Forecasting of the Traffic Situation in the Hannover Region

The main requirement of road traffic participants is to know the current traffic situation. Such data is typically obtained from routing services where the time of many different individual trips is taken into account.

In the context of Data4UrbanMobility tools were developed that allow to predict the traffic situation based on such time series data. The following figure presents an interface to visualize typical time series patterns as well as outliers present in the data:

The prediction of the traffic situation is made available in the form of a map based interface for the end user:

Data4UrbanMobility Data Protection Regulation

The work on the Data4UrbanMobility data protection regulation is completed. The document is publicly available and can be found here.

First Version of MiC-App Available

A first version of the novel MiC-App (Move in the City) App is now available for D4UM-associates as well as a protected group of public users. The mobile MiC-App is a tool to gather data.

MiC was developed by the Institute for Sustainable Urbanism at the University of Braunschweig and the Projektionisten GmbH. MiC links the growing  awareness of  digital citizen rights with the potential of evaluation big datasets. Therefore MiC gives the opportunity to citizen to actively participate in a citizen science project to take part in the development of the mobility of the feature.

MiC gathers data of the users movement, where the user has the about which data should be recorded. All data is pseudonymised such that the privacy of the contributing citizen is ensured.

Current Status:

In the first version of the app, the user can easily start and end the tracking of his/her movement. It is worth to point out, that the user decides when he is tracked and when not. A summary of his/her activity is available for the user as well as the opportunity to issue feedback or even delete all of his contributed data.

Updated System with Dashboard V2

With the new version of our system,  the dashboard will provide even more insights into the impact of public events on the traffic situation.

The coloring and labels let us easily distinguish between the different type of events. By clicking on the label we show the typically affected subgraph for that event type. This allows the user to check what specific routes are typically affected by an event at that location.

Examples: Visualisation of a concert and a football game.

In addition, the graph at the top right gives additional information on how big the impact around the events start time tends to be.

{API}
We enriched the api endpoints with additional information from the data models that were developed as part of the research efforts.

D4UM App Version 1.0

We just released the first Version of the D4UM App. Every project member now has access to the application and can try out its features. Let’s quickly go over some of its main features.
The EFA integration (EFA is a routing engine covering Lower Saxony and Bremen ) allows for quick access to tip information using all available public transport options. Our focus, when designing the application, was on quick and easy navigation to provide a simple and easy to use trip planning tool.

Departures and Connections

On the departure screen we show the user the closes stops for public transportation in his immediate vicinity. On the connection screen the user can fill in his desired starting location( either an address or an existing stop ) and destination and query for what connections are available to him. The provided information contains real time data , meaning we are able to visualized delays for any given connection.

Map

On the map screen you can see and or find all available stops of public transportation. This allows for providing the user with a great way to find out what stops are available in their city. By clicking on any of the shown stops will open the departure screen and provide you with the information mentioned above. To better visualize a selected connection, we show the route you plan to travel on the map.

Menu / Settings

Additional features can be found in the settings menu of the application. Here you can find settings that allow you to customize your routing results for both the departures and connection screen. The best way to let us know what you think about the application is to use the feedback module. This can be found here as well. First click on the emoji that best describe how you feel about the app. And then put in any additional information or ideas or thoughts you may have. Now what is left is just to press send and you will send us an email.

We look forward to hearing from you.

Quantification  and Prediction of Impact of Public Events

Current Data4UrbanMobility research results allow for measuring and prediction of spatial impact on road traffic of public events. Connected, affected street segments nearby public events are identified to measure the spatial impact. The approach is depicted in the following figure:

(Karte von https://www.openstreetmap.org)

An event is marked as yellow dot, affected streets in red and the measured impact in dark blue. Moreover, an approach making use of machine learning algorithms was developed to predict the impact determined in this way, resulting an error-reduction of up to 40% when compared to existing state-of-the-art approaches.

D4UM – Platform V1 Released

The first version of the Data4UrbanMobiltiy platform has been released. The platform was designed and implemented following a 3-tier-architecture. The platform provides RESTfull Web services for mobility applications like dashboards or mobile apps. As a demonstration, an interactive map application has been developed that visualizes the spatial impact of public events. The following figure shows a screenshot of the application.

The figure shows 4 public events in the city of Hannover. The colors represent different types of public events (e.g. concerts, fairs, sport events). The circles visualize the spatial impact on road traffic caused by the public events.

Comprehensive Set of Requirements

The Data4UrbanMobility analysis of requirements includes requirements of the application partners Region Hannover (RH) and Wolfsburg AG (WAG) as well as non functional requirements. The requirements were collected by MOMA. The L3S derived research question for data analysis which are based  on the requirements of RH and WAG. The research question address especially the information needs of end-users.

The current research questions particularly include

1. Automated verification of traffic warnings and prediction of their impact
2. Identification of events and prediction of their impact
3. Investigation of correlation of road traffic data, public transportation query logs, traffic warnings and twitterfeeds
4. Determination of optimal traveling timepoints

Growing Data Collection

ISU create a comprehensive data matrix containing potential source of mobility related data. The Data4UrbanMobility data model describes all project relevant data sets and sets them into context. This makes the data available in a unified manor for both analysis and applications. The selected data sources were transformed according to the Data4UrbanMobility data model by L3S. The data quality of selected data sources (i.e. public transportation query logs and road traffic data) was examined.

