Metabolic profiling revealed significant higher fasting glucose (105.6 ± 14.2 vs. 92.1 ± 8.5 mg/dL), HbA1c (5.9 ± 0.7 vs. 5.1 ± 0,4%), and HOMA-IR (2,8 ± 1,1 vs.15 ±,6; p <0,001). In addition, a dyslipidemic profile was observed among the patients with significantly higher total cholesterol (TC), LDL and TGs along with lower HDL (p < 0.001). With respect to adipokines, patients revealed significantly decreased concentrations of Irisin and Omentin-1 in comparison with increased levels of Chemerin and Vaspin (p < 0.001). Biochemical analyses demonstrated marked increases in Testosterone, LH and TSH levels (p < 0.05) and a significant decrease of Estrogen. No large deviation was detected for FSH, T3 and T4. Conclusions: Women with metabolic dysfunction exhibit obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and mild endocrine unbalance, associated with significant adipokine dysregulation: low irisin and omentin‑1 and high chemerin and vaspin levels can be considered as possible candidates for early biomarkers."
• Effect of Some Nutritional Supplements and Treatments Taken by Pregnant Women on the Health of the Children after Birth. Jaythoom, Roaa A. (2026). 3(1) 304–314.

  Background: We conducted this study to evaluate the effects of treatments taken by mothers during pregnancy on the child during pregnancy or after birth. On the other hand, the current study may contribute to raising awareness to avoid taking medications that pose a risk to the child’s stages of development before or after birth. Method: The current study is a cross-sectional study that included collecting a questionnaire and medical examinations from 100 mothers with their children suffering from health problems that related to the treatments that the mother took during pregnancy. Examinations were performed for the mother and child, which included routine tests, diagnostic tests, hormonal tests, and Ultrasound. Result: The children's ages ranged from 1 day – 10 years, with an average age of 1.32 months. Current study showed that most children born to a mother who used medication during pregnancy suffer from breathing disorders resulting from lung disorders as asthma (22%). We also found that (13%), (10%), (11%), and (8%) of the children suffer from speech problems, incomplete growth (premature birth), mental problems, and vision problems respectively. We found that blood pressure medications that mothers took during pregnancy had the greatest role in the occurrence of heart disease, epilepsy, paralysis, and premature birth of babies while pregnancy stabilizers led to the emergence of many health problems in children, especially lung disorders such as asthma, digestive system disorders, delayed speech, and brain dysfunction. Moreover, taking antibiotics during pregnancy was associated with the appearance of jaundice, epilepsy, and abnormal tooth development in children after birth. Furthermore, treatments for gestational diabetes have led to the emergence of many diseases in children, the most important of which are polio, type 1 diabetes, and growth problems. In conclusion: UTI, blood pressure, anemia, and gestational diabetes are the most common pregnancy health problems in our society, the treatment of which directly or indirectly causes a deterioration in the health condition of the fetus during pregnancy and may extend for years after birth.
• Impact of Psychophysiological Factors on Academic Performance and Adaptation of First-Year University Students. o’g’li | Xurramova Sevara Ilxom qizi | Buranova Gulnoza Boymuratovna, Nuraliyev Akmal Akram (2026). 3(1) 315–317.

  This study examines how psychophysiological factors influence academic performance and adaptation in first-year university students. Visual memory, attention, and visuomotor reaction speed were assessed at three stages of the 2024–2025 academic year: beginning, pre-examination, and post-examination. Results indicated that students’ memory and attention generally improved throughout the year, while visuomotor reaction speed temporarily declined after exams. Female students demonstrated slightly better cognitive performance than males. These findings suggest that psychophysiological indicators play a critical role in facilitating adaptation to the educational process and improving learning efficiency.
• Comprehensive Analysis of Genetic Mutations and Inflammatory Markers Associated with Multiple Sclerosis in Iraqi Patients. Al-Taee, Muataz Mohammed (2026). 3(1) 318–328.

