Im Rahmen der MHP Lab – A Porsche Company First Tuesday Veranstaltung mit dem Themenschwerpunkt “Mobility as a Service – don’t hesitate to cooperate!” (www.mhp.com/de/first-tuesday) hat die PROJEKTIONISTEN GmbH mit ihrer Mobilitätsmarke 1KLANG (www.1klang.mobi) an einem Stand und in Pitch und Podiumsdiskussion u.a. auch das Projekt Data4UrbanMobility vorgestellt. Somit konnten Einblicke in die Forschung rund um Data4UrbanMobility ermöglicht und interessierten Besuchern der Veranstaltung Fragen rund um die Mobilitätsforschung beantwortet werden.
Es konnten diverse Aspekte aus dem Portfolio des Urban Mobility Assistance (UMA) (www.urbanmobilityassistance.de), einem App Portfolio auf Basis von Entwicklungen der Wolfsburg AG und 1KLANG gezeigt werden. Hierin werden u.a. die Erkenntnisse aus D4UM zu Incentivierung und Community einfliessen. Ebenso konnte auch die Mobilitäts-App D4UM gezeigt werden, über welche Reiseauskünfte, Veranstaltungen und weitere nützliche Features für den Endnutzer abgerufen werden.
Auch die MiC-App (Move in the City) wurde gezeigt, welche als ein Cititzen Science Projekt weitere Daten über Tracking dem D4UM Projekt Daten zur Verfügung stellen kann. Hier sind in interessanten Diskussionen Möglichkeiten der Kooperation mit dem finnischen Unternehmen MOPRIM (www.moprim.com) erörtert worden.

• Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are pivotal for nations’ economic sustainability. Therefore, they need support in their development to withstand increasing global market pressure. This research aims to design a co-opetition platform tailored to the unique needs of SMEs to support hyperautomation and enhance resilience. It fosters an environment where companies share knowledge and resources while simultaneously competing to outperform others. Moreover, the platform itself provides assistance through integrated functionalities. This research employs a Design Science Research approach, combining a literature review and workshops to extend entrepreneurial capabilities for sustainable development and innovation. We grounded thirteen design requirements according to the barriers to hyperautomation from existing academic discourse and practice feedback. Subsequently, we derived five design principles as groundwork. Finally, nine pertinent design features for the prototypically implemented platform were developed that align with the dynamic capability theory. We evaluated the results using qualitative interviews (n=7) and a quantitative survey (n=117). The study’s findings indicate a necessity among local SMEs for inter-organizational exchange and knowledge transfer. Platform’s features, including knowledge and inspiration hub, potential detector, matching and sharing ground, are highly rated, offering SMEs a promising path to hyperautomation and resilience.
• Continuous Earth Observation of Forest Dynamics and Biodiversity. Herbst, Nikolas; Kortmann, Mareike; Jaggy, Niklas; Thonfeld, Frank; Abad, Christina; Künzer, Claudia; Müller, Jörg; Kounev, Samuel (2025).
• Managed forests are a stronghold of non‐native beetles in Europe. Basile, Marco; Lachat, Thibault; Balducci, Lorenzo; Chianucci, Francesco; Chojnacki, Lucas; Archaux, Frédéric; Avtzis, Dimitrios; Bouget, Christophe; De Smedt, Pallieter; Doerfler, Inken; Dumas, Yann; Elek, Zoltán; Gosselin, Marion; Gossner, Martin; Heilmann‐Clausen, Jacob; Hofmeister, Jeňýk; Hošek, Jan; Janssen, Philippe; Just Justesen, Mathias; Hansen, Aslak Kappel; Schmidt, Inger Kappel; Kepfer‐Rojas, Sebastian; Mårell, Anders; Matula, Radim; Müller, Jörg; Nordén, Björn; Ódor, Péter; Paillet, Yoan; Ravera, Sonia; Sitzia, Tommaso; Tinya, Flóra; Burrascano, Sabina; Brockerhoff, Eckehard G. (2025).
• Continuous Earth Observation of Forest Dynamics and Biodiversity. Herbst, Nikolas; Kortmann, Mareike; Jaggy, Niklas; Thonfeld, Frank; Abad, Christina; Künzer, Claudia; Müller, Jörg; Kounev, Samuel (2025).
• Reply to: Weather anomalies cannot explain insect decline. Müller, Jörg; Hothorn, Torsten; Yuan, Ye; Seibold, Sebastian; Mitesser, Oliver; Rothacher, Julia; Freund, Julia; Wild, Clara; Wolz, Marina; Menzel, Annette (2025). 639(8054) E12-E13.
• Reassembly of a tropical rainforest: A new chronosequence in the Chocó tested with the recovery of tree attributes. Escobar, Sebastián; Newell, Felicity L.; Endara, María‐José; Guevara‐Andino, Juan E.; Landim, Anna R.; Neuschulz, Eike Lena; Hausmann, Ronja; Müller, Jörg; Pedersen, Karen M.; Schleuning, Matthias; Tremlett, Constance J.; Villa‐Galaviz, Edith; Schaefer, H. Martin; Donoso, David A.; Blüthgen, Nico (2025). 16(2)
• Internal in-frame translation generates Cas11b, which is important for effective interference in an archaeal CRISPR-Cas system. Sailer, A-L.; Brendel, J.; Chernev, A.; König, S.; Bischler, T.; Gräfenhan, T.; Urlaub, H.; Gophna, U.; Marchfelder, A. (2025). 16

  CRISPR-Cas is a sophisticated defence system used by bacteria and archaea to fend off invaders. CRISPR-Cas systems vary in their Cas protein composition and have therefore been divided into different classes and types. Type I systems of bacteria have been shown to contain the small protein Cas11 as part of the interference complex known as Cascade. Here we show for the first time that an archaeal CRISPR-Cas type I-B system also contains a homolog of Cas11. The Cas11b protein, encoded by the cas8b gene in Haloferax volcanii, represents the first known case of an internal in-frame translation of an archaeal protein. Translation initiation at an internal methionine of the cas8b open reading frame results in synthesis of Cas11b. Cas11b is required for an effective CRISPR-Cas interference reaction, and in its absence fewer Cascade complexes are formed. Comparison of transcriptomes from wild type and a Cas11b-less strain shows that the depletion of Cas11b also results in differential transcript abundance of many genes, presumably affecting their regulation. Taken together, Cas11b is important for the defence reaction of the type I-B CRISPR-Cas system and seems to play an additional cellular role.
• Functional genomics of Campylobacter-host interactions in an intestinal tissue model reveals a small lipoprotein essential for flagellar assembly. Alzheimer, Mona; Froschauer, Kathrin; Svensson, Sarah L.; Koenig, Fabian; Hopp, Evelyne; Drobnic, Tina; Henderson, Louie D; Ribardo, Deborah A.; Hendrixson, David R.; Bischler, Thorsten; Beeby, Morgan; Sharma, Cynthia M. (2025).

  Campylobacter jejuni is currently the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. However, its genome provides few clues about how it interacts with the host. Moreover, infection screens have often been limited to classical cell culture or animal models. To identify C. jejuni genes involved in host cell interactions, we applied transposon sequencing in a humanized 3D intestinal infection model based on tissue engineering. This revealed key proteins required for host cell adherence and/or internalization, including an Rrf2 family transcriptional regulator as well as three so far uncharacterized genes (pflC/Cj1643, pflD/Cj0892c, pflE/Cj0978c), which we demonstrate to encode factors essential for motility. Deletion mutants of pflC/D/E are non-motile but retain intact, paralysed flagella filaments. We demonstrate that two of these newly identified motility proteins, PflC and PflD, are components of the C. jejuni periplasmic disk structures of the high torque motor. The third gene, pflE, encodes a small protein of only 57 aa. Using CryoET imaging we uncovered that the small protein has a striking effect on motor biogenesis, leading to a complete loss of the flagellar disk and motor structures upon its deletion. While PflE does not appear to be a structural component of the motor itself, our data suggests that it is a lipoprotein and supports localization of the main basal disk protein FlgP, which is the first assembly step of the flagellar disk structure. Despite being annotated as a lipoprotein, we find that C. jejuni FlgP instead relies on PflE for its association with the outer membrane. Overall, our genome-wide screen revealed novel C. jejuni host interaction factors including a transcriptional regulator as well as two structural components and a small protein crucial for biogenesis of the C. jejuni high torque flagella motor. Since the flagella machinery is a critical virulence determining factor for C. jejuni, our work demonstrates how such a small protein can, quite literally, bring a bacterial pathogen to a halt.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.
• Distortion of the CMB spectrum by the first molecules of the Dark Ages. Kulinich, Yurii; Novosyadlyj, Bohdan (2025).
• Broad geographic dispersal is not a diversification driver for Emberizoidea. Arango, Axel; Pinto-Ledezma, Jesús; Rojas-Soto, Octavio; Villalobos, Fabricio (2025). 292(2039)
• Formal Abstraction & Interface Layer for Application Development in Automation-Focussed Distributed Systems Ramji, Vivek (2025). (Vol. 17)

  This paper presents a novel, formal language semantics and an abstraction layer for developing application code focussed on running on agents or nodes of a multi-node distributed system aimed at providing any IoT service, automation, control or monitoring in the physical environment. The proposed semantics are rigorously validated by K-Framework alongside a simulation with code produced using the said semantics. Furthermore, the paper proposes a clocking strategy for systems built on the framework, potential conflict resolution designs and their trade-offs, adherence to CAP Theorem and verification of the atomic semantic using Fischer’s Protocol. A negative test-case experiment is also included to verify the correctness of the atomic semantic.
• Optimizing Data Interoperability in Agile Organizations: Integrating Nonaka’s Ba and Habermas’s Deliberation for Trust-Based Knowledge Management. Özdemir, Marina (2025). 17(2) 1–15.

