Data4UrbanMobility was presented on the 20th November 2018 during the Leibniz Startup & Industry Event Artificial Intelligence. The PROJEKTIONISTEN® GmbH together with the Research Center L3S explained current project outcomes like the D4UM-App and the Dashboard to interested visitors.

We very much enjoyed the interesting discussion and are very happy about all participants in our Citizen Science App “MiC – Move in the City”.

• To Cap or not to Cap: Bandwidth Capping Effects on Network Interactions and QoE of Competing Short Video Streams. Wehner, Nikolas; Karagkioules, Theodoros; Halepovic, Emir; Simonovski, Filip; Hoßfeld, Tobias (2025).

  Delivering popular short video streaming services like TikTok, Instagram Reels, or YouTube Shorts, poses substantial challenges for service providers and network operators. This is not only due to high download volumes but also due to high-volume pre-loading strategies that cause high bandwidth demand variations. These strategies, designed to reduce initial delays, can additionally lead to bandwidth excess when users swipe quickly through videos and consume only a fraction of downloaded content. This creates inefficiencies and unbalanced network resource utilization, particularly in competitive bandwidth environments. To address these challenges, we investigate the effectiveness of bandwidth capping in this paper, i.e., limiting the throughput of video flows in the network. We conduct measurement studies to analyze the impact of capping on network interactions and Quality of Experience (QoE) of three popular short video services in different scenarios. We find that capping substantially reduces download volume (15% - 45% median reduction) and bandwidth excess (18% - 52% mean reduction), while bandwidth utilization fairness improves. Meanwhile, QoE surprisingly remains nearly unaffected in most cases, with only minor statistical differences in a few scenarios.
• ANTS: Abstractive Entity Summarization in Knowledge Graphs. Firmansyah, Asep Fajar; Zahera, Hamada; Sherif, Mohamed Ahmed; and Mousallem, Diego; Ngonga Ngomo, Axel-Cyrille (2025).
• Scientometric Analysis of the German IR Community within TREC & CLEF. Kruff, Andreas Konstantin; Schaer, Philipp M. Eibl (ed.) (2025).
• LongEval at CLEF 2025: Longitudinal Evaluation of IR Model Performance. Cancellieri, Matteo; El-Ebshihy, Alaa; Fink, Tobias; Galuščáková, Petra; González Sáez, Gabriela; Goeuriot, Lorraine; Iommi, David; Keller, Jüri; Knoth, Petr; Mulhem, Philippe; Piroi, Florina; Pride, David; Schaer, Philipp (2025).
• AudioProtoPNet: An interpretable deep learning model for bird sound classification. Heinrich, René; Rauch, Lukas; Sick, Bernhard; Scholz, Christoph (2025). 103081.

  Deep learning models have significantly advanced acoustic bird monitoring by recognizing numerous bird species based on their vocalizations. However, traditional deep learning models are black boxes that provide no insight into their underlying computations, limiting their usefulness to ornithologists and machine learning engineers. Explainable models could facilitate debugging, knowledge discovery, trust, and interdisciplinary collaboration. We introduce AudioProtoPNet, an adaptation of the Prototypical Part Network (ProtoPNet) for multi-label bird sound classification. It is inherently interpretable, leveraging a ConvNeXt backbone to extract embeddings and a prototype learning classifier trained on these embeddings. The classifier learns prototypical patterns of each bird species’ vocalizations from spectrograms of instances in the training data. During inference, recordings are classified by comparing them to learned prototypes in the embedding space, providing explanations for the model’s decisions and insights into the most informative embeddings of each bird species. The model was trained on the BirdSet training dataset, which consists of 9734 bird species and over 6800 h of recordings. Its performance was evaluated on the seven BirdSet test datasets, covering different geographical regions. AudioProtoPNet outperformed the state-of-the-art bird sound classification model Perch, which is superior to the more popular BirdNet, achieving an average AUROC of 0.90 and a cmAP of 0.42, with relative improvements of 7.1% and 16.7% over Perch, respectively. These results demonstrate that even for the challenging task of multi-label bird sound classification, it is possible to develop powerful yet interpretable deep learning models that provide valuable insights for professionals in ornithology and machine learning.
• Hybrid Intelligence in Action: A Taxonomy of Human-AI Interaction. Ciftci, Seyyid Ahmed; Stahmann, Philip; Janiesch, Christian (2025).
• AI-as-a-Service Mediation: How Ordinary Companies Become Smart Service Providers. van der Staay, Alexander; Markic, Mihael; Stahmann, Philip; Nebel, Maximilian; Knickrehm, Charlotte; Poeppelbuss, Jens; Janiesch, Christian (2025).
• Identifying Axiomatic Mathematical Transformation Steps using Tree-Structured Pointer Networks. Wankerl, Sebastian; Pfister, Jan; Dulny, Andrzej; Götz, Gerhard; Hotho, Andreas (2025).
• Identifying Axiomatic Mathematical Transformation Steps using Tree-Structured Pointer Networks. Wankerl, Sebastian; Pfister, Jan; Dulny, Andrzej; Götz, Gerhard; Hotho, Andreas (2025).
• Personalräte: Strategien, Arbeitsweise und Selbstverständnis von Personalvertretungen im öffentlichen Dienst Schmidt, Werner; Müller, Andrea in Forschung aus der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung (2025). transcript, Bielefeld.