  Both hereditary and environmental factors contribute to multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system marked by neural degeneration and myelin loss. This study aims to examine the relationship between the onset of MS and the vulnerability of Iraqi patients concerning inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17) and genetic polymorphisms (HLA-DRB1, IL-7R, IL-2R). The study is conducted with 100 subjects recruited from renowned neurology clinics and hospitals in Iraq; 50 among them having a confirmed diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and the other 50 were age and sex matched healthy controls. Cytokine levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and genetic studies were performed using PCR and Sanger Sequencing. For identifying the immune system alterations whose mutations could be functional and causative, bioinformatics analysis was necessary to study the observed mutations. Results showed important genetic changes relative to high neuroinflammatory cytokines and greater predisposition to multiple sclerosis. The identification of new genetic associations and inflammatory markers which could potentially serve as therapeutic targets and diagnostic indicators increases precision medicine approaches for MS patients in Iraq and worldwide.
• The Synergistic Effect of Plant-Derived Silver Nanoparticles and Antibiotics on Resistance Genes in Escherichia Coli. Mohammed, Manal Dheyaa (2026). 3(1) 329–342.

  "Introduction & Objective: blaTEM-related Escherichjsoninsoula coli is seriously equipotent to multi-drugs resistance, and the synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plants are emerging as an alternative approach for overcoming this menace. To assess the combined effect of AgNPs (obtained from Thyme) and classical antibiotics on growth and blaTEM gene frequency in E. coli. Materials & Method: A total of 127 urine samples from pregnant women were collected and tested for E. coli, confirmed 73 isolates. Susceptibility to antibiotics was performed by Vitek and disc diffusion. The AgNPs were prepared from Thymus vulgaris, and these nanoparticles were evaluated for their UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM/TEM characterization 25, 50, 75, and 100 μg/mL by agar well diffusion assay. Pre- and post-AgNP treatment, blaTEM was detected by PCR. Results: Of 127 urine samples, 73 (57.5%) were identified as E. coli. All isolates were biochemically identical. With antibiotics, there was 100% susceptibility to Netilmicin and Aztreonam, but Tobramycin and Piperacillin were almost totally resistant (1.4% SEN., 4.1% SEN.). MDR, XDR and EDR patterns were 62/73 (84.9%), 7/73 (9.6%) and 4/73 (5.5%) respectively. Initially, all 14 isolates (100%) were found to possess the blaTEM gene. Thyme-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared (average particle size ~21.5 nm) and the trend of dose-dependent inhibition: 25 μg/mL: 8.2 mm, 50 g μg/ml: 12.5 mm, 75 μg ml -1 :16.8 mm, 100 μg/mL landing up with a mean inhibition zone of as high as21.3mm. blaTEM positivity was reduced to 7/14 of the isolates (50%) after treatment with AgNP, indicating potent inhibition of resistance gene. Conclusion: Thyme-capped AgNPs in combination with antibiotics were effective at decreasing the growth of E. coli and blaTEM prevalence and may serve as a potential intervention against entire multidrug resistant isolates."
• Evolutionary and Virulence Signatures of S. Maltophilia and S. Paucimobilis Uncovered Through Genomic and Proteomic Profiling. Azeez, Majida Mohammad Abidfalhy | Zahraa Falah (2026). 3(1) 343–358.