  Agile methodologies have transformed organizational management by prioritizing team autonomy and iterative learning cycles. However, these approaches often lack structured mechanisms for knowledge retention and interoperability, leading to fragmented decision-making, information silos, and strategic misalignment. This study proposes an alternative approach to knowledge management in Agile environments by integrating Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi’s theory of knowledge creation— specifically the concept of Ba, a shared space where knowledge is created and validated—with Jürgen Habermas’s Theory of Communicative Action, which emphasizes deliberation as the foundation for trust and legitimacy in organizational decision-making. To operationalize this integration, we propose the Deliberative Permeability Metric (DPM), a diagnostic tool that evaluates knowledge flow and the deliberative foundation of organizational decisions, and the Communicative Rationality Cycle (CRC), a structured feedback model that extends the DPM, ensuring long-term adaptability and data governance. This model was applied at Livelo, a Brazilian loyalty program company, demonstrating that structured deliberation improves operational efficiency and reduces knowledge fragmentation. The findings indicate that institutionalizing deliberative processes strengthens knowledge interoperability, fostering a more resilient and adaptive approach to data governance in complex organizations.
• Female moths call in vain: streetlights diminish the promise of mating. Storms, Mona; Degen, Tobias; Degen, Jacqueline (2025).

  Artificial light at night has increased significantly in recent decades, profoundly impacting moths, which are key contributors to pollination networks. The global shift to light-emitting diode (LED) streetlights has further transformed the nocturnal light environment, especially because of their high variability in spectrum and intensity. However, the impact on moths' mating success remains poorly understood, highlighting the urgent need to investigate their behavioural responses. We recorded the flight behaviour of male moths (Sphinx ligustri L.) using a symmetrical flight tunnel. Two different light environments, homogeneous and heterogeneous, with a female positioned on one side of the tunnel, were used to test in different combinations the effect of LEDs (Amber, Warm white and Neutral white) and intensities (0.05, 150, 370 and 590 lux) on arrival location, flight duration and direction changes of males. In a homogeneous light environment, all tested LEDs significantly reduced the arrival frequency of males at the females compared with a dim light condition, demonstrating that streetlight negatively affects encounter rates. However, neither flight duration nor direction changes were significantly affected. In a heterogeneous light environment, the highest proportion of males was able to reach the females in the presence of Warm white (2200 K), indicating that Amber (1800 K) may not be a universal solution for mitigating the negative effects of artificial light. Both flight duration and direction changes were significantly reduced for Neutral white (3900 K) compared with Warm white, concluding that this LED type induced fast and directed flights towards the light source. Interestingly, light intensity did not significantly affect any of the analysed parameters. Statement of significance: The presence of light drastically reduced the probability of males reaching the females. Furthermore, LEDs with the lowest correlated colour temperature (CCT) were not the ones leading to the highest promise of mating success, indicating that the spectrum of an LED might have an optimum. As LED efficiency decreases with lower CCT values this finding is of crucial importance when considering the indirect effects of light pollution, such as the CO2 footprint, when developing lighting strategies as minimally disruptive as possible.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms Are Used to Detect and Prevent Cyber Threats as Well as Their Potential Impact on the Future of Cybersecurity Practices. Amin, Md Al (2025).
• Order up! Multimodal Interaction Techniques for Notifications in Augmented Reality. Plabst, Lucas; Niebling, Florian; Oberdörfer, Sebastian; Ortega, Francisco (2025).

  As augmented reality (AR) headsets become increasingly integrated into professional and social settings, a critical challenge emerges: how can users effectively manage and interact with the frequent notifications they receive? With adults receiving nearly 200 notifications daily on their smartphones, which serve as primary computing devices for many, translating this interaction to AR systems is paramount. Unlike traditional devices, AR systems augment the physical world, requiring interaction techniques that blend seamlessly with real-world behaviors. This study explores the complexities of multimodal interaction with notifications in AR. We investigated user preferences, usability, workload, and performance during a virtual cooking task, where participants managed customer orders while interacting with notifications. Various interaction techniques were tested: Point and Pinch, Gaze and Pinch, Point and Voice, Gaze and Voice, and Touch. Our findings reveal significant impacts on workload, performance, and usability based on the interaction method used. We identify key issues in multimodal interaction and offer guidance for optimizing these techniques in AR environments.
• Detection of Dyslexia and Dyscalculia in Children Jonathan, Jawahar; K, Bharathi (2025).
• Major abnormalities of the electrocardiogram and cardiovascular risk in a medium and high-risk Mediterranean population. Pou Bordoy, Joan; Leiva, Alfonso; Albendín Ariza, Maria José; Llanos, Roberto Elosúa; Rigo Carratalà, Fernando; Romaguera, Dora; Salas-Salvadó, Jordi; Babio, Nancy; Martinez-González, Miguel Angel; Toledo, Estefanía; Fitó, Montserrat; Aros, Fernando; Estruch, Ramon; Fiol Sala, Miquel (2025). 164(6) 277–286.

  INTRODUCTION: Major electrocardiogram abnormalities (MECG) are common in middle-aged and older individuals and could be an important factor in predicting cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the association between MECG (Minnesota classification) and CVE independently of classic cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), and to assess whether they improve the prediction according to the Spanish Coronary Event Risk Function (FRESCO). METHOD: 1.752 participants included in three nodes of the PREDIMED study aged between 55 and 80 years with medium or high CVRF. Mean follow-up time was 5.1 years. Cumulative CVE incidence was estimated by sex with and without MECG, and hazard ratios by sex were estimated using multivariate Cox regressions adjusted for randomization group and CCRF (FRESCO). Harrel's C Indices, Nam d'Agostino, Net Reclassification Improvement, and Integrated Discrimination Improvement were calculated. RESULTS: At baseline, 25% of the participants shows major electrocardiogram abnormalities (AMECG). During follow-up, there were 112 cardiovascular events (16 cardiovascular deaths, 15 acute myocardial infarctions, 38 anginas, 43 strokes). MECG were significantly associated with the onset of CVE. In men, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) criteria were associated with T-wave inversion (HR: 17.88, 95% CI: 5.51-58.03, pvalor<.001) and QT interval prolongation (HR: 2.41, 95% CI: 1.38-4.21, pvalor=.002); in women, atrial fibrillation (HR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.76-18.72, pvalor=.006) and ST-segment depression (HR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.36-7.71, pvalor<.001) were associated. No significant improvement in MECG prediction compared to FRESCO was observed. CONCLUSIONS: MECG are independently associated with the occurrence of CVE, but do not improve risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors.
• On the Alignment of Post-Publication Reviews & Bibliometric and Altmetric Impact -- A Case Study on Expert Statements from the Science Media Center Germany. Tunger, Dirk; Schaer, Philipp (2025).
• Distortion of the CMB spectrum by the first molecules of the Dark Ages. Kulinich, Yurii; Novosyadlyj, Bohdan (2025).
• Supramolecular Engineering of Narrow Absorption Bands by Exciton Coupling in Pristine and Mixed Solid-State Dye Aggregates. Schembri, Tim; Albert, Julius; Hebling, Hendrik; Stepanenko, Vladimir; Anhalt, Olga; Shoyama, Kazutaka; Stolte, Matthias; Würthner, Frank (2025). 11(3) 452–464.

  Tunability of functional properties in a continuous manner is desired but challenging to accomplish for organic solid-state materials. Herein, we describe a method for tuning optoelectronic properties of solid-state aggregates with narrow absorption bands. First, we systematically shift the absorption maxima of highly dipolar merocyanine dyes in solution by chemical alterations of their chromophore cores. This leaves their solid-state packing arrangements unchanged, affording similar J- and H-coupled aggregate absorption bands at different wavelengths. Next, mixing these isostructural dyes leads to a spectral fine-tuning of the mixed layers, which could be characterized as crystalline organic solid solutions and utilized in narrowband color-selective organic photodiodes. Finally, we devise a semiempirical model, which explains the observed spectral tuning in terms of the molecular exciton theory. Thus, we demonstrate narrowband absorbing solid-state aggregates spanning the wavelength range of 437–760 nm, whose absorption can be fine-tuned over 40% of the visible light range.
• Unveiling the spatio-temporal patterns of vegetation growth influenced by diverse urban intensity gradients. Zhong, Jing; Liu, Jiafeng; Jiao, Limin; Geiß, Christian; Droin, Ariane; Taubenböck, Hannes (2025). 112

  Urban vegetation plays a pivotal role in mitigating environmental challenges, yet its growth is influenced by both positive and negative impacts of urbanization. The spatio-temporal dynamics of these dual effects, particularly the indirect benefits, remain insufficiently explored. Taking Chengdu as a case study, we applied two complementary urban intensity gradients, a conceptual (local) and a physical (rural-urban) approach, to quantify urbanization's impacts on vegetation, as measured by net primary productivity (NPP), and to investigate temporal and spatial variations. Both approaches indicate that urbanization initially has a negative effect on vegetation, but transitions to positive impact as overall urban intensity increases. The conceptual gradient analysis demonstrates a marked temporal increase in positive indirect effect, rising from 0.99 % in 2000 to 49.51 % in 2010 and reaching 85.15 % in 2018, highlighting significant temporal variability in vegetation enhancement. Meanwhile, the physical gradient reveals pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with stable and prominent indirect compensation effects in suburban areas compared to urban cores. These findings deepen the understanding of urban vegetation dynamics and provide valuable guidance for targeted vegetation management and sustainable urban planning.
• Server Energy Efficiency Benchmarks. von Kistowski, J’oakim; Meißner, Maximilian; Lange, Klaus-Dieter; Arnold, Jeremy A. (2025). 247–265.