  Personalräte engagieren sich als Interessenvertretung der Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Dienst und achten auf die Einhaltung gesetzlicher und tarifvertraglicher Bestimmungen. Sie sind damit ein wichtiger Akteur der Mitbestimmung, wurden aber bislang - im Gegensatz zu den Betriebsräten in Unternehmen - in Öffentlichkeit und Forschung wenig beachtet. Auf Basis einer umfangreichen empirischen Erhebung in kommunalen Personalvertretungen stellen Werner Schmidt und Andrea Müller die Arbeit von Personalräten in all ihren Facetten dar. Ihr Grundlagenwerk gibt Anregungen für die konkrete Mitbestimmungspraxis und Impulse für die weitere Erforschung der Arbeitswelt.
• Efficient Federated Search for Retrieval-Augmented Generation. Guerraoui, Rachid; Kermarrec, Anne-Marie; Petrescu, Diana; Pires, Rafael; Randl, Mathis; de Vos, Martijn (2025).
• Mortality Among US Physicians and Other Health Care Workers. Patel, Vishal R.; Liu, Michael; Worsham, Christopher M.; Stanford, Fatima Cody; Ganguli, Ishani; Jena, Anupam B. (2025).
• Factors associated with reduction in quality of life after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neumann, Christian; Hartung, Tim J.; Boje, Klara; Bahmer, Thomas; Keil, Julian; Lieb, Wolfgang; Franzpoetter, Katrin; Welzel, Julius; Chaplinskaya-Sobol, Irina; Endres, Matthias; Geritz, Johanna; Haeusler, Karl Georg; Heuschmann, Peter; Hinz, Andreas; Hopff, Sina; Horn, Anna; Nuernberger, Carolin; Schmidbauer, Lena; Krawczak, Michael; Ruß, Anne-Kathrin; Krist, Lilian; Keil, Thomas; Kudelka, Jennifer; Maetzler, Corina; Mehnert-Theuerkauf, Anja; Montellano, Felipe A.; Morbach, Caroline; Schmidt, Sein; Heyckendorf, Jan; Steigerwald, Flo; Stoerk, Stefan; Lemhoefer, Christina; Schreiber, Stefan; Finke, Carsten; Maetzler, Walter (2025). 15(1) 6833.
• Factors associated with reduction in quality of life after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Neumann, Christian; Hartung, Tim J.; Boje, Klara; Bahmer, Thomas; Keil, Julian; Lieb, Wolfgang; Franzpoetter, Katrin; Welzel, Julius; Chaplinskaya-Sobol, Irina; Endres, Matthias; Geritz, Johanna; Haeusler, Karl Georg; Heuschmann, Peter; Hinz, Andreas; Hopff, Sina; Horn, Anna; Nuernberger, Carolin; Schmidbauer, Lena; Krawczak, Michael; Ruß, Anne-Kathrin; Krist, Lilian; Keil, Thomas; Kudelka, Jennifer; Maetzler, Corina; Mehnert-Theuerkauf, Anja; Montellano, Felipe A.; Morbach, Caroline; Schmidt, Sein; Heyckendorf, Jan; Steigerwald, Flo; Stoerk, Stefan; Lemhoefer, Christina; Schreiber, Stefan; Finke, Carsten; Maetzler, Walter (2025). 15(1) 6833.
• Reprogrammable RNA-targeting CRISPR systems evolved from RNA toxin-antitoxins. Zilberzwige-Tal, Shai; Altae-Tran, Han; Kannan, Soumya; Wilkinson, Max E.; Vo, Samuel Chau-Duy-Tam; Strebinger, Daniel; Edmonds, KeHuan K.; Yao, Chun-Chen Jerry; Mears, Kepler S.; Shmakov, Sergey A.; Makarova, Kira S.; Macrae, Rhiannon K.; Koonin, Eugene V.; Zhang, Feng (2025).
• The structural basis for RNA slicing by human Argonaute2. Mohamed, Abdallah A.; Wang, Peter Y.; Bartel, David P.; Vos, Seychelle M. (2025). 44(1) 115166.
• Landscape context influences local management effects on birds and bats in Amazonian cacao agroforestry systems. Aycart-Lazo, Pablo; Ivañez-Ballesteros, Blanca; Ocampo-Ariza, Carolina; Wessely, Johannes; Dullinger, Stefan; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Thomas, Evert; Tscharntke, Teja; Maas, Bea (2025). 385 109545.
• Enhanced Papr Reduction in OFDM Systems using Adaptive Clipping with Dynamic Thresholds Meghanathan, Natarajan (2025). (Vol. 17) 45–56. IJCNC.

  Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a highly efficient multicarrier modulation method that is widely used in current high-speed wireless communication systems. It offers numerous benefits, including high capacity and resilience to multipath fading channels, when compared to other techniques. However, a significant drawback of OFDM is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), which can result in in-band distortion and out-of-band radiation due to the non-linearity of high power amplifiers. To address this issue, several techniques have been suggested, such as Selective Mapping (SLM), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Clipping, and Nonlinear Compounding, which will be discussed later in the paper. The clipping technique, in particular, has been thoroughly analyzed as a simple and crucial method for reducing PAPR. However, an arbitrary choice of clipping threshold can result in significant signal distortion, degrading the transmission quality. Therefore, it is essential to find an optimum threshold that minimizes PAPR while preserving signal quality, which is a challenging task. The classical clipping scheme may not yield satisfactory results in this regard. This paper proposes a modified clipping scheme that estimates the dynamic range of a noisy OFDM signal. The estimated parameters are then used to determine the optimal threshold, which is more reliable than the previous technique that assumes an arbitrary dynamic value. Simulation results indicate that the proposed modified clipping scheme has achieved a PAPR reduction of 3.5 dB compared to the original OFDM.  
• Roadmap to fault tolerant quantum computation using topological qubit arrays. Aasen, David; Aghaee, Morteza; Alam, Zulfi; Andrzejczuk, Mariusz; Antipov, Andrey; Astafev, Mikhail; Avilovas, Lukas; Barzegar, Amin; Bauer, Bela; Becker, Jonathan; Bello-Rivas, Juan M.; Bhaskar, Umesh; Bocharov, Alex; Boddapati, Srini; Bohn, David; Bommer, Jouri; Bonderson, Parsa; Borovsky, Jan; Bourdet, Leo; Boutin, Samuel; Brown, Tom; Campbell, Gary; Casparis, Lucas; Chakravarthi, Srivatsa; Chao, Rui; Chapman, Benjamin J.; Chatoor, Sohail; Christensen, Anna Wulff; Codd, Patrick; Cole, William; Cooper, Paul; Corsetti, Fabiano; Cui, Ajuan; van Dam, Wim; Dandachi, Tareq El; Daraeizadeh, Sahar; Dumitrascu, Adrian; Ekefjärd, Andreas; Fallahi, Saeed; Galletti, Luca; Gardner, Geoff; Gatta, Raghu; Gavranovic, Haris; Goulding, Michael; Govender, Deshan; Griggio, Flavio; Grigoryan, Ruben; Grijalva, Sebastian; Gronin, Sergei; Gukelberger, Jan; Haah, Jeongwan; Hamdast, Marzie; Hansen, Esben Bork; Hastings, Matthew; Heedt, Sebastian; Ho, Samantha; Hogaboam, Justin; Holgaard, Laurens; Hoogdalem, Kevin Van; Indrapiromkul, Jinnapat; Ingerslev, Henrik; Ivancevic, Lovro; Jablonski, Sarah; Jensen, Thomas; Jhoja, Jaspreet; Jones, Jeffrey; Kalashnikov, Kostya; Kallaher, Ray; Kalra, Rachpon; Karimi, Farhad; Karzig, Torsten; Kimes, Seth; Kliuchnikov, Vadym; Kloster, Maren Elisabeth; Knapp, Christina; Knee, Derek; Koski, Jonne; Kostamo, Pasi; Kuesel, Jamie; Lackey, Brad; Laeven, Tom; Lai, Jeffrey; de Lange, Gijs; Larsen, Thorvald; Lee, Jason; Lee, Kyunghoon; Leum, Grant; Li, Kongyi; Lindemann, Tyler; Lucas, Marijn; Lutchyn, Roman; Madsen, Morten Hannibal; Madulid, Nash; Manfra, Michael; Markussen, Signe Brynold; Martinez, Esteban; Mattila, Marco; Mattinson, Jake; McNeil, Robert; Mei, Antonio Rodolph; Mishmash, Ryan V.; Mohandas, Gopakumar; Mollgaard, Christian; de Moor, Michiel; Morgan, Trevor; Moussa, George; Narla, Anirudh; Nayak, Chetan; Nielsen, Jens Hedegaard; Nielsen, William Hvidtfelt Padkær; Nolet, Frédéric; Nystrom, Mike; O’Farrell, Eoin; Otani, Keita; Paetznick, Adam; Papon, Camille; Paz, Andres; Petersson, Karl; Petit, Luca; Pikulin, Dima; Pons, Diego Olivier Fernandez; Quinn, Sam; Rajpalke, Mohana; Ramirez, Alejandro Alcaraz; Rasmussen, Katrine; Razmadze, David; Reichardt, Ben; Ren, Yuan; Reneris, Ken; Riccomini, Roy; Sadovskyy, Ivan; Sainiemi, Lauri; Saldaña, Juan Carlos Estrada; Sanlorenzo, Irene; Schaal, Simon; Schmidgall, Emma; Sfiligoj, Cristina; da Silva, Marcus P.; Sinha, Sarat; Soeken, Mathias; Sohr, Patrick; Stankevic, Tomas; Stek, Lieuwe; Strøm-Hansen, Patrick; Stuppard, Eric; Sundaram, Aarthi; Suominen, Henri; Suter, Judith; Suzuki, Satoshi; Svore, Krysta; Teicher, Sam; Thiyagarajah, Nivetha; Tholapi, Raj; Thomas, Mason; Tom, Dennis; Toomey, Emily; Tracy, Josh; Troyer, Matthias; Turley, Michelle; Turner, Matthew D.; Upadhyay, Shivendra; Urban, Ivan; Vaschillo, Alexander; Viazmitinov, Dmitrii; Vogel, Dominik; Wang, Zhenghan; Watson, John; Webster, Alex; Weston, Joseph; Williamson, Timothy; Winkler, Georg W.; van Woerkom, David J.; Wütz, Brian Paquelet; Yang, Chung Kai; Yu, Richard; Yucelen, Emrah; Zamorano, Jesús Herranz; Zeisel, Roland; Zheng, Guoji; Zilke, Justin; Zimmerman, Andrew (2025).
• Immersive Tailoring of Embodied Agents Using Large Language Models. Bellucci, Andrea; Jacucci, Giulio; Duong,  Kien; KDas, Pritom; Smirnov, Sergei; Ahmed, Imtiaj; Lugrin, Jean-Luc in IEEE VR 2025 (2025).