  This paper is a comparative study of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Sphingomonas paucimobilis using phenotypic, biochemical, genomic and proteomic characterization. There were 32 isolates that were obtained in the clinical and environmental sources (18 S. maltophilia, 14 S. paucimobilis). The growth (2436 h) and biofilm formation (83.3%, OD595: 0.28116) of S. maltophilia were higher and the maximum environmental tolerance was high (survivance in 8178.NaCl). Antibiotic susceptibility profiles indicated that S. maltophilia was largely multidrug resistant, with a resistance rate of 88.9-100 per cent. to β-lactam, up to 94.4 per cent. to carbapenem and 83.3 per cent. to aminoglycoses whilst S. paucimobilis only exhibited moderate resistance to β-lactam (4271) and high susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. These results were supported by genomic analysis in which percentages of resistance and virulence determinants were found to be high in S. maltophilia at; smeDEF (100%), rmlA-D (94.4%), rpfF (88.9%), and fliC (83.3%), in comparison with the percentages at 73.5-35% in S. paucimobilis. The addition of MALDI-TOF MS greatly improved accuracy of identifications that produced 100 percent concordance with 16S rRNA sequencing and correct two mis-identifications created by VITEK 2. All these findings highlight the strong pathogenic potential and evolutionary specialization of S. maltophilia, and place S. paucimobilis as a low-virulence, but environment-adapted species.
• Human and Animal Exposure to Toxocara Vitulorum in Rural Livestock-Associated Communities in Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq. Saleh, Osamah Hadi (2026). 3(1) 359–368.

  Toxocara vitulorum is a neglected zoonotic nematode of cattle and buffalo calves, and little is known about its human exposure potential. The current study focused on human and animal exposure to T. vitulorum in the rural livestock-associated communities of Al-Qadisiyah Province, Iraq, and employed both serological and molecular methodologies. A total of 120 livestock-associated humans and 150 cattle and buffalo calves were sampled for serum. An indirect ELISA was utilized for the detection of anti-T. vitulorum IgG, and fecal samples were obtained from calves (n = 150) for analysis by quantitative PCR for the ITS-1 region. The analysis of the results of the serological study, it was found that there is a statistically significant difference in the seroprevalence of the study populations. A higher proportion of seropositivity was observed in animals (38.7%, 58/150) than in humans (17.5%, 21/120) (χ² = 13.62, p < 0.001). Among humans, seropositivity was significantly associated with daily animal contact (26.8% vs. Molecular detection showed T. vitulorum DNA in 42.0% (63/150) of animal fecal samples, with average Ct values of 29.4 ± 2.1. Animal samples that were positive by qPCR were statistically significantly more likely to be seropositive (OR = 3.46, 95% CI: 1.78–6.72, p < 0.001). Approximately, 6% of seroprevalence and the animal prevalence of the sampled sites were positively correlated (r = 0.61, p = 0.02) out of the total sites assessed. Evidence of the zoonotic risk of exposure to T. vitulorum in rural communities of Iraq is substantial, and the risk warrants concern in terms of public health from a One Health perspective.
• The Effect of Phosphorus Foliar Application on Some Physiological and Productive Characteristics of Strawberry Fruits. Kareem, Israa Hawyyiz (2026). 3(1) 369–374.

  The present study was planned and designed to determine the effect of phosphorus spraying on the physiological characteristics and productivity of strawberries. The experiment was carried out in an unheated polyethylene tunnel 9m × 25m, strawberry transplants var. Festival were obtained from commercial nursery sources, planted in a raised-bed system at 20 × 80 cm spacing, mulched with black plastic, double row plants staggered 25 cm, on the 30 of October. Design of experiments The experiment is conducted as Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) under the factorial arrangement (3*3), with three replications. The results showed the effect of spraying with phosphorus on the number of fruits in strawberry plants. At concentration 0, the average number of fruits was 7.2±1.48 (fruit. plant-1), while at concentration 2 mg. L-1, the average number of fruits was 10.2±1.58 (fruit. plant-1), and the average number of fruits at concentration 4 mg. L-1 was 12.2±1.79 (fruit. plant-1). for, weight of fruits, At concentration 0, the average weight of fruits was 14.86±1.75 (gm. plant-1), while at concentration 2 mg. L-1, the average weight of fruits was 19.34±3.63 (gm. plant-1), and the average weight of fruits at concentration 4 mg. L-1 was 28.02±8.3 (gm. plant-1). for, total sugars of fruits, At concentration 0, the average total sugars of fruits were 3.04±0.14 (gm. 100 gm fresh weight-1), while at concentration 2 mg. L-1, the average total sugars of fruits were 3.77±0.06 (gm. 100 gm fresh weight-1), and the average total sugars of fruits at concentration 4 mg. L-1 was 4.13±0.11 (gm. 100 gm fresh weight-1). It was found that spraying with phosphorus plays an important role in improving the physiological and productive characteristics of strawberry fruits. Therefore, phosphorus can be used to improve strawberry productivity.
• Climate Change, Environmental Stress and Water Resilience in Uttarakhand Himalaya: An Ethno-Historical Study. Bhatt, Dr. Vijay Bahuguna | Dr Arvind Mohan Painuly | Dr. Kishor Chandra Joshi | Dr. R. P. Badoni | Dr. Yogesh (2026). 3(1) 375–393.