  This chapter starts by introducing the fundamentals of power and efficiency measurements and then describes a power and performance benchmark methodology developed by the SPECpower committee for commodity servers. It is designed to characterize and rate the energy efficiency of a system under test for multiple load levels, showcasing load level differences in system behavior regarding energy efficiency. The methodology was first implemented in the SPECpower_ssj 2008 benchmark and later extended with more workloads, metrics, and other application areas for the SPEC Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT) suite. The SERT suite was developed to fill the need for a rating tool that can be utilized by government agencies in their regulatory programs, for example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the use in their ENERGY STAR program for servers.
• Server Energy Efficiency Benchmarks. von Kistowski, J’oakim; Meißner, Maximilian; Lange, Klaus-Dieter; Arnold, Jeremy A. (2025). 247–265.

  This chapter starts by introducing the fundamentals of power and efficiency measurements and then describes a power and performance benchmark methodology developed by the SPECpower committee for commodity servers. It is designed to characterize and rate the energy efficiency of a system under test for multiple load levels, showcasing load level differences in system behavior regarding energy efficiency. The methodology was first implemented in the SPECpower_ssj 2008 benchmark and later extended with more workloads, metrics, and other application areas for the SPEC Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT) suite. The SERT suite was developed to fill the need for a rating tool that can be utilized by government agencies in their regulatory programs, for example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the use in their ENERGY STAR program for servers.
• Collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Strongly Eddying Ocean-Only Model. van Westen, René M.; Kliphuis, Michael; Dijkstra, Henk A. (2025). 52(6) e2024GL114532.

  Abstract A collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) under a quasi-equilibrium freshwater forcing has now been found in a hierarchy of ocean-climate models and up to a fully-coupled climate model, the Community Earth System Model (CESM). However, the effects of eddies on the ocean flows are represented in a highly idealized way in the CESM and it is unknown how these affect AMOC stability. Here, we show results of the first quasi-equilibrium hosing simulation with a strongly eddying ocean-only model in which the AMOC collapses. By comparing these results to those of a companion non-eddying simulation with the same model, it is found that eddies are able to maintain a weak (∼ \\($\sim \$\)5 Sv) AMOC flow in the collapsed state. In addition, we find that the AMOC induced freshwater transport at 34° \\($^\circ\$\)S is a reliable physics-based early warning indicator for the onset of the AMOC collapse.
• Server Energy Efficiency Benchmarks. von Kistowski, J’oakim; Meißner, Maximilian; Lange, Klaus-Dieter; Arnold, Jeremy A. (2025). 247–265.

  This chapter starts by introducing the fundamentals of power and efficiency measurements and then describes a power and performance benchmark methodology developed by the SPECpower committee for commodity servers. It is designed to characterize and rate the energy efficiency of a system under test for multiple load levels, showcasing load level differences in system behavior regarding energy efficiency. The methodology was first implemented in the SPECpower_ssj 2008 benchmark and later extended with more workloads, metrics, and other application areas for the SPEC Server Efficiency Rating Tool (SERT) suite. The SERT suite was developed to fill the need for a rating tool that can be utilized by government agencies in their regulatory programs, for example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the use in their ENERGY STAR program for servers.
• Continuous Earth Observation of Forest Dynamics and Biodiversity. Herbst, Nikolas; Kortmann, Mareike; Jaggy, Niklas; Thonfeld, Frank; Abad, Christina; Künzer, Claudia; Müller, Jörg; Kounev, Samuel (2025).
• Efficacy and safety of clopidogrel versus aspirin monotherapy in patients at high risk of subsequent cardiovascular event after percutaneous coronary intervention (SMART-CHOICE 3): a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial. Choi, Ki Hong; Park, Yong Hwan; Lee, Jong-Young; Jeong, Jin-Ok; Kim, Chan Joon; Yun, Kyeong Ho; Lee, Han Cheol; Chang, Kiyuk; Park, Mahn-Won; Bae, Jang-Whan; Doh, Joon-Hyung; Cho, Byung Ryul; Kim, Hee-Yeol; Kim, Weon; Kim, Ung; Rha, Seung-Woon; Hong, Young Joon; Lee, Hyun-Jong; Ahn, Sung Gyun; Kim, Doo-Il; Cho, Jang Hyun; Her, Sung Ho; Jeon, Doo Soo; Han, Seung Hwan; Lee, Jin-Bae; Lee, Cheol Whan; Kang, Danbee; Lee, Joo Myung; Park, Taek Kyu; Yang, Jeong Hoon; Lee, Soo-Youn; Choi, Seung-Hyuk; Gwon, Hyeon-Cheol; Song, Young Bin; Hahn, Joo-Yong (2025).
• Hint of \($r\simeq 0.01$\) after DESI DR2 ?. Wang, Hao; Piao, Yun-Song (2025).
• Functional traits mediate the effect of land use on drivers of community stability within and across trophic levels. Sperandii, Marta Gaia; Bazzichetto, Manuele; Götzenberger, Lars; Moretti, Marco; Achury, Rafael; Blüthgen, Nico; Fischer, Markus; Hölzel, Norbert; Klaus, Valentin H.; Kleinebecker, Till; Neff, Felix; Prati, Daniel; Bolliger, Ralph; Seibold, Sebastian; Simons, Nadja K.; Staab, Michael; Weisser, Wolfgang W.; de Bello, Francesco; Gossner, Martin M. (2025). 11(4)
• Clopidogrel use in chronic coronary syndrome: a fragile lifelong choice. Rossello, Xavier; Kristensen, Anna Meta Dyrvig (2025).
• Infusion of young donor plasma components in older patients modifies the immune and inflammatory response to surgical tissue injury: a randomized clinical trial. Gaudilliere, Brice; Xue, Lei; Tsai, Amy S.; Gao, Xiaoxiao; McAllister, Tiffany N.; Tingle, Martha; Porras, Gladys; Feinstein, Igor; Feyaerts, Dorien; Verdonk, Franck; Sabayev, Maximilian; Hedou, Julien; Ganio, Edward A.; Berson, Eloïse; Becker, Martin; Espinosa, Camilo; Kim, Yeasul; Lehallier, Benoit; Rawner, Esther; Feng, Chunmiao; Amanatullah, Derek F.; Huddleston, James I.; Goodman, Stuart B.; Aghaeepour, Nima; Angst, Martin S. (2025). 23(1)
• AI and the Extended Workday: Productivity, Contracting Efficiency, and Distribution of Rents. Jiang, Wei; Park, Junyoung; Xiao, Rachel; Zhang, Shen (2025, February).

  This study investigates how occupational AI exposure impacts employment at the intensive margin, i.e., the length of workdays and the allocation of time between work and leisure. Drawing on individual-level time diary data from 2004–2023, we find that higher AI exposure—whether stemming from the ChatGPT shock or broader AI evolution—is associated with longer work hours and reduced leisure time, primarily due to AI complementing human labor rather than replacing it. This effect is particularly pronounced in contexts where AI significantly enhances marginal productivity and monitoring efficiency. It is further amplified in competitive labor and product markets, where workers have limited bargaining power to retain the benefits of productivity gains, which are often captured by consumers or firms instead. The findings question the expectation that technological advancements alleviate human labor burdens, revealing instead a paradox where such progresses compromise work-life balance.
• KI in der Robotik. Flexible und anpassbare Systeme durch interaktives Lernen. Beyerer, J.; Kirchner, E.; Andre, E.; Behnke, S.; Bloss, G.; Dzaack, J.; Egloffstein, T.; Griepentrog, H. W.; Gustmann, M.; Hafner, V. V.; Koert, D.; Nüchter, A.; Seyler, J.; Straube, S.; Tchouchenkov, I.; Stryk, O.; Wedler, A.; Wolf-Ostermann, K.; Zimmermann, M. (2025).