  LLM-based embodied agents are recently emerging in VR supporting various scenarios such as pedagogical assistants, virtual companions, and NPCs for games. While they have potential to enhance user interactions, they require careful design to cater unique user needs and contexts. We present an architecture that leverages different LLM modules, and their engineering integration to enable conversational interactions with an embodied agent in multi-user VR. Our system’s primary goal is to facilitate immersive tailoring through conversational input, allowing users to dynamically adjust an agent’s behavior and properties (e.g., role, personality, and appearance), directly within the virtual space, rather than during development or via separate interfaces. We demonstrate this approach with a use case and provide performance measurements in terms of latency of ailoring.
• Counterfactual Query Rewriting to Use Historical Relevance Feedback. Keller, Jüri; Fröbe, Maik; Hendriksen, Gijs; Alexander, Daria; Potthast, Martin; Hagen, Matthias; Schaer, Philipp (2025).
• Emulating a Target Trial Using Observational Data. Dib, Basma N.; Swanson, Sonja A. (2025).
• A new method to determine \($H_0$\) from cosmological energy-density measurements. Krolewski, Alex; Percival, Will J.; Woodfinden, Alex (2025).
• Explainable Reinforcement Learning via Dynamic Mixture Policies. Schier, Maximilian; Schubert, Frederik; Rosenhahn, Bodo (2025). To be published.
• Wire Break Detection in Hybrid Towers of Wind Turbines: A Novel Application to Monitor Tendons Using Acoustic Emission Analysis. Fiedler, Max; Xu, Ronghua; Lange, Alexander; Ostermann, Jörn; Marx, Steffen; Betz, Thorsten (2025). 15(4)
• Meshless Shape Optimization using Neural Networks and Partial Differential Equations on Graphs Martinet, Eloi; Bungert, Leon (2025).
• Meshless Shape Optimization using Neural Networks and Partial Differential Equations on Graphs Martinet, Eloi; Bungert, Leon (2025).
• AI-based character generation for disease stories: a case study using epidemiological data to highlight preventable risk factors. Mittenentzwei, Sarah; Garrison, Laura A.; Budich, Beatrice; Lawonn, Kai; Dockhorn, Alexander; Preim, Bernhard; Meuschke, Monique (2025). 1–23.
• Inverse design of robust out-of-plane coupling elements. Bethmann, Konrad; Mahlau, Yannik; Schubert, Frederik; Munderloh, Marco; Rosenhahn, Bodo; Roth, Bernhard; Ostermann, Jörn (2025).
• Cosmological Particle Production without Quantum Fields. Alexeev, Evgueni; Flauger, Raphael (2025).
• QPM: Discrete Optimization for Globally Interpretable Image Classification. Norrenbrock, Thomas; Kaiser, Timo; Biswas, Sovan; Manuvinakurike, Ramesh; Rosenhahn, Bodo (2025).
• HydraMix: Multi-Image Feature Mixing for Small Data Image Classification. Reinders, Christoph; Schubert, Frederik; Rosenhahn, Bodo (2025).
• Comparing the impacts of vertical mixing enhancement on AMOC at the eastern and western boundaries of Atlantic. Guo, Lingrui; Jiang, Xun (2025). 63(2) 133.

  Diapycnal mixing is recognized as a critical driving mechanism of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). This study employs the MIT General Circulation Model (MITgcm) to investigate the differential impacts of vertical mixing changes in the eastern and western boundaries of Atlantic on the AMOC. The results reveal that increased vertical mixing in the eastern boundary significantly strengthens AMOC, whereas analogous changes in the western boundary have a markedly smaller effect. Numerical model outputs suggest that this disparity is linked to the sea surface height gradient in the northeastern Atlantic. Enhanced mixing in the eastern boundary intensifies this gradient, facilitating increased water transport from the subtropical to the subpolar gyre, thereby strengthening subpolar gyre and enhancing deep water formation, which collectively contribute to a stronger AMOC. In contrast, enhanced mixing in the western boundary has minimal impact on the sea surface height gradient, resulting in negligible changes to AMOC. Moreover, we find that the differences between the impacts of eastern and western boundary mixing on AMOC persist with a more realistic background mixing distribution. Further analysis shows that AMOC responds similarly to mixing changes in the South Atlantic, regardless of which boundary region, highlighting the necessity of considering background large-scale circulation when assessing the effects of regional vertical mixing on AMOC.
• Cosmological Particle Production without Quantum Fields. Alexeev, Evgueni; Flauger, Raphael (2025).
• A new method to determine \($H_0$\) from cosmological energy-density measurements. Krolewski, Alex; Percival, Will J.; Woodfinden, Alex (2025).
• GenAI Content Detection Task 2: AI vs. Human -- Academic Essay Authenticity Challenge. Chowdhury, Shammur Absar; Almerekhi, Hind; Kutlu, Mucahid; Keles, Kaan Efe; Ahmad, Fatema; Mohiuddin, Tasnim; Mikros, George; Alam, Firoj (2024).
• Enabling efficient analysis of biobank-scale data with genotype representation graphs. DeHaas, Drew; Pan, Ziqing; Wei, Xinzhu (2024).

  Computational analysis of a large number of genomes requires a data structure that can represent the dataset compactly while also enabling efficient operations on variants and samples. However, encoding genetic data in existing tabular data structures and file formats has become costly and unsustainable. Here we introduce the genotype representation graph (GRG), a fully connected hierarchical data structure that losslessly encodes phased whole-genome polymorphisms. Exploiting variant-sharing across samples enables GRG to compress 200,000 UK Biobank phased human genomes to 5--26thinspacegigabytes per chromosome, also enabling graph-traversal algorithms to reuse computed values in random access memory. Constructing and processing GRG files scales to a million whole genomes. Using allele frequencies and association effects as examples, we show that computation on GRG via graph traversal runs the fastest among all tested alternatives. GRG-based algorithms have the potential to increase the scalability and reduce the cost of analyzing large genomic datasets.
• Wide range of possible trajectories of North Atlantic climate in a warming world. Gu, Qinxue; Gervais, Melissa; Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Kim, Who M.; Castruccio, Frederic; Maroon, Elizabeth; Xie, Shang-Ping (2024). 15(1) 4221.