  The Uttarakhand Himalaya, often referred to as the 'Water Tower of India,' faces unprecedented challenges from climate change and environmental degradation. This ethno-historical study examines the intricate relationship between climate change, environmental stress, and water resilience in this ecologically sensitive region. Drawing upon historical records, traditional ecological knowledge, and contemporary data, this research explores the evolution of water management practices from ancient indigenous systems to modern interventions. The study documents traditional water bodies including naulas (step wells), dhara (springs), chaals (water channels), and gadheras (streams), many adorned with Sanskrit inscriptions reflecting the sacred relationship between communities and water resources. Through an interdisciplinary approach combining historical analysis, ethnographic research, and environmental assessment, this paper reveals how centuries-old water harvesting techniques are being revitalized to address contemporary water scarcity. The findings indicate that integrating traditional ecological knowledge with modern water management strategies offers a sustainable pathway for building climate resilience in the Himalayan region.
• Polymicrobial Composition of Oral Microbiota in Ulceronecrotic Gingivostomatitis: Structure of Microbial Associations and the Role of Key Microorganisms. Afrail, Ashrafov Davud Sergey | Aliyev Mammad Suad (2026). 3(1) 394–398.

  "The aim of this study was to investigate the species composition of the oral mucosal microbiota and to characterize the structure of microbial associations in patients with ulceronecrotic gingivostomatitis. A clinical and microbiological examination was conducted, with samples collected from pathological lesions of the oral mucosa. Microorganisms were identified using standard bacteriological methods, determining their species affiliation and the nature of microbial associations. Results showed that all patients harbored representatives of both resident and transient microbiota, forming complex polymicrobial associations. In 24.3% of cases, associations included aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal microorganisms, while in 75.7% of cases, the complexes consisted of aerobic and anaerobic flora without fungal components. The average number of species in one association was 7–9, confirming the polymicrobial nature of the inflammatory process. Conclusion: Ulceronecrotic gingivostomatitis is characterized by the formation of complex microbial complexes, in which Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema vincentii play a leading role, interacting with other representatives of aerobic, anaerobic, and in some cases, fungal flora."
• CORPORATIONS AND PUBLIC POLICY: A REVIEW OF EXPANDING RESPONSIBILITIES OF PRIVATE ORGANISATIONS IN NIGERIA. Paul, Samuel Kinikanwo-Chimenim (2026). 4(2) 91–102.

  This paper reviews the growing involvement of the private corporations in the development of public policy in Nigeria with regard to the telecommunications banking and energy industries. It examines how companies like MTN Nigeria Access Bank and Oando PLC have become a force to reckon with in the policy making process especially under their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs and their participation in the policy making process. The paper takes a critical stance and it uses the stakeholder theory and corporate governance framework that seek to identify the ethical political and social consequences of corporate involvement in national governance. The results show that CSR can also lead to the development of the community but it is commonly used in a strategic way by companies to lobby for favourable policies that can suit their interests facilitate regulatory capture and corporate hegemony in policy making. The study also revealed the dilemma of asymmetric power relations between corporations and labour especially regarding casualization outsourcing and erosion of trade union power. These forces advances labour exploitation and further institutionalize the corporate power in policy making process. The paper concludes by recommending the strengthening of regulatory frameworks corporate accountability and empowerment of labour unions to make corporate involvement in the policymaking process consistent with the common good and beneficial to social equity in Nigeria.
• Exploring Design Choices for Autoregressive Deep Learning Climate Models. Gallusser, Florian; Hentschel, Simon; Krause, Anna; Hotho, Andreas (2025).