  Die Fähigkeit, Robotiksysteme einfach und intuitiv an Menschen, neue Aufgaben und Kontexte anzupassen, ist essenziell, um das Potenzial dieser Technologie für die Bewältigung vieler Herausforderungen unserer Zeit auszuschöpfen - sei es der Erhalt und Ausbau der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, technologische Souveränität, demographischer Wandel oder der Aufbau einer Kreislaufwirtschaft. Die rasante Entwicklung im Bereich des maschinellen Lernens der letzten Jahre, aber auch sinkende Kosten bei Robotern und Komponenten sowie die gestiegene Rechenleistung führen zu einem optimistischen Klima in der Robotik. Menschennahe und adaptive Anwendungen der Robotik in sozialen Umgebungen scheinen daher perspektivisch umsetzbar, die bisher nicht oder nur sehr schwer realisierbar waren, beispielsweise im Dienstleistungsbereich, im Handwerk, im Alltag, im Haushalt oder in der Pflege. Dennoch gilt es sicherheitsrelevante Herausforderungen zu adressieren, die die Entwicklung dieser Technologie begleiten. Denn trotz ihres Potenzials für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft und ihrer technologischen Möglichkeiten bleibt die Gestaltung sicherer und zuverlässiger Roboter ein zentrales Thema, ebenso wie die Frage nach der Wirtschaftlichkeit. Expertinnen und Experten der Arbeitsgruppe Lernfähige Robotiksysteme der Plattform Lernende Systeme widmen sich in diesem Whitepaper dem Thema der interaktiven, lernfähigen Robotik - vornehmlich aus technologischer Sicht unter Berücksichtigung der Aspekte funktionale Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Zunächst werden die technologischen, gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen dargestellt, die dieser Technologie eine vielversprechende Zukunft bescheinigen. Was unter lernfähigen und interaktiven Robotiksystemen zu verstehen ist, wird zunächst definiert, und verschiedene Arten des Lernens in der realen wie virtuellen Welt werden vorgestellt. Sieben Anwendungsbeispiele zeigen, wo und wie interaktive, lernfähige Roboter in naher sowie ferner Zukunft unterstützen können - sei es in der Landwirtschaft, im Gesundheitswesen, im Recycling oder im Weltraum. Dabei werden auch Anforderungen und mögliche Hürden benannt. Aus der Bandbreite der Anwendungsfälle werden Synergien, Besonderheiten und Fokusthemen ermittelt, die in Gestaltungsoptionen für Forschung und Entwicklung, für den Transfer und für den gesellschaftlichen Dialog münden. Dies mit Blick auf modulare Komponenten, technische Integration oder Weiterentwicklung von Sicherheitskonzepten sowie Maßnahmen zu Open-Source-Modulbibliotheken, Testumgebungen oder integrierte und partizipative Forschung.
• Digital futures: Definition (what), importance (why) and methods (how). Schlagwein, Daniel; Currie, Wendy; Leimeister, Jan Marco; Willcocks, Leslie (2025). 40(1) 2–8.

  “Digital futures” as a research field that examines diverse, long-term future(s) scenarios influenced by digital technologies has been proposed in information systems. Here, based on the emerging literature on digital futures, we define what this term means, delineate it from related concepts such as digital transformation, articulate why the information systems field should take note and consider the study of digital futures, and provide an overview of approaches.
• Long-Term Risk of Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Khan, Faizan; Yogendrakumar, Vignan; Lun, Ronda; Ganesh, Aravind; Barber, Philip A.; Lioutas, Vasileios-Arsenios; Vinding, Naja Emborg; Algra, Ale; Weimar, Christian; Ögren, Joachim; Edwards, Jodi D.; Swartz, Richard H.; Ois, Angel; Giralt-Steinhauer, Eva; Khanevski, Andrej Netland; Leng, Xinyi; Tian, Xuan; Leung, Thomas W.; Park, Hong-Kyun; Bae, Hee-Joon; Kamouchi, Masahiro; Ago, Tetsuro; Verburgt, Esmee; Verhoeven, Jamie; de Leeuw, Frank-Erik; Berghout, Bernhard P.; Ikram, M. Kamran; Kostev, Karel; Whiteley, William; Uehara, Toshiyuki; Minematsu, Kazuo; Ildstad, Fredrik; Fandler-Höfler, Simon; Aarnio, Karoliina; von Sarnowski, Bettina; Foschi, Matteo; Jing, Jing; Baik, Minyoul; Kim, Young Dae; Spampinato, Michele Domenico; Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Perera, Kanjana; Purroy, Francisco; Dutta, Dipankar; Yang, Xiaoli; Lippert, Julian; Myers, Laura; Bravata, Dawn M.; Santos, Monica; Coveney, Sarah; Garcia-Esperon, Carlos; Levi, Christopher R.; Lorenzetti, Diane L.; Vatanpour, Shabnam; Wang, Yongjun; Albers, Gregory W.; Lavallee, Philippa; Amarenco, Pierre; Coutts, Shelagh B.; Hill, Michael D. (2025).
• Statin Use and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Liver Disease. Choi, Jonggi; Nguyen, Vy H.; Przybyszewski, Eric; Song, Jiunn; Carroll, Allison; Michta, Megan; Almazan, Erik; Simon, Tracey G.; Chung, Raymond T. (2025).
• Efficient Management of LLM-Based Coaching Agents’ Reasoning While Maintaining Interaction Quality and Speed. Göldi, Andreas; Rietsche, Roman; Ungar, Lyle (2025).

  LLM-based agents improve upon standalone LLMs, which are opti- mized for immediate intent-satisfaction, by allowing the pursuit of more extended objectives, such as helping users over the long term. To do so, LLM-based agents need to reason before responding. For complex tasks like personalized coaching, this reasoning can be in- formed by adding relevant information at key moments, shifting it in the desired direction. However, the pursuit of objectives beyond interaction quality may compromise this very quality. Moreover, as the depth and informativeness of reasoning increase, so do the number of tokens required, leading to higher latency and cost. This study investigates how an LLM-based coaching agent can adjust its reasoning depth using a discrepancy mechanism that signals how much reasoning effort to allocate based on how well the objective is being met. Our discrepancy-based mechanism constrains reasoning to better align with alternative objectives, reducing cost roughly tenfold while minimally impacting interaction quality.
• PregMedNet: Multifaceted Maternal Medication Impacts on Neonatal Complications. Kim, Yeasul; Marić, Ivana; Kashiwagi, Chloe M.; Han, Lichy; Chung, Philip; Reiss, Jonathan D; Butcher, Lindsay D.; Caoili, Kaitlin J.; Berson, Eloïse; Xue, Lei; Espinosa, Camilo; James, Tomin; Shome, Sayane; Xie, Feng; Ghanem, Marc; Seong, David; Chang, Alan L; Reincke, S Momsen; Mataraso, Samson; Shu, Chi-Hung; Francesco, Davide De; Becker, Martin; Kumar, Wasan M; Wong, Ron; Gaudilliere, Brice; Angst, Martin S; Shaw, Gary M; Bateman, Brian T; Stevenson, David K; Prince, Lance S; Aghaeepour, Nima (2025).
• The Lancet Commission on rethinking coronary artery disease: moving from ischaemia to atheroma. Zaman, Sarah; Wasfy, Jason H; Kapil, Vikas; Ziaeian, Boback; Parsonage, William A; Sriswasdi, Sira; Chico, Timothy J A; Capodanno, Davide; Colleran, Róisín; Sutton, Nadia R; Song, Lei; Karam, Nicole; Sofat, Reecha; Fraccaro, Chiara; Chamié, Daniel; Alasnag, Mirvat; Warisawa, Takayuki; Gonzalo, Nieves; Jomaa, Walid; Mehta, Shamir R; Cook, Elizabeth E S; Sundström, Johan; Nicholls, Stephen J; Shaw, Leslee J; Patel, Manesh R; Al-Lamee, Rasha K (2025).
• Career perspective. Helfrich-Förster, Charlotte (2025). 2(1) 14.
• Immersion, Attention, and Collaboration in Spatial Computing: a Study on Work Performance with Apple Vision Pro. Wienrich, Carolin; Obremski, David (2025). 1–8.

  Spatial computing is set to change the way we work. It will enable both focused work through a higher degree of immersion and collaborative work through enhanced integration of shared interaction spaces or interaction partners. With the Apple Vision Pro, the level of immersion can be adjusted seamlessly. So far, there have been no systematic studies on how this adjustability affects work performance when working alone or together. The present empirical study fills this research gap by varying the level of immersion across three stages (high, medium, low) while solving various tasks with the Apple Vision Pro. The results show that selective attention improves significantly with increasing immersion levels. In contrast, social presence decreases with increasing immersion. In general, participants performed better in the individual task than in the collaborative task. However, the degree of immersion did not influence the collaborative performance. In addition, we could not determine any adverse effects on depth perception or user experience after use. The present study provides initial contributions to the future of spatial computing in professional settings and highlights the importance of balancing immersion and social interaction in a world where digital and physical spaces seamlessly coexist
• Adaptation to Leaf Traits of Individual Trees in a Forest Appears Rare in Caterpillars. Molleman, Freerk; Sokół‐Łętowska, Anna; Mallick, Soumen; Prinzing, Andreas; Walczak, Urszula (2025). 15(3)
• AI search has a citation problem: We compared eight AI search engines. They’re all bad at citing news. Jaźwińska, Klaudia; Chandrasekar, Aisvarya (2025).