  Decadal variability in the North Atlantic Ocean impacts regional and global climate, yet changes in internal decadal variability under anthropogenic radiative forcing remain largely unexplored. Here we use the Community Earth System Model 2 Large Ensemble under historical and the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 3-7.0 future radiative forcing scenarios and show that the ensemble spread in northern North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) more than doubles during the mid-twenty-first century, highlighting an exceptionally wide range of possible climate states. Furthermore, there are strikingly distinct trajectories in these SSTs, arising from differences in the North Atlantic deep convection among ensemble members starting by 2030. We propose that these are stochastically triggered and subsequently amplified by positive feedbacks involving coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea ice interactions. Freshwater forcing associated with global warming seems necessary for activating these feedbacks, accentuating the impact of external forcing on internal variability. Further investigation on seven additional large ensembles affirms the robustness of our findings. By monitoring these mechanisms in real time and extending dynamical model predictions after positive feedbacks activate, we may achieve skillful long-lead North Atlantic decadal predictions that are effective for multiple decades.
• SECURING DIGITAL IDENTITIES: THE SYNERGY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SECURITY, TRUST, AND PRIVACY. Selvam, Damodar (D. Selvam, ed.) (2024). 14(5) 14.

  The convergence of information technology (IT) security, trust, and privacy has emerged as a fundamental paradigm in the digital era, especially concerning the management of digital identities. This paper explores the complex interplay among these spheres, explaining how their fusion can bolster the safeguarding of digital identities. The article endeavours to provide a comprehensive understanding of the convergence and its repercussions by examining current trends, technological advancements, and existing impediments. The results underscore efficient tactics and frameworks that enrich the security, reliability, and confidentiality of digital identities, ultimately fostering more resilient digital environments.
• Ranking Narrative Query Graphs for Biomedical Document Retrieval (Technical Report). Kroll, Hermann; Sackhoff, Pascal; Breuer, Timo; Schenkel, Ralf; Balke, Wolf-Tilo (2024).
• SimIIR 3: A Framework for the Simulation of Interactive and Conversational Information Retrieval. Azzopardi, Leif; Breuer, Timo; Engelmann, Björn; Kreutz, Christin; MacAvaney, Sean; Maxwell, David; Parry, Andrew; Roegiest, Adam; Wang, Xi; Zerhoudi, Saber in SIGIR-AP 2024 (2024). 197–202.

  Evaluating the interactions between users and systems presents many challenges. Simulation offers a reliable, re-usable, and repeatable methodology to explore how different users, user behaviours and/or retrieval systems impact performance. With Large Language Models and Generative AI now widely available and accessible, new affordances are possible. These allow researchers to create more ''realistic'' simulated users that can generate queries and judge items like humans, and to develop new retrieval systems where responses and interactions are conversational and based on retrieval augmented generation. This resource paper presents a community-led initiative to update the Simulation of Interactive Information Retrieval (SimIIR) Framework to enable the simulation of conversational search using LLMs. The largest update provides a conversational search workflow which involves a number of new possible interactions with a search system or agent -- enabling a host of new development and evaluation opportunities. Other developments include the Markovian Users, Cognitive States, LLM-based components for assessing snippets/documents/responses, generating queries, deciding on when to stop/continue, and PyTerrier integration. This paper aims to mark the release of SimIIR 3.0 and invites the community to build, extend, and use the resource.
• Are Emergent Abilities in Large Language Models just In-Context Learning?. Lu, Sheng; Bigoulaeva, Irina; Sachdeva, Rachneet; Tayyar Madabushi, Harish; Gurevych, Iryna L.-W. Ku, A. Martins, V. Srikumar (eds.) (2024). 5098–5139.

  Large language models, comprising billions of parameters and pre-trained on extensive web-scale corpora, have been claimed to acquire certain capabilities without having been specifically trained on them. These capabilities, referred to as textquotedblleftemergent abilities,textquotedblright have been a driving force in discussions regarding the potentials and risks of language models. A key challenge in evaluating emergent abilities is that they are confounded by model competencies that arise through alternative prompting techniques, including in-context learning, which is the ability of models to complete a task based on a few examples. We present a novel theory that explains emergent abilities, taking into account their potential confounding factors, and rigorously substantiate this theory through over 1000 experiments. Our findings suggest that purported emergent abilities are not truly emergent, but result from a combination of in-context learning, model memory, and linguistic knowledge. Our work is a foundational step in explaining language model performance, providing a template for their efficient use and clarifying the paradox of their ability to excel in some instances while faltering in others. Thus, we demonstrate that their capabilities should not be overestimated.
• A Toolkit for Measuring the Impacts of Public Funding on Open Source Software Development. Osborne, Cailean; Sharratt, Paul; Foster, Dawn; Boehm, Mirko (2024, November).

  Governments are increasingly employing funding for open source software (OSS) development as a policy lever to support the security of software supply chains, digital sovereignty, economic growth, and national competitiveness in science and innovation, among others. However, the impacts of public funding on OSS development remain poorly understood, with a lack of consensus on how to meaningfully measure them. This gap hampers assessments of the return on public investment and impedes the optimisation of public-interest funding strategies. We address this gap with a toolkit of methodological considerations that may inform such measurements, drawing on prior work on OSS valuations and community health metrics by the Community Health Analytics Open Source Software (CHAOSS) project as well as our first-hand learnings as practitioners tasked with evaluating funding programmes by the Next Generation Internet initiative and the Sovereign Tech Agency. We discuss salient considerations, including the importance of accounting for funding objectives, project life stage and social structure, and regional and organisational cost factors. Next, we present a taxonomy of potential social, economic, and technological impacts that can be both positive and negative, direct and indirect, internal (i.e. within a project) and external (i.e. among a project's ecosystem of dependents and users), and manifest over various time horizons. Furthermore, we discuss the merits and limitations of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, as well as options for and hazards of estimating multiplier effects. With this toolkit, we contribute to the multi-stakeholder conversation about the value and impacts of funding on OSS developers and society at large.
• Electrochemical degradation of molecularly imprinted polymers for future applications of inflammation sensing in cochlear implants. Nguyen, Minh-Hai; Onken, Adrian; Sündermann, Jan; Shamsuyeva, Madina; Singla, Pankaj; Depuydt, Tom; Peeters, Marloes; Wagner, Patrick; Bethmann, Konrad; Körner, Julia; Endres, Hans-Josef; Lenarz, Thomas; Doll, Theodor (2024). 9(23)
• Acoustic Emission Detection in Noisy Environments using Linear Prediction. Lange, Alexander; Xu, Ronghua; Fiedler, Max; Marx, Steffen; Ostermann, Jörn (2024).
• Detecting wire breaks in post-tensioned tendons of wind turbines: A signal energy spectrum analysis approach. Xu, Ronghua; Lange, Alexander; Fiedler, Max; Ostermann, Jörn; Marx, Steffen (2024).
• GTFormer: A Geospatial Temporal Transformer for Crowd Flow Prediction. Kodama, Sohei; Ando, Shin (2024). 167–176.
• A proteolytic AAA+ machine poised to unfold protein substrates. Ghanbarpour, Alireza; Sauer, Robert T; Davis, Joseph H (2024). 15(9681)
• Fast variance component analysis using large-scale ancestral recombination graphs. Zhu, Jiazheng; Kalantzis, Georgios; Pazokitoroudi, Ali; Gunnarsson, Árni Freyr; Loya, Hrushikesh; Chen, Han; Sankararaman, Sriram; Palamara, Pier Francesco (2024).