  Deep Learning (DL) models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in medium-range weather prediction (MWP) but often fail to maintain physically consistent rollouts beyond 14 days. In contrast, a few atmospheric models demonstrate stability over decades, though the key design choices enabling this remain unclear. This study quantitatively compares the long-term stability of three prominent DL-MWP architectures — FourCastNet, SFNO, and ClimaX — trained on ERA5 reanalysis data at 5.625° resolution. We systematically assess the impact of autoregressive training steps, model capacity, and choice of prognostic variables, identifying configurations that enable stable 10-year rollouts while preserving the statistical properties of the reference dataset. Notably, rollouts with SFNO exhibit the greatest robustness to hyperparameter choices, yet all models can experience instability depending on the random seed and the set of prognostic variables.
• Leveraging haplotype information in heritability estimation and polygenic prediction. Meisner, Jonas; Benros, Michael Eriksen; Rasmussen, Simon (2025). 16(1)

  Polygenic prediction has yet to make a major clinical breakthrough in preci- sion medicine and psychiatry, where the application of polygenic risk scores is expected to improve clinical decision-making. Most widely used approaches for estimating polygenic risk scores are based on summary statistics from external large-scale genome-wide association studies, which rely on assump- tions of matching data distributions. This may hinder the impact of polygenic risk scores in modern diverse populations due to small differences in genetic architectures. Reference-free estimators of polygenic scores are instead based on genomic best linear unbiased predictions and model the population of interest directly. We introduce a framework, named hapla, with a novel algorithm for clustering haplotypes in phased genotype data to estimate heritability and perform reference-free polygenic prediction in complex traits. We utilize inferred haplotype clusters to compute accurate heritability esti- mates and polygenic scores in a simulation study and the iPSYCH2012 case- cohort for depression disorders and schizophrenia. We demonstrate that our haplotype-based approach robustly outperforms standard genotype-based approaches, which can help pave the way for polygenic risk scores in the future of precision medicine and psychiatry.
• Efficient Estimation and Applications of Cross-Validated Genetic Predictions to Polygenic Risk Scores and Linear Mixed Models. Mefford, Joel; Park, Danny; Zheng, Zhili; Ko, Arthur; Ala-Korpela, Mika; Laakso, Markku; Pajukanta, Päivi; Yang, Jian; Witte, John; Zaitlen, Noah (2020). 27(4) 599–612.

  Large-scale cohorts with combined genetic and phenotypic data, coupled with methodological advances, have produced increasingly accurate genetic predictors of complex human pheno- types called polygenic risk scores (PRSs). In addition to the potential translational impacts of identifying at-risk individuals, PRS are being utilized for a growing list of scientific applica- tions, including causal inference, identifying pleiotropy and genetic correlation, and powerful gene-based and mixed-model association tests. Existing PRS approaches rely on external large- scale genetic cohorts that have also measured the phenotype of interest. They further require matching on ancestry and genotyping platform or imputation quality. In this work, we present a novel reference-free method to produce a PRS that does not rely on an external cohort. We show that naive implementations of reference-free PRS either result in substantial overfitting or prohibitive increases in computational time. We show that our algorithm avoids both of these issues and can produce informative in-sample PRSs over a single cohort without over- fitting. We then demonstrate several novel applications of reference-free PRSs, including de- tection of pleiotropy across 246 metabolic traits and efficient mixed-model association testing