  AI search tools are rapidly gaining in popularity, with nearly one in four Americans now saying they have used AI in place of traditional search engines. These tools derive their value from crawling the internet for up-to-date, relevant information—content that is often produced by news publishers.
• Magnetization process of a quasi-two-dimensional quantum magnet: Two-step symmetry restoration and dimensional reduction. Reinold, Anneke; Berger, Lucas; Raczkowski, Marcin; Zhao, Zhiying; Kohama, Yoshimitsu; Gen, Masaki; Gorbunov, Denis I.; Skourski, Yurii; Zherlitsyn, Sergei; Assaad, Fakher F.; Lorenz, Thomas; Wang, Zhe (2025). 111(10) L100405.
• Hint of \($r\simeq 0.01$\) after DESI DR2 ?. Wang, Hao; Piao, Yun-Song (2025).
• Liveability in large housing estates in Germany – Identifying differences based on a novel concept for a walkable city. Köberl, Manuel; Wurm, Michael; Droin, Ariane; Garbasevschi, Oana M.; Dolls, Mathias; Taubenböck, Hannes (2024). 251

  In times of rapid urban expansion, urgent demand for housing and simultaneously efforts to minimise the use of urban land are competing objectives. The concept of large housing estates (LHE) has therefore regained interest. This resurgence raises questions about the living conditions within these historically stigmatised complexes. While liveability studies often rely on surveys, we present a globally applicable quantitative approach to assess liveability along the dimensions of walkability, accessibility and built-up morphology. Using geospatial data and a delineation framework based on walking distances, we identify disparities in liveability. We identified three different planning paradigms for LHEs in Germany: the ‘structured and low-dense’ type, the ‘urbanity by density’ type in Western Germany and the ‘socialistic city’ type in Eastern Germany. Our analysis reveals significant differences in accessibility and morphology, that can be attributed to the historical guiding principles. Walkability, in contrast, seems to be influenced more by environmental elements (rivers, forests) and artificial barriers (railway lines, motorways) than by planning paradigms. The ‘structured’ type is characterised by monofunctionality, limited access to urban infrastructure, low building density, but a high proportion of green spaces. The ‘urbanity by density’ type has significantly higher building densities, better accessibility, but less urban green. The ‘socialistic’ urban type could not be clearly categorised, but seems to be a mixture of the other two types. In our analysis, the ‘urbanity by density’ typology predominantly performed the best and, as such, emerges as the most liveable typology, potentially serving as a guiding model for future construction projects.
• MUD: Towards a Large-Scale and Noise-Filtered UI Dataset for Modern Style UI Modeling. Feng, Sidong; Ma, Suyu; Wang, Han; Kong, David; Chen, Chunyang F. ’Floyd’ Mueller, P. Kyburz, J. R. Williamson, C. Sas, M. L. Wilson, P. O. T. Dugas, I. Shklovski (eds.) (2024). 7:1–7:14.
• Generative AI in the Wild: Prospects, Challenges, and Strategies. Sun, Yuan; Jang, Eunchae; Ma, Fenglong; Wang, Ting in CHI ’24 (2024). 1–16.

  Propelled by their remarkable capabilities to generate novel and engaging content, Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) technologies are disrupting traditional workflows in many industries. While prior research has examined GenAI from a techno-centric perspective, there is still a lack of understanding about how users perceive and utilize GenAI in real-world scenarios. To bridge this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with (N = 18) GenAI users in creative industries, investigating the human-GenAI co-creation process within a holistic LUA (Learning, Using and Assessing) framework. Our study uncovered an intriguingly complex landscape: Prospects – GenAI greatly fosters the co-creation between human expertise and GenAI capabilities, profoundly transforming creative workflows; Challenges – Meanwhile, users face substantial uncertainties and complexities arising from resource availability, tool usability, and regulatory compliance; Strategies – In response, users actively devise various strategies to overcome many of such challenges. Our study reveals key implications for the design of future GenAI tools.
• Die Symbiose von generativer KI und Arbeit: Erweiterung der Horizonte oder Erosion menschlicher Kompetenz?. Technical Report (41), Butollo, Florian; Gerber, Christine; Görnemann, Esther; Greminger, Lea; Katzinski, Ann; Kulla, Marlene; Sirman-Winkler, Mareike; Spott, Justus (2024).

  Wird generative KI (GKI) Menschen überflüssig machen oder als Werkzeug zur Verbesserung menschlicher Fähigkeiten dienen? Welche Voraussetzungen sind nötig, um GKI sinnvoll einzusetzen, und wie können wir sicherstellen, dass die Vorteile einer gerechteren Arbeitswelt überwiegen? Auf Grundlage theoretischer Überlegungen und erster empirischer Eindrücke entwickeln die Autor:innen fünf Thesen: 1. Trotz technischer Durchbrüche stellt GKI kein Äquivalent zu menschlicher Intelligenz dar; 2. GKI wird durch menschliche Arbeit nutzbar; 3. GKI stellt eine neue Qualität der Interaktion zwischen Mensch und Maschine dar; 4. Die Einführung von GKI macht Arbeit; 5. Generative KI erfordert neue Antworten im Sinne guter Arbeit.
• Leading Manufacturer of High-Quality Coir Sheets | WeCoir. Coir, We (W. Coir, ed.) (2024).
• Category Theory Using Haskell: An Introduction with Moggi and Yoneda Yukita, S. in Computer Science Foundations and Applied Logic (2024). Springer Nature Switzerland.
• DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR PREDICTING THE REPLICATOR EQUATION IN EVOLUTIONARY GAME THEORY. Chandorkar, Advait A. Chandorkar (ed.) (2024). (Vol. 14)

  This paper presents a physics-informed deep learning approach for predicting the replicator equation, allowing accurate forecasting of population dynamics. This methodological innovation allows us to derive governing differential or difference equations for systems that lack explicit mathematical models. We used the SINDy model first introduced by Fasel, Kaiser, Kutz, Brunton, and Brunt 2016a to get the replicator equation, which will significantly advance our understanding of evolutionary biology, economic systems, and social dynamics. By refining predictive models across multiple disciplines, including ecology, social structures, and moral behaviours, our work offers new insights into the complex interplay of variables shaping evolutionary outcomes in dynamic systems
• Investigation of the 2010 rock avalanche onto the regenerated glacier Brenndalsbreen, Norway. Engen, Siri H.; Gjerde, Marthe; Scheiber, Thomas; Seier, Gernot; Elvehoy, Hallgeir; Abermann, Jakob; Nesje, Atle; Winkler, Stefan; Haualand, Kristine F.; Rüther, Denise C.; Maschler, Alexander; Robson, Benjamin A.; Yde, Jacob C. (2024). 21(9) 2051–2072.

  Rock avalanches onto glaciers are rare in Norway. Here, we examine a rock avalanche that spread onto the regenerated Brenndalsbreen, an outlet glacier from Jostedalsbreen ice cap. The rock avalanche is intriguing in that limited information exists with respect to the exact time of failure, location of detachment area, and preparatory and triggering processes. Based on an analysis of ice stratigraphy and photographic documentation, we assess that the event happened between mid-March and June 4, 2010. A potential triggering factor could have been heavy snow and rainfall combined with above freezing air temperatures on March 18--19, 2010. We use digital terrain models to determine that the detachment area is at an almost vertical rock slope in a narrow gorge above Lower Brenndalsbreen. The deposit volume is estimated to 0.130thinspacetextpmthinspace0.065 Mm3, and the H/L ratio and fahrböschung are 0.45 and 24textdegree, respectively. We apply a Voellmy flow model to confirm the detachment location and volume estimate by producing realistic runout lengths. Although glacial debuttressing may have been a likely preparatory process, the detachment area was exposed for 45--70 years before the rock avalanche occurred. The supraglacial rock avalanche debris was separated into two branches with a distinct melt-out line across the glacier. The debris reached the glacier front in 2019 and 2020, where it started being deposited proglacially while Lower Brenndalsbreen kept receding. The 2010 Brenndalsbreen rock avalanche may not be a unique event, as deposits constituting evidence of an old rock avalanche are currently melting out at the glacier front.
• Investigation of the 2010 rock avalanche onto the regenerated glacier Brenndalsbreen, Norway. Engen, Siri H.; Gjerde, Marthe; Scheiber, Thomas; Seier, Gernot; Elvehoy, Hallgeir; Abermann, Jakob; Nesje, Atle; Winkler, Stefan; Haualand, Kristine F.; Rüther, Denise C.; Maschler, Alexander; Robson, Benjamin A.; Yde, Jacob C. (2024). 21(9) 2051–2072.

  Rock avalanches onto glaciers are rare in Norway. Here, we examine a rock avalanche that spread onto the regenerated Brenndalsbreen, an outlet glacier from Jostedalsbreen ice cap. The rock avalanche is intriguing in that limited information exists with respect to the exact time of failure, location of detachment area, and preparatory and triggering processes. Based on an analysis of ice stratigraphy and photographic documentation, we assess that the event happened between mid-March and June 4, 2010. A potential triggering factor could have been heavy snow and rainfall combined with above freezing air temperatures on March 18--19, 2010. We use digital terrain models to determine that the detachment area is at an almost vertical rock slope in a narrow gorge above Lower Brenndalsbreen. The deposit volume is estimated to 0.130thinspacetextpmthinspace0.065 Mm3, and the H/L ratio and fahrböschung are 0.45 and 24textdegree, respectively. We apply a Voellmy flow model to confirm the detachment location and volume estimate by producing realistic runout lengths. Although glacial debuttressing may have been a likely preparatory process, the detachment area was exposed for 45--70 years before the rock avalanche occurred. The supraglacial rock avalanche debris was separated into two branches with a distinct melt-out line across the glacier. The debris reached the glacier front in 2019 and 2020, where it started being deposited proglacially while Lower Brenndalsbreen kept receding. The 2010 Brenndalsbreen rock avalanche may not be a unique event, as deposits constituting evidence of an old rock avalanche are currently melting out at the glacier front.
• Improved chronological constraints for Holocene rock glacier activity in the Ben Ohau Range, Southern Alps/New Zealand. Winkler, Stefan (2024). 35(3) 352–372.
• Fantastic AI Text Generations and Where to Trust Them: It’s not Magic, it’s Science!. Straub, Lisa; Schaschek, Myriam; Tomitza, Christoph; Winkelmann, Axel (2024).