  Recent algorithmic advancements have enabled the inference of genome-wide ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) from genomic data in large cohorts. These inferred ARGs provide a detailed representation of genealogical relatedness along the genome and have been shown to complement genotype imputation in complex trait analyses by capturing the effects of unobserved genomic variants. An inferred ARG can be used to construct a genetic relatedness matrix, which can be leveraged within a linear mixed model for the analysis of complex traits. However, these analyses are computationally infeasible for large datasets. We introduce a computationally efficient approach, called ARG-RHE, to estimate narrow-sense heritability and perform region-based association testing using an ARG. ARG-RHE relies on scalable randomized algorithms to estimate variance components and assess their statistical significance, and can be applied to multiple quantitative traits in parallel. We conduct extensive simulations to verify the computational efficiency, statistical power, and robustness of this approach. We then apply it to detect associations between 21,374 genes and 52 blood-related traits, using an ARG inferred from genotype data of 337,464 individuals from the UK Biobank. In these analyses, combining ARG-based and imputation-based testing yields 8% more gene-trait associations than using imputation alone, suggesting that inferred genome-wide genealogies may effectively complement genotype imputation in the analysis of complex traits.Competing Interest StatementA.F.G. is currently employed by deCODE genetics.
• NEPS-Startkohorte 3: Klasse 5 (SC3 13.0.0). Artelt, Cordula; NEPS, National Educational Panel Study (2024).
• SegForestNet: Spatial-Partitioning-Based Aerial Image Segmentation. Gritzner, Daniel; Ostermann, Jörn (2024).
• WindGISKI: Using AI to Propose Areas Suitable for Building New Wind Turbines. Gritzner, Daniel; Peters-Erjawetz, Sandra; Fichter, Carsten; Ostermann, Jörn (2024).
• Intensification and shutdown of deep convection in the Labrador Sea were caused by changes in atmospheric and freshwater dynamics. Yashayaev, Igor (2024). 5(1) 156.

  Labrador Sea winter convection forms a cold, fresh and dense water mass, Labrador Sea Water, that sinks to the intermediate and deep layers and spreads across the ocean. Convective mixing undergoes multi-year cycles of intensification (deepening) and relaxation (shoaling), which have been also shown to modulate long-term changes in the atmospheric gas uptake by the sea. Here I analyze Argo float and ship-based observations to document the 2012-2023 convective cycle. I find that the highest winter cooling for the 1994-2023 period was in 2015, while the deepest convection for the 1996-2023 period was in 2018. Convective mixing continued to deepen after 2015 because the 2012-2015 winter mixing events preconditioned the water column to be susceptible to deep convection in three more years. The progressively intensified 2012-2018 winter convections generated the largest and densest class of Labrador Sea Water since 1995. Convection weakened afterwards, rapidly shoaling by 800thinspacem per year in the winters of 2021 and 2023. Distinct processes were responsible for these two convective shutdowns. In 2021, a collapse and an eastward shift of the stratospheric polar vortex, and a weakening and a southwestward shift of the Icelandic Low resulted in extremely low surface cooling and convection depth. In 2023, by contrast, convective shutdown was caused by extensive upper layer freshening originated from extreme Arctic sea-ice melt due to Arctic Amplification of Global Warming.
• Eight requirements: Making digital policy serve the public interest Blankertz, Aline; Kelch, Franziska (2023).

  For many years, Wikimedia Deutschland has been campaigning for policymakers to see digital policy also as social policy and ensure digitisation is serves the public interest. One of the aims of the current German federal government’s digital strategy is to make digital policy more oriented around public interest. But what does that mean for the political process and in terms of the outcome resulting from a digital-policy project? How is public interest firmly established for the long term? Drawing on perspectives from administration, associations, science, politics and business, Wikimedia Deutschland has developed eight requirements for public-interest-oriented digital policy. Digital-policy projects need to be measured on specific requirements. This enables them to be evaluated on the extent to which they contribute to public interest, and also highlights areas where there are still shortcomings. Public interest is incorporated into digital policy via the design process and via the impacts of projects. Catering to the changing notions of public interest also requires dynamic adjustment mechanisms.
• Sovereign Tech Fund: Evaluation Report Pilot Phase Groh, Adriana; Jach, Claudia; Wagner, Eileen; Shiah, Powen (2023).

  The Sovereign Tech Fund (STF) invests in the maintenance, improvement, and development of open digital base technologies that are in the public interest. The goal is to sustainably strengthen the open source ecosystem and empower the people behind the projects, focusing on security, resilience, and technological diversity. This report presents the findings from the pilot phase. The STF feasibility study outlined the need to test processes and validate assumptions in this initial phase. These include the processes for establishing the STF, as well as the selection and commissioning of the pilot projects.
• کتاب نانو ذرات الکترومغناطیسی (دکتر افشین رشید) Rashid, Afshin (2023). کتاب سبز.

  کتاب نانو ذرات الکترومغناطیسی نوشته‌ی افشین رشید، به شرح این مبحث از دنیای الکترونیک می‌پردازد. با استفاده از نانو ذرات در شرایط خاص می‌توان قطعات الکترونیکی تولید کرد. در بخشی از کتاب نانو ذرات الکترومغناطیسی می‌خوانیم نانو ذرات الکترو مغناطیسى به ذراتى کمتر از صدنانومتر گفته می‌شود که در حضور یک میدان مغناطیسى خارجى داراى خصوصیت هاى مغناطیسى هستند. ساده‌ترین ساختار نانو ذرات شامل یک هسته‌ى مغناطیسى (مثل آهن اکسید، نیکل و کبالت) و پوشش‌هاى غیر مغناطیسى گوناگون از ترکیب‌هاى شیمیایى در مواد نانو الکترومغناطیسى، مولکول‌ها و اتم‌هاى سازنده‌ى آن خاصیت مغناطیسى دارند. به بیان ساده‌تر عناصرى مانند آهن، کبالت، نیکل و آلیاژهاى آن‌ها که توسط آهنربا جذب می‌گردد، مواد نانو مغناطیسى نامیده می‌شود.
• O spahijskoj organizaciji u Bosanskom ejaletu u 17. stoljeću. Husić, Aladin (2023). (72) 58–71.
• Are emergent abilities of large language models a mirage?. Schaeffer, Rylan; Miranda, Brando; Koyejo, Sanmi in NIPS ’23 (2023). 55565–55581.