Tools for extracting the relevant information from the datasets were developed to enable the integration of the datasets.

• Street and graph extraction from OpenStreetMap
• Bulkloader for public transportation queries
• Integration of “Zentrales Haltestellen Verzeichniss” (central registry of public transportation stops)

The current collection (December 12th 2017) contians

EFA-Logs: 17 million public transportation queries
Road traffic data: 174 thousand street sements with a frequency of 15 minutes
GTFS-data: 90 thousand. public transportation stops, 2.6 thousand routes
Weather: Radolan “Regenraster” (rain grid)
Twitter: 2,5 Mio. Tweets starting at June 2017

OSM: 440 thousand streets 
Events: 21 thousand public events (August 14th 2016-July 17th 2018)

Traffic warnings: 13 thousand warning (since June 2017)

Visualization of Public Transportation Information

In order to allow intuitive analytics of public transportation information, the PROJEKTIONISTEN (PROJ) developed a dashboard web application. First prototypes visualize queries addressed to the regional timetable information system EFA (www.efa.de). The prototypes serve as foundations for exploration analyses as well as the implementation of future versions of the dashboard. The following figure shows an integrated visualization of the most frequent origins and destinations of the queries.

Analysen der EFA-Logs

Analysis of EFA Public Transportation Query Logs

Analyses regarding the impact of public events on public transportation are currently conducted to address early research questions. To this extend, explorative data analyses of the impact of major public events such as football games and medium sized events such as concerts were conducted. Visual analytics were used as a first step towards comprehensive analyses, which show start-like patterns for city center which identify mobility hubs of central importance.

The figure shows the direct connection between origin and destination of public transportation queries. Darker colors correspond to more frequent queried trips. Star-like pattern identify the central train station and the central metro station.

Analyses of single stations reveal weekday dependent patterns.

The figure depicts the average number of queries with the destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke”. Differences emerge between Weekends and workdays.

The impact of public events on the queries can be visualized  as well.

The figure shows the number of queries with the Destination “Hannover Stadionbrücke” for Wednesday, April 26th 2017 (orange) as well as the average number of queries on a Wednesday for the same destination. On this day a concert took place in venue nearby. The concert start at 8 pm. The significant deviations between 5 pm and 7 pm is highly likely to be caused by visitors of the concert. This shows that public transportation queries are a valuable information source to investigate the impact of public events on mobility infrastructure.

• Eine mathematisch statistische Methode zum Aufstellen thermodynamischer Gleichungen, gezeigt am Beispiel der Dampfdruckkurve reiner fluider Stoffe Inas Hasnaoui, Maria Zrikem; Elassali, Rajaa in Fortschrittberichte der VDI Zeitschriften, (M. Z. Inas Hasnaoui; R. Elassali, eds.) (2025). (Vol. 13) AIRCC.

  The rapid growth of blockchain technology has introduced new security challenges in decentralized systems. In this paper, we present Block-AD, a Blockchain Attack-Defense Capture The Flag (CTF) competition aimed at improving smart contract security skills and addressing evolving security threats in Next-Web3 environments. Unlike traditional CTF competitions, participants engage in attack and defense actions to exploit vulner- abilities and protect their smart contract services. This game-based approach concludes with rewards distributed from the competition’s vault and the allocation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as proof of par- ticipation. This approach aims to provide a fun and engaging way to improve the security skills of all participants, as well as to identify and fix vulnerabilities in smart contracts.
• Lifetimes and electromagnetic transition strengths in \\($\$\)^\124\\\($\$\)Ba. Gladnishki, K. A.; Beckers, M.; Dewald, A.; Fransen, C.; Jolie, J.; Blazhev, A.; Kocheva, D.; Müller-Gatermann, C.; Rainovski, G.; Zell, K.-O. (2025). 61(5) 106.

  The lifetimes of the yrast band states from \\($\$\)4^+\_1\\($\$\)to \\($\$\)10^+\_1\\($\$\)and \\($\$\)11^-\_1\\($\$\)in \\($\$\)^\124\\\($\$\)Ba were determined from a Recoil Distance Doppler-Shift method measurement conducted at the Institute of Nuclear Physics at the University of Cologne. The evolution of the deduced E2 transition strengths in the yrast band indicates that \\($\$\)^\124\\\($\$\)Ba does not conform to expectations for a nucleus near the X(5) critical point symmetry. Instead, this evolution aligns more closely with the IBM-1 description of a transitional nucleus with no particular symmetry.
• Performance Analysis of in-Beam PET Range Verification System for Carbon ion Beams. Ranjbar, Sahar; Milian, Felix Mas; Bersani, Davide; Cerello, Piergiorgio; Cirio, Roberto; Data, Emanuele Maria; Donetti, Marco; Mazinani, Mohammed Fadavi; Ferrero, Veronica; Giordanengo, Simona; Hosseini, Mohammed; Olivares, D. Montalvan; Pullia, Marco; Rafecas, Magdalena; Vignati, Anna; Sacchi, Roberto; Werner, Julius; Pennazio, Francesco; Fiorina, Elisa (2025). 1–1.

  The Superconducting Ion Gantry (SIG) project