  Enter the web application, type in a question, and get a human-like answer in no time. Especially with the advent of ChatGPT, text-generating artificial intelligence permeates daily life. As a result, end-users are trying out new applications bearing risks, such as overconfidence. This research-in-progress paper investigates the main factors affecting end-user perception regarding human-like AI-generated output and corresponding trust. With the overarching goal of appropriate protection by creating a standardized information structure for integration into websites as our artifact, we conduct a structured literature review in the first step to determine what causes overconfidence and the issues that need to be addressed by an appropriate solution. Therefore, we contribute to the broader aim of preventing end users from misinterpreting AI output. Our findings highlight AI literacy, difficulties in detecting misinformation, and a lack of transparency
• Long-term aspirin adherence following myocardial infarction and risk of cardiovascular events. Kristensen, Anna Meta Dyrvig; Pareek, Manan; Kragholm, Kristian Hay; McEvoy, John William; Torp-Pedersen, Christian; Prescott, Eva Bossano (2024). 10(7) 612–622.
• A Novel Approach to Detecting Blockages in Sewers and Drains: The Reflected Wave Technique. Kelly, David A.; Garden, Mark; Sharif, Khanda; Campbell, David; Gormley, Michael (2024). 14(10)

  Blockages in sewers and drains often result in overflows and flooding that cause significant environmental pollution and public health risks, particularly in hospitals, where the consequences can be catastrophic. Due to their low “visibility”, sewers and drains are inherently difficult to monitor and maintain, resulting in a reactive management approach whereby maintenance or repair is carried out only after a system failure has occurred. This paper investigates the feasibility of applying the reflected wave technique, a unique sonar-like monitoring approach capable of identifying changes in the geometry of closed-pipe conduits, as a means of proactive system monitoring. The technique uses a 10 Hz sinusoidal air pressure wave which is transmitted into the drainpipe. When the pressure wave encounters a system boundary, a reflection is generated which alters the measured test pressure response. Analysis of the reflections generated by a changed system boundary, such as the formation of a blockage, can provide information related to the location of that boundary within the system. An experimental setup was developed to simulate a horizontal drain using standard pipework of 100 mm diameter and 70 m length. The technique was able to detect applied blockages with cross-sectional coverage of 30% and 75%, and lengths ranging from 30 mm to 3000 mm. Accuracy was improved when the pressure sensor was positioned closer to the blockage. When the sensor was 3.4 m from the blockage, location estimates were very accurate (−2% to 3% error). At a 14 m distance from the blockage, the error increased to between 4% and 33%. The accuracy of blockage detection and location improved with increasing blockage cross-sectional area and length. Overall, the reflected wave technique could provide a potentially continuous monitoring solution for blockage detection in sewers and drains.
• Evolving Markov Chains: Unsupervised Mode Discovery and Recognition from Data Streams. Coşkun, Kutalmış; Tümer, Borahan; Hiller, Bjarne C.; Becker, Martin (2024). 1
• The Free-Running Circasemilunar Period Is Determined by Counting Circadian Clock Cycles in the Marine Midge Clunio Marinus. Neumann, Jule; Rajendra, Dharanish; Kaiser, Tobias S. (2024). 39(4) 379–391.
• Organisation und Mythos Klatetzki, Thomas; Ortmann, Günther (2023). Velbrück Wissenschaft, Weilerswist.

  Ist die Kategorie Organisation tatsächlich so unproblematisch, wie der organisationstheoretische Mainstream meint? Gibt es die Gebilde überhaupt, die mit diesem Begriff beschrieben werden sollen? Oder handelt es sich im Gegenteil um Erfindungen, in die Welt gesetzt von denjenigen, die Organisationstheorie betreiben? Eine andere Position lautet: Organisationen sind reale soziale Formationen, die sich allerdings der performativen Wirkung von Fiktionen und insbesondere Mythen verdanken. Ausgehend von einem Begriff des Mythos, der diesen nicht auf eine rational leicht zu entlarvende Lüge reduziert, geht der vorliegende Band den Mythen des Organisierens und der Organisationen nach.
• Are public green spaces distributed fairly? A nationwide analysis based on remote sensing, OpenStreetMap and census data. Weigand, Matthias; Wurm, Michael; Droin, Ariane; Stark, Thomas; Staab, Jeroen; Rauh, Jürgen; Taubenböck, Hannes (2023). 38(1)
• Myths matter: Einleitung der Herausgeber. Klatetzki, Thomas; Ortmann, Günther T. Klatetzki, G. Ortmann (eds.) (2023). 7–29.
• Earlier and more uniform spring green-up linked to lower insect richness and biomass in temperate forests. Uphus, Lars; Uhler, Johannes; Tobisch, Cynthia; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Lüpke, Marvin; Benjamin, Caryl; Englmeier, Jana; Fricke, Ute; Ganuza, Cristina; Haensel, Maria; Redlich, Sarah; Zhang, Jie; Müller, Jörg; Menzel, Annette (2023). 6(1) 1052.

  Urbanization and agricultural intensification are considered the main causes of recent insect decline in temperate Europe, while direct climate warming effects are still ambiguous. Nonetheless, higher temperatures advance spring leaf emergence, which in turn may directly or indirectly affect insects. We therefore investigated how Sentinel-2-derived start of season (SOS) and its spatial variability (SV-SOS) are affected by spring temperature and whether these green-up variables can explain insect biomass and richness across a climate and land-use gradient in southern Germany. We found that the effects of both spring green-up variables on insect biomass and richness differed between land-use types, but were strongest in forests. Here, insect richness and biomass were higher with later green-up (SOS) and higher SV-SOS. In turn, higher spring temperatures advanced SOS, while SV-SOS was lower at warmer sites. We conclude that with a warming climate, insect biomass and richness in forests may be affected negatively due to earlier and more uniform green-up. Promising adaptation strategies should therefore focus on spatial variability in green-up in forests, thus plant species and structural diversity.
• Plant species composition and local habitat conditions as primary determinants of terrestrial arthropod assemblages. Tobisch, Cynthia; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Uhler, Johannes; Müller, Jörg; Kollmann, Johannes; Moning, Christoph; Brändle, Martin; Gossner, Martin M.; Redlich, Sarah; Zhang, Jie; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Benjamin, Caryl; Englmeier, Jana; Fricke, Ute; Ganuza, Cristina; Haensel, Maria; Riebl, Rebekka; Uphus, Lars; Ewald, Jörg (2023). 201(3) 813–825.

  Arthropods respond to vegetation in multiple ways since plants provide habitat and food resources and indicate local abiotic conditions. However, the relative importance of these factors for arthropod assemblages is less well understood. We aimed to disentangle the effects of plant species composition and environmental drivers on arthropod taxonomic composition and to assess which aspects of vegetation contribute to the relationships between plant and arthropod assemblages. In a multi-scale field study in Southern Germany, we sampled vascular plants and terrestrial arthropods in typical habitats of temperate landscapes. We compared independent and shared effects of vegetation and abiotic predictors on arthropod composition distinguishing between four large orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera), and five functional groups (herbivores, pollinators, predators, parasitoids, detritivores). Across all investigated groups, plant species composition explained the major fraction of variation in arthropod composition, while land-cover composition was another important predictor. Moreover, the local habitat conditions depicted by the indicator values of the plant communities were more important for arthropod composition than trophic relationships between certain plant and arthropod species. Among trophic groups, predators showed the strongest response to plant species composition, while responses of herbivores and pollinators were stronger than those of parasitoids and detritivores. Our results highlight the relevance of plant community composition for terrestrial arthropod assemblages across multiple taxa and trophic levels and emphasize the value of plants as a proxy for characterizing habitat conditions that are hardly accessible to direct environmental measurements.
• Conservation-relevant plant species indicate arthropod richness across trophic levels: Habitat quality is more important than habitat amount. Tobisch, Cynthia; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Uhler, Johannes; Kollmann, Johannes; Müller, Jörg; Moning, Christoph; Redlich, Sarah; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Benjamin, Caryl; Englmeier, Jana; Fricke, Ute; Ganuza, Cristina; Haensel, Maria; Riebl, Rebekka; Uphus, Lars; Ewald, Jörg (2023). 148 110039.
• Earlier flowering of winter oilseed rape compensates for higher pest pressure in warmer climates. Fricke, Ute; Redlich, Sarah; Zhang, Jie; Benjamin, Caryl S.; Englmeier, Jana; Ganuza, Cristina; Haensel, Maria; Riebl, Rebekka; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Tobisch, Cynthia; Uhler, Johannes; Uphus, Lars; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2023). 60(2) 365–375.