  Recent work claims that large language models display emergent abilities: abilities not present in smaller-scale models that are present in larger-scale models. What makes emergent abilities intriguing is two-fold: their sharpness, transitioning seemingly instantaneously from not present to present, and their unpredictability, appearing at seemingly unforeseeable model scales. Here, we present an alternative explanation for emergent abilities: for a particular task and model family, when analyzing fixed model outputs, emergent abilities appear due to the researcher's choice of metric rather than due to fundamental changes in models with scale. Specifically, nonlinear or discontinuous metrics produce seemingly emergent abilities, whereas linear or continuous metrics produce smooth, continuous, predictable changes in model performance. We present our alternative explanation in a simple mathematical model, then test it in three complementary ways: we (1) make, test and confirm three predictions on the effect of metric choice using the InstructGPT/GPT-3 family on tasks with claimed emergent abilities; (2) make, test and confirm two predictions about metric choices in a meta-analysis of emergent abilities on the Beyond the Imitation Game Benchmark (BIG-Bench); and (3) show how to choose metrics to produce never-before-seen seemingly emergent abilities in multiple vision tasks across diverse deep network architectures. Via all three analyses, we provide evidence that emergent abilities disappear with different metrics or with better statistics, and may not be a fundamental property of scaling AI models.
• Social engineering: how crowdmasters, phreaks, hackers, and trolls created a new form of manipulative communication Gehl, Robert W.; Lawson, Sean T. (2022). Cambridge, The MIT Press.

  Manipulative communication—from early twentieth-century propaganda to today's online con artistry—examined through the lens of social engineering. The United States is awash in manipulated information about everything from election results to the effectiveness of medical treatments. Corporate social media is an especially good channel for manipulative communication, with Facebook a particularly willing vehicle for it. In Social Engineering, Robert Gehl and Sean Lawson show that online misinformation has its roots in earlier techniques: mass social engineering of the early twentieth century and interpersonal hacker social engineering of the 1970s, converging today into what they call “masspersonal social engineering.” As Gehl and Lawson trace contemporary manipulative communication back to earlier forms of social engineering, possibilities for amelioration become clearer. The authors show how specific manipulative communication practices are a mixture of information gathering, deception, and truth-indifferent statements, all with the instrumental goal of getting people to take actions the social engineer wants them to. Yet the term “fake news,” they claim, reduces everything to a true/false binary that fails to encompass the complexity of manipulative communication or to map onto many of its practices. They pay special attention to concepts and terms used by hacker social engineers, including the hacker concept of “bullshitting,” which the authors describe as a truth-indifferent mix of deception, accuracy, and sociability. They conclude with recommendations for how society can undermine masspersonal social engineering and move toward healthier democratic deliberation.
• Sovereign Tech Fund: Feasibility Study to Examine a Funding Program for Open Digital Base Technologies as the Foundation for Innovation and Digital Sovereignty Groh, Adriana; Meyer, Katharina; Krakenbürger, Fiona; Wagner, Eileen (2021).

  As part of a feasibility study funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action, we examined the needs and possibilities for a funding program to strengthen open digital infrastructure. The idea for a fund is based, among other things, on Open Technology Funds Core Infrastructure Fund and can learn from this and the experiences from other programs, e.g. the Prototype Fund, and adopt already tested procedures. For the design of the Sovereign Tech Fund, numerous other existing programs were analyzed, interviews were conducted with developers and stakeholders in the open source ecosystem, and expert workshops were held.
• Material classification for fine powders. Froehlich, Kelly; Rodriguez, Edel (2021).

  Selecting the optimal classification technology requires a thorough knowledge of your material and the options available.
• NEPS Startkohorte 1 — Neugeborene Bildung von Anfang an. Artelt, Prof. Dr. Cordula (2021).
• MAPPING SCDL/BPEL TO ADA FOR FORMAL VERIFICATION OF THE BEHAVIORAL PROPERTIES OF SERVICE-COMPONENT ARCHITECTURE. Taoufik, Sakka Rouis; Tahar, Bhiri Mohamed; Mourad, Kmimech (2020). 9(1) 01–14.

  The Service Component Definition Language (SCDL) and the Web Service Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) are the standards de-facto used in the modeling and implementing of ServiceComponent Architecture (SCA). However, these powerful languages lack a formal foundation for the specification and verification of the SCA properties. In this study, the use of Wright formal ADL and Ada programming language was proposed to check the behavioral properties of SCDL/WS-BPEL ServiceComponent architectures. To achieve this, the mapping of SCDL/WS-BPEL to the Wright formal ADL was suggested in order to verify the standard behavioral consistency of the source description. As a second step, the target specification could be transformed into Ada to check the specific and dynamic behavioral properties of the SCDL/WS-BPEL source architecture.
• Evaluating Case Study and Action Research Reports: Real-world Research in Cybersecurity. Vrhovec, Simon; Fujs, Damjan; Jelovcan, Luka; Mihelic, Anze (2020). 26(7) 827–853.
• Exploring Fault Tolerance Strategies in Big Data Infrastructures and Their Impact on Processing Efficiency. Hazarika, Akaash Vishal; Shah, Mahak (2020). 102(5) 054322.
• Pharmacological ascorbate inhibits pancreatic cancer metastases via a peroxide-mediated mechanism. O’Leary, Brianne R.; Alexander, Matthew S.; Du, Juan; Moose, Devon L.; Henry, Michael D.; Cullen, Joseph J. (2020). 10(1) 17649.

  Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH−, high-dose, intravenous vitamin C) is cytotoxic to tumor cells in doses achievable in humans. Phase I studies in pancreatic cancer (PDAC) utilizing P-AscH− have demonstrated increases in progression free survival, suggesting a reduction in metastatic disease burden. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of P-AscH− on metastatic PDAC. Several in vitro and in vivo mechanisms involved in PDAC metastases were investigated following treatment with P-AscH−. Serum from PDAC patients in clinical trials with P-AscH− were tested for the presence and quantity of circulating tumor cell-derived nucleases. P-AscH− inhibited invasion, basement membrane degradation, decreased matrix metalloproteinase expression, as well as clonogenic survival and viability during exposure to fluid shear stress. In vivo, P-AscH− significantly decreased formation of ascites, tumor burden over time, circulating tumor cells, and hepatic metastases. Both in vitro and in vivo findings were reversed with the addition of catalase suggesting that the effect of P-AscH− on metastatic disease is mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Finally, P-AscH− decreased CTC-derived nucleases in subjects with stage IV PDAC in a phase I clinical trial. We conclude that P-AscH− attenuates the metastatic potential of PDAC and may prove to be effective for treating advanced disease.
• Authorization Framework for Medical Data. Madadevaiah, Geetha (2019). 11(3) 7–22.

  In this paper, the authors describe an approach for sharing sensitive medical data with the consent of the data owner. The framework builds on the advantages of the Semantic Web technologies and makes it secure and robust for sharing sensitive information in a controlled environment. The framework uses a combination of Role-Based and Rule-Based Access Policies to provide security to a medical data repository as per the FAIR guidelines. A lightweight ontologywas developed, to collect consent from the users indicating which part of their data they want to share with another user having a particular role. Here, the authors have considered the scenario of sharing the medical data by the owner of data, say the patient, with relevant persons such as physicians, researchers, pharmacist, etc. To prove this concept, the authors developed a prototype and validated using the Sesame OpenRDF Workbench with 202,908 triples and a consent graph stating consents per patient.
• Phase I study of high-dose ascorbic acid with mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer or gastric cancer. Wang, Feng; He, Ming-Ming; Wang, Zi-Xian; Li, Su; Jin, Ying; Ren, Chao; Shi, Si-Mei; Bi, Bing-Tian; Chen, Shuang-Zhen; Lv, Zhi-Da; Hu, Jia-Jia; Wang, Zhi-Qiang; Wang, Feng-Hua; Wang, De-Shen; Li, Yu-Hong; Xu, Rui-Hua (2019). 19(1) 460.