  Abstract Global warming can increase insect pest pressure by enhancing reproductive rates. Whether this translates into yield losses depends on phenological synchronisation of pests with their host plants and natural enemies. Simultaneously, landscape composition may mitigate climate effects by shaping the resource availability for pests and their antagonists. Here, we study the combined effects of temperature and landscape composition on pest abundances, larval parasitism, crop damage and yield, while also considering crop phenology, to identify strategies for sustainable management of oilseed rape (OSR) pests under warming climates. In all, 29 winter OSR crop fields were investigated in different climates (defined by multi-annual mean temperature, MAT) and landscape contexts in Bavaria, Germany. We measured abundances of adult pollen beetles and stem weevil larvae, pollen beetle larval parasitism, bud loss, stem damage and seed yield, and calculated the flowering date from growth stage observations. Landscape parameters (proportion of non-crop and OSR area, change in OSR area relative to the previous year) were calculated at six spatial scales (0.6?5 km). Pollen beetle abundance increased with MAT but to different degrees depending on the landscape context, that is, increased less strongly when OSR proportions were high (1-km scale), interannually constant (5-km scale) or both. In contrast, stem weevil abundance and stem damage did not respond to landscape composition nor MAT. Pollen beetle larval parasitism was overall low, but occasionally exceeded 30% under both low and high MAT and with reduced OSR area (0.6-km scale). Despite high pollen beetle abundance in warm climates, yields were high when OSR flowered early. Thereby, higher temperatures favoured early flowering. Only among late-flowering OSR crop fields yield was higher in cooler than warmer climates. Bud loss responded analogously. Landscape composition did not substantially affect bud loss and yield. Synthesis and applications: Earlier flowering of winter OSR compensates for higher pollen beetle abundance in warmer climates, while interannual continuity of OSR area prevents high pollen beetle abundance in the first place. Thus, regional coordination of crop rotation and crop management promoting early flowering may contribute to sustainable pest management in OSR under current and future climatic conditions.
• Hardware Implementation of a GMDH Controller for Mobile Robot Obstacle Following/Avoidance. Pastrana, M. A.; Oliveira, Luiz Henrique; Santana, Mateus Souza; Oliveira, V. C.; Mendoza-Peñaloza, Jose; Muñoz, Daniel M. (2023). 206–211.
• Upper Bounds of Maximum Land Surface Temperatures in a Warming Climate and Limits to Plant Growth. Aminzadeh, Milad; Or, Dani; Stevens, Bjorn; AghaKouchak, Amir; Shokri, Nima (2023). 11(9) e2023EF003755.

  Abstract Extremely high land surface temperatures affect soil ecological processes, alter land-atmosphere interactions, and may limit some forms of life. Extreme surface temperature hotspots are presently identified using satellite observations or deduced from complex Earth system models. We introduce a simple, yet physically based analytical approach that incorporates salient land characteristics and atmospheric conditions to globally identify locations of extreme surface temperatures and their upper bounds. We then provide a predictive tool for delineating the spatial extent of land hotspots at the limits to biological adaptability. The model is in good agreement with satellite observations showing that temperature hotspots are associated with high radiation and low wind speed and occur primarily in Middle East and North Africa, with maximum temperatures exceeding 85°C during the study period from 2005 to 2020. We observed an increasing trend in maximum surface temperatures at a rate of 0.17°C/decade. The model allows quantifying how upper bounds of extreme temperatures can increase in a warming climate in the future for which we do not have satellite observations and offers new insights on potential impacts of future warming on limits to plant growth and biological adaptability.
• Morphometrische Ableitung von Fließfacetten anhand von hochauflösenden Structure from Motion (SfM) Geländemodellen. Droin, Ariane; Bauer, Christian (2022). 73(1-4)
• Zitate der ›Aeneis‹ in den Briefen des Hieronymus Revellio, Marie (2022). De Gruyter, Berlin, Boston.
• On the Impact of Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence on Employers’ Flexibility Requirements in Occupations-Empirical Evidence for Germany. Warning, Anja; Weber, Enzo; Püffel, Anouk (2022). 5 868789.

  Artificial intelligence (AI) has a high application potential in many areas of the economy, and its use is expected to accelerate strongly in the coming years. This is linked with changes in working conditions that may be substantial and entail serious health risks for employees. With our paper we are the first to conduct an empirical analysis of employers' increasing flexibility requirements in the course of advancing digitalization, based on a representative business survey, the IAB Job Vacancy Survey. We combine establishment-level data from the survey and occupation-specific characteristics from other sources and apply non-linear random effects estimations. According to employers' assessments, office and secretarial occupations are undergoing the largest changes in terms of flexibility requirements, followed by other occupations that are highly relevant in the context of AI: occupations in company organization and strategy, vehicle/aerospace/shipbuilding technicians and occupations in insurance and financial services. The increasing requirements we observe most frequently are those concerning demands on employees' self-organization, although short-term working-time flexibility and workplace flexibility also play an important role. The estimation results show that the occupational characteristics, independently of the individual employer, play a major role for increasing flexibility requirements. For example, occupations with a larger share of routine cognitive activities (which in the literature are usually more closely associated with artificial intelligence than others) reveal a significantly higher probability of increasing flexibility demands, specifically with regard to the employees' self-organization. This supports the argument that AI changes above all work content and work processes. For the average age of the workforce and the unemployment rate in an occupation we find significantly negative effects. At the establishment level the share of female employees plays a significant negative role. Our findings provide clear indications for targeted action in labor market and education policy in order to minimize the risks and to strengthen the chances of an increasing application of AI technologies.
• Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales. Ganuza, Cristina; Redlich, Sarah; Uhler, Johannes; Tobisch, Cynthia; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Peters, Marcell K.; Zhang, Jie; Benjamin, Caryl S.; Englmeier, Jana; Ewald, Jörg; Fricke, Ute; Haensel, Maria; Kollmann, Johannes; Riebl, Rebekka; Uphus, Lars; Müller, Jörg; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2022). 8(18)
• Collecting data for urban building energy modelling by remote sensing and machine learning. Gorzalka, Philip; Garbasevschi, Oana M.; Schmiedt, Jacob Estevam; Droin, Ariane; Linkiewicz, Magdalena; Wurm, Michael; Hoffschmidt, Bernhard in Building Simulation (2021). (Vol. 17) 1139–1146.

  High-quality data on the investigated area is crucial for modelling urban building energy demands, but its availability is often insufficient. We present an approach to acquire (i) building geometries, (ii) their ages, and (iii) their retrofit states. It consists of creating a 3D model from aerial imagery, determining building ages through machine learning, generating a simulation model based on open-source tools, and assessing retrofit states by comparing simulated temperatures with infrared thermography (IRT) measurements. The demonstration on a case study quarter in Berlin shows that heat demand results are comparable to other tools. Using machine learning is already wellsuited to close knowledge gaps regarding building ages. However, retrofit state assessment using IRT was unsatisfactory due to insufficient measurement accuracy and is envisaged for improvement in future research, along with a validation of the approach.
• Spatial factors influencing building age prediction and implications for urban residential energy modelling. Garbasevschi, Oana M.; Estevam Schmiedt, Jacob; Verma, Trivik; Lefter, Iulia; Korthals Altes, Willem K.; Droin, Ariane; Schiricke, Björn; Wurm, Michael (2021). 88

  Urban energy consumption is expected to continuously increase alongside rapid urbanization. The building sector represents a key area for curbing the consumption trend and reducing energy-related emissions by adopting energy efficiency strategies. Building age acts as a proxy for building insulation properties and is an important parameter for energy models that facilitate decision making. The present study explores the potential of predicting residential building age at a large geographical scale from open spatial data sources in eight municipalities in the German federal state of North-Rhine Westphalia. The proposed framework combines building attributes with street and block metrics as classification features in a Random Forest model. Results show that the addition of urban fabric metrics improves the accuracy of building age prediction in specific training scenarios. Furthermore, the findings highlight the way in which the spatial disposition of training and test samples influences classification accuracy. Additionally, the paper investigates the impact of age misclassification on residential building heat demand estimation. The age classification model leads to reasonable errors in energy estimates, in various scenarios of training, which suggests that the proposed method is a promising addition to the urban energy modelling toolkit.
• Design, Development, and Technological Advancements in Gas Burners for Domestic Cook Stoves: A Review. Datta, Amitava; Das, Mithun; Ganguly, Ranjan (2021). 6(3) 569–593.