  Preclinical studies suggest synergistic effectiveness of ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) and cytotoxic agents in gastrointestinal malignancies. This phase 1 study aimed to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of AA combined with mFOLFOX6 or FOLFIRI regimens in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) or gastric cancer (mGC).
• High Dose Parenteral Ascorbate Inhibited Pancreatic Cancer Growth and Metastasis: Mechanisms and a Phase I/IIa study. Polireddy, Kishore; Dong, Ruochen; Reed, Gregory; Yu, Jun; Chen, Ping; Williamson, Stephen; Violet, Pierre-Christian; Pessetto, Ziyan; Godwin, Andrew K.; Fan, Fang; Levine, Mark; Drisko, Jeanne A.; Chen, Qi (2017). 7(1) 17188.

  Pancreatic cancer is among the most lethal cancers with poorly tolerated treatments. There is increasing interest in using high-dose intravenous ascorbate (IVC) in treating this disease partially because of its low toxicity. IVC bypasses bioavailability barriers of oral ingestion, provides pharmacological concentrations in tissues, and exhibits selective cytotoxic effects in cancer cells through peroxide formation. Here, we further revealed its anti-pancreatic cancer mechanisms and conducted a phase I/IIa study to investigate pharmacokinetic interaction between IVC and gemcitabine. Pharmacological ascorbate induced cell death in pancreatic cancer cells with diverse mutational backgrounds. Pharmacological ascorbate depleted cellular NAD+ preferentially in cancer cells versus normal cells, leading to depletion of ATP and robustly increased \($\alpha$\)-tubulin acetylation in cancer cells. While ATP depletion led to cell death, over-acetylated tubulin led to inhibition of motility and mitosis. Collagen was increased, and cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was inhibited, accompanied with inhibition in metastasis. IVC was safe in patients and showed the possibility to prolong patient survival. There was no interference to gemcitabine pharmacokinetics by IVC administration. Taken together, these data revealed a multi-targeting mechanism of pharmacological ascorbate's anti-cancer action, with minimal toxicity, and provided guidance to design larger definitive trials testing efficacy of IVC in treating advanced pancreatic cancer.
• A Blended-Experiential Learning Model: An Action Research Case Study. Lai, Ivan Ka Wai; Ng, Kwan-Keung; piu Fong, Joseph Shi in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, S. K. S. Cheung, L. for Kwok, W. W. K. Ma, L.-K. Lee, H. H. Yang (eds.) (2017). (Vol. 10309) 129–138.
• ARGON: fast, whole-genome simulation of the discrete time Wright-fisher process. Palamara, Pier Francesco (2016). 32(19) 3032–3034.

  Motivation: Simulation under the coalescent model is ubiquitous in the analysis of genetic data. The rapid growth of real data sets from multiple human populations led to increasing interest in simulat- ing very large sample sizes at whole-chromosome scales. When the sample size is large, the coales- cent model becomes an increasingly inaccurate approximation of the discrete time Wright-Fisher model (DTWF). Analytical and computational treatment of the DTWF, however, is generally harder. Results: We present a simulator (ARGON) for the DTWF process that scales up to hundreds of thou- sands of samples and whole-chromosome lengths, with a time/memory performance comparable or superior to currently available methods for coalescent simulation. The simulator supports arbi- trary demographic history, migration, Newick tree output, variable mutation/recombination rates and gene conversion, and efficiently outputs pairwise identical-by-descent sharing data. Availability: ARGON (version 0.1) is written in Java, open source, and freely available at https:// github.com/pierpal/ARGON
• Gaussian Probabilities and Expectation Propagation. Cunningham, John P.; Hennig, Philipp; Lacoste-Julien, Simon (2013).
• Sonic Hedgehog Signaling Inhibition Provides Opportunities for Targeted Therapy by Sulforaphane in Regulating Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Self-Renewal. Rodova, Mariana; Fu, Junsheng; Watkins, Dara Nall; Srivastava, Rakesh K.; Shankar, Sharmila (2012). 7(9) 1–10.

  Dysregulation of the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway has been associated with cancer stem cells (CSC) and implicated in the initiation of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic CSCs are rare tumor cells characterized by their ability to self-renew, and are responsible for tumor recurrence accompanied by resistance to current therapies. The lethality of these incurable, aggressive and invasive pancreatic tumors remains a daunting clinical challenge. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of Shh pathway in pancreatic cancer and to examine the molecular mechanisms by which sulforaphane (SFN), an active compound in cruciferous vegetables, inhibits self-renewal capacity of human pancreatic CSCs. Interestingly, we demonstrate here that Shh pathway is highly activated in pancreatic CSCs and plays important role in maintaining stemness by regulating the expression of stemness genes. Given the requirement for Hedgehog in pancreatic cancer, we investigated whether hedgehog blockade by SFN could target the stem cell population in pancreatic cancer. In an in vitro model, human pancreatic CSCs derived spheres were significantly inhibited on treatment with SFN, suggesting the clonogenic depletion of the CSCs. Interestingly, SFN inhibited the components of Shh pathway and Gli transcriptional activity. Interference of Shh-Gli signaling significantly blocked SFN-induced inhibitory effects demonstrating the requirement of an active pathway for the growth of pancreatic CSCs. SFN also inhibited downstream targets of Gli transcription by suppressing the expression of pluripotency maintaining factors (Nanog and Oct-4) as well as PDGFRα and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, SFN induced apoptosis by inhibition of BCL-2 and activation of caspases. Our data reveal the essential role of Shh-Gli signaling in controlling the characteristics of pancreatic CSCs. We propose that pancreatic cancer preventative effects of SFN may result from inhibition of the Shh pathway. Thus Sulforaphane potentially represents an inexpensive, safe and effective alternative for the management of pancreatic cancer.
• Principles for Conducting Critical Realist Case Study Research in Information Systems. Jr., Donald E. Wynn; Williams, Clay K. (2012). 36(3) 787–810.
• Case Study Research in Software Engineering - Guidelines and Examples. Runeson, Per; Höst, Martin; Rainer, Austen; Regnell, Björn (2012). I–XVIII, 1. Wiley.
• Relevance through Consortium Research? A Case Study. Otto, Boris; Österle, Hubert P. M. Alexander, M. Turpin, J. P. van Deventer (eds.) (2010). 41.
• Collaborative research in computer science education: a case study. Fitzgerald, Sue; Hanks, Brian; McCauley, Renée G. Lewandowski, S. A. Wolfman, T. J. Cortina, E. L. Walker (eds.) (2010). 305–309.
• What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK armed forces? A cohort study. Fear, Nicola T; Jones, Margaret; Murphy, Dominic; Hull, Lisa; Iversen, Amy C; Coker, Bolaji; Machell, Louise; Sundin, Josefin; Woodhead, Charlotte; Jones, Norman; Greenberg, Neil; Landau, Sabine; Dandeker, Christopher; Rona, Roberto J; Hotopf, Matthew; Wessely, Simon (2010). 375(9728) 1783–1797.

  BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised about the psychological effect of continued combat exposure and of repeated deployments. We examined the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of UK armed forces from 2003 to 2009, the effect of multiple deployments, and time since return from deployment. METHODS: We reassessed the prevalence of probable mental disorders in participants of our previous study (2003-05). We also studied two new randomly chosen samples: those with recent deployment to Afghanistan, and those who had joined the UK armed forces since April, 2003, to ensure that the final sample continued to be representative of the UK armed forces. Between November, 2007, and September, 2009, participants completed a questionnaire about their deployment experiences and health outcomes. FINDINGS: 9990 (56%) participants completed the study questionnaire (8278 regulars, 1712 reservists). The prevalence of probable post-traumatic stress disorder was 4.0% (95% CI 3.5-4.5; n=376), 19.7% (18.7-20.6; n=1908) for symptoms of common mental disorders, and 13.0% (12.2-13.8; n=1323) for alcohol misuse. Deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan was significantly associated with alcohol misuse for regulars (odds ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.02-1.46) and with probable post-traumatic stress disorder for reservists (2.83, 1.23-6.51). Regular personnel in combat roles were more likely than were those in support roles to report probable post-traumatic stress disorder (1.87, 1.26-2.78). There was no association with number of deployments for any outcome. There was some evidence for a small increase in the reporting of probable post-traumatic stress disorder with time since return from deployment in regulars (1.13, 1.03-1.24). INTERPRETATION: Symptoms of common mental disorders and alcohol misuse remain the most frequently reported mental disorders in UK armed forces personnel, whereas the prevalence of probable post-traumatic stress disorder was low. These findings show the importance of continued health surveillance of UK military personnel. FUNDING: UK Ministry of Defence.
• Guidelines for conducting and reporting case study research in software engineering. Runeson, Per; Höst, Martin (2009). 14(2) 131–164.

  Abstract Case study is a suitable research methodology for software engineering research since it studies contemporary phenomena in its natural context. However, the understanding of what constitutes a case study varies, and hence the quality of the resulting studies. This paper aims at providing an introduction to case study methodology and guidelines for researchers conducting case studies and readers studying reports of such studies. The content is based on the authors’ own experience from conducting and reading case studies. The terminology and guidelines are compiled from different methodology handbooks in other research domains, in particular social science and information systems, and adapted to the needs in software engineering. We present recommended practices for software engineering case studies as well as empirically derived and evaluated checklists for researchers and readers of case study research.
• Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods) Yin, Robert K. (2008). (Fourth Edition. ) Sage Publications.
• Action research on collaborative design : A case study. Lee, Lai-Chung; Wei, Whei-Jane (2008). 110–115.
• Exploratory Case Study Research on Web Accessibility. Leitner, Marie-Luise; Strauss, Christine in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, K. Miesenberger, J. Klaus, W. L. Zagler, A. I. Karshmer (eds.) (2008). (Vol. 5105) 490–497.
• On the Replication of Positivist Case Study Research. Riedl, René H. Österle, J. Schelp, R. Winter (eds.) (2007). 1515–1526.
• Checklists for Software Engineering Case Study Research. Host, M.; Runeson, P. (2007). 479–481.

  Case study is an important research methodology for software engineering. We have identified the need for checklists supporting researchers and reviewers in conducting and reviewing case studies. We derived checklists for researchers and reviewers respectively, using systematic qualitative procedures. Based on nine sources on case studies, checklists are derived and validated, and hereby presented for further use and improvement.
• Checklists for Software Engineering Case Study Research. Höst, Martin; Runeson, Per (2007). 479–481.
• Case study research : Principles and practices Gerring, John (2007). x, 265 p. Cambridge University Press, New York.

  Case Study Research: Principles and Practices aims to provide a general understanding of the case study method as well as specific tools for its successful implementation. These tools can be utilized in all fields where the case study method is prominent, including business, anthropology, communications, economics, education, medicine, political science, social work, and sociology. Topics include the definition of a 'case study,' the strengths and weaknesses of this distinctive method, strategies for choosing cases, an experimental template for understanding research design, and the role of singular observations in case study research. It is argued that a diversity of approaches - experimental, observational, qualitative, quantitative, ethnographic - may be successfully integrated into case study research. This book breaks down traditional boundaries between qualitative and quantitative, experimental and nonexperimental, positivist and interpretivist.
• Five Misunderstandings About Case-Study Research. Flyvbjerg, Bent (2006). 12(2) 219–245.

  This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.
• Designing a Case Study Protocol for Application in IS Research. Maimbo, Hilangwa; Pervan, Graham (2005). 106.
• Field research in HCI: a case study. Wong, B. L. William; Blandford, Ann E. A. Kemp, C. Phillips, B. L. W. Wong (eds.) (2003). 69–74.
• Critical Appraisal Guidelines for Single Case Study Research. Atkins, Clare; Sampson, Jennifer S. Wrycza (ed.) (2002). 100–109.
• A Set of Principles for Conducting and Evaluating Interpretive Field Studies in Information Systems. Klein, H.K.; Myers, M.D. (1999). 23(1) 67–93.

  This article discusses the conduct and evaluation of interpretive research in information systems. While the conventions for evaluating information systems case studies conducted according to the natural science model of social science are now widely accepted, this is not the case for interpretive field studies. A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale. The usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three published interpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature. The intention of the paper is to further reflection and debate on the important subject of grounding interpretive research methodology.
• Case Study Research in Educational Settings. Bassey, M. (1999).
• The infeasibility of invariant laws in management studies: A reflective dialogue in defense of case studies. Numagami, Tsuyoshi (1998). 9(1) 2–15.

  The author questions the possibility of establishing invariant laws for social phenomena and presents an argument for the case study method. Despite the many alleged advantages of the case study method, its validity remains in doubt. Various concepts and techniques have been developed to make the method rigorous enough to meet the stringent criteria of nomothetical social science, but it often fails to meet two of them: (1) reliability and replicability, and (2) external validity. Those two criteria can be met only when social researchers find an invariant law. The author examines whether those two criteria are really necessary and attempts to clarify the conditions under which they are relevant, that is, the conditions under which an invariant law can be discovered in social phenomena. He argues that the conditions are so stringent that the search for an invariant law should not be the main objective of management studies, and he contends that reliability/replicability and external validity are irrelevant not only for the case study, but for any method of management studies. Without those two criteria, the validity of the case study can be forcefully reasserted. The author concludes by suggesting that serious consideration be given to whether the objective of management studies should be changed from a search for invariant laws of practical use to the encouragement of reflective dialogue in society.
• Toward Better Case Study Research. MacNealy, M.S. (1997). 40(3) 182–196.
• Case study research: a multi-faceted research approach for IS. Cavaye, Angèle L. M. (1996). 6(3) 227–242.
• The Art of Case Study Research Stake, R.E. (1995). Sage Publications Inc.
• Building Theories From Case Study Research. Eisenhardt, Kathleen M. (1989). 14(4) 532–550.

  This paper describes the process of inducting theory using case studies-from specifying the research questions to reaching closure. Some features of the process, such as problem definition and construct validation, are similar to hypothesis-testing research. Others, such as within-case analysis and replication logic, are unique to the inductive, case-oriented process. Overall, the process described here is highly iterative and tightly linked to data. This research approach is especially appropriate in new topic areas. The resultant theory is often novel, testable, and empirically valid. Finally, framebreaking insights, the tests of good theory (e.g., parsimony, logical coherence), and convincing grounding in the evidence are the key criteria for evaluating this type of research.
• Humanisme de l’Autre Homme Lévinas, Emmanuel (1972). LGF/Le Livre de Poche, [Montpellier].
• Le symbolisme dans les récits visionnaires d’Avicenne. Corbin, Henry (1955).
• Popis bosanskih spahija iz 1123. (1711.) godine. Skarić Vladislav (1930). 42(2) 1–99.