  Cooking is an important domestic activity requiring energy. Traditionally, solid fuels, like firewood and charcoal, are used as the resources for supplying energy for cooking. However, burning of solid fuels inside the households causes indoor pollution and adversely affects the health of the users and other occupants. Various governmental and world bodies, like the UN, encourage people to shift from the traditional fuels to clean and sustainable options, of which gaseous fuel is an important one. Natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which are used for domestic cooking, are fired in gas burners designed for the cookstoves. Though the use of gaseous fuels lowers the household air pollution, early domestic gas burners were low in thermal performance with efficiency value of around 40%. Continuous research and development in the design and analysis of the stoves have led to a significant improvement in the thermal performance of commercial gas burners yielding efficiency exceeding 65%. Efforts are still on to improve the thermal and emission performance of the burners further without sacrificing user comfort and flexibility through innovative designs. This article presents a review on the design, development, and technological advancements in the gas burner technology for domestic stoves, and analyzes the effects of various parameters on their thermal and emission performance.
• Query-based Interactive Recommendation by Meta-Path and Adapted Attention-GRU. Zhu, Yu; Gong, Yu; Liu, Qingwen; Ma, Yingcai; Ou, Wenwu; Zhu, Junxiong; Wang, Beidou; Guan, Ziyu; Cai, Deng W. Zhu, D. Tao, X. Cheng, P. Cui, E. A. Rundensteiner, D. Carmel, Q. He, J. X. Yu (eds.) (2019). 2585–2593.
• Study on the economic impact of blockchain on the Danish industry and labor market Beck, Roman; Kubach, Michael; Jørgensen, Kim Peiter; Sellung, Rachelle; Schunck, Christian; Gentile, Lorenzo in IT University Technical Report Series (2019). IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen.

  The report is a joined achievement of the European Blockchain Center at the IT University of Copenhagen, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering, Confederation of Danish Industry, Statistics Denmark, and the Danish Industry Foundation and focuses on the application of blockchain technologies in different industry sectors in Denmark. The report provides a general introduction into blockchain, an analysis of clusters, a review of the comprehensive empirical study, a comparison with selected countries, scenario analyses, and finally recommendations in the conclusion.
• Device-Aware Rule Recommendation for the Internet of Things. Wang, Beidou; Guo, Xin; Ester, Martin; Guan, Ziyu; Singh, Bandeep; Zhu, Yu; Bu, Jiajun; Cai, Deng A. Cuzzocrea, J. Allan, N. W. Paton, D. Srivastava, R. Agrawal, A. Z. Broder, M. J. Zaki, K. S. Candan, A. Labrinidis, A. Schuster, H. Wang (eds.) (2018). 2037–2045.
• Energy-aware and Machine Learning-based Resource Provisioning of In-Memory Analytics on Cloud. Makrani, Hosein Mohammadi; Sayadi, Hossein; Motwani, Devang; Wang, Han; Rafatirad, Setareh; Homayoun, Houman (2018). 517.
• Sulong, and Thanks for All the Bugs: Finding Errors in C Programs by Abstracting from the Native Execution Model. Rigger, Manuel; Schatz, Roland; Mayrhofer, René; Grimmer, Matthias; Mössenböck, Hanspeter in ASPLOS ’18 (2018). 377–391.

  In C, memory errors, such as buffer overflows, are among the most dangerous software errors; as we show, they are still on the rise. Current dynamic bug-finding tools that try to detect such errors are based on the low-level execution model of the underlying machine. They insert additional checks in an ad-hoc fashion, which makes them prone to omitting checks for corner cases. To address this, we devised a novel approach to finding bugs during the execution of a program. At the core of this approach is an interpreter written in a high-level language that performs automatic checks (such as bounds, NULL, and type checks). By mapping data structures in C to those of the high-level language, accesses are automatically checked and bugs discovered. We have implemented this approach and show that our tool (called Safe Sulong) can find bugs that state-of-the-art tools overlook, such as out-of-bounds accesses to the main function arguments.
• Self-assembled plasmonic nanogaps: Enabling early detection of biofilm formation. Nguyen, Cuong; Thrift, William J.; Bhattacharjee, Arunima; Darvishzadeh-Varcheie, Mahsa; Capolino, Filippo; Hochbaum, Allon I.; Ragana, Regina (2017). 1–3.
• NGOs, political protest, and civil society Boulding, Carew (2016). (First paperback edition ) Cambridge University Press, New York.
• Energy-aware video streaming on smartphones. Hu, Wenjie; Cao, Guohong (2015). 1185–1193.
• Haze removal based on sparse representation prior. Li, Jiafeng; Zhang, Hong; Chen, Hao; Yang, Yifan; Sun, Mingui (2015). 781–785.
• Energy optimization through traffic aggregation in wireless networks. Hu, Wenjie; Cao, Guohong (2014). 916–924.
• Die entfesselte Exekutive : Die Krise des liberalen Legalismus Posner, Eric A. (2014). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin.
• Modeling the scholars: Detecting intertextuality through enhanced word-level n-gram matching. Forstall, Christopher; Coffee, Neil; Buck, Thomas; Roache, Katherine; Jacobson, Sarah (2014). 30(4) 503–515.

  The study of intertextuality, or how authors make artistic use of other texts in their works, has a long tradition, and has in recent years benefited from a variety of applications of digital methods. This article describes an approach for detecting the sorts of intertexts that literary scholars have found most meaningful, as embodied in the free Tesserae website http://tesserae.caset.buffalo.edu/. Tests of Tesserae Versions 1 and 2 showed that word-level n-gram matching could recall a majority of parallels identified by scholarly commentators in a benchmark set. But these versions lacked precision, so that the meaningful parallels could be found only among long lists of those that were not meaningful. The Version 3 search described here adds a second stage scoring system that sorts the found parallels by a formula accounting for word frequency and phrase density. Testing against a benchmark set of intertexts in Latin epic poetry shows that the scoring system overall succeeds in ranking parallels of greater significance more highly, allowing site users to find meaningful parallels more quickly. Users can also choose to adjust both recall and precision by focusing only on results above given score levels. As a theoretical matter, these tests establish that lemma identity, word frequency, and phrase density are important constituents of what make a phrase parallel a meaningful intertext.
• Building UML Models Collaboratively. Chen, Weiqin; Pedersen, Roger; Pettersen, Øystein J. A. M. Cordeiro, V. Pedrosa, B. Encarnação, J. Filipe (eds.) (2006). 106–111.
• The digital sublime: myth, power, and cyberspace Mosco, Vincent (2004). The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

  The digital era promises, as did many other technological developments before it, the transformation of society: with the computer, we can transcend time, space, and politics-as-usual. In The Digital Sublime, Vincent Mosco goes beyond the usual stories of technological breakthrough and economic meltdown to explore the myths constructed around the new digital technology and why we feel compelled to believe in them. He tells us that what kept enthusiastic investors in the dotcom era bidding up stocks even after the crash had begun was not willful ignorance of the laws of economics but belief in the myth that cyberspace was opening up a new world.
• Domestic Gas Stove for use with Liquefied Petroleum Gases -- Specification of Indian Standards, Bureau (2002). 1–11.
• Pandora’s hope: essays on the reality of science studies Latour, Bruno (1999). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

  A scientist friend asked Bruno Latour point-blank: “Do you believe in reality?” Taken aback by this strange query, Latour offers his meticulous response in Pandora’s Hope. It is a remarkable argument for understanding the reality of science in practical terms.
• Parameter Selection in Particle Swarm Optimization. Shi, Yuhui; Eberhart, Russell C. in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, V. W. Porto, N. Saravanan, D. E. Waagen, A. E. Eiben (eds.) (1998). (Vol. 1447) 591–600.
• Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures. Garratt, J. R. (1992). 31(9) 1096–1105.
• Polymorphic Type Reconstruction for Garbage Collection Without Tags. Goldberg, Benjamin; Gloger, Michael J. L. White (ed.) (1992). 53–65.
• A Syntactic Approach to Fixed Point Computation on Finite Domains. Chuang, Tyng-Ruey; Goldberg, Benjamin J. L. White (ed.) (1992). 109–118.
• Buckwheat: Graph Reduction on a Shared-Memory Multiprocessor. Goldberg, Benjamin J. Chailloux (ed.) (1988). 40–51.
• Coefficient of discharge and spray cone angle of a pressure nozzle with combined axial and tangential entry of power-law fluids. Biswas, G.; Som, S. K. (1986). 43(1) 3–22.

  Flows of incompressible, time-independent purely viscous power-law fluids through pressure nozzle with combined axial and tangential entry are analysed. Theoretical predictions of coefficient of discharge and spray cone angle are made through an approximate analytical solution of hydrodynamics of flow inside the nozzle. In the converging section of the nozzle, the boundary layer equations have been derived with modified order approximation [O(\($\delta$\)/R)≈1, O(\($\delta$\)2/R2)≪1] of Navier-Stokes equations for a better accuracy. Smoother attainment of the free-stream condition at the edge of the boundary layer is ensured by requiring the appropriate shear rate terms, compatible with the above order analysis, to be zero. The pertinent independent input parameters which govern the flow field are the generalized Reynolds number at inlet to the nozzle based on the tangential velocity of injection \\($\$\)backslashoperatornameRe _G_i \\($\$\), the ratio of the axial-to-tangential velocity at the inlet to the nozzle VR, the flow behaviour index of the fluid n, the length-to-diameter ratio of the swirl chamber L1/D1, the spin chamber angle 2\($\alpha$\) and the orifice-to-swirl-chamber-diameter ratio D2/D1. Experiments reported in the paper corroborate the qualitative trends of analytical results.
• Experiments in Diffused Combinator Reduction. Hudak, Paul; Goldberg, Benjamin R. S. Boyer, E. S. Schneider, G. L. S. Jr. (eds.) (1984). 167–176.
• Clarke’s Third Law on UFO’s. Clarke, Arthur C. (1968). 159(3812) 255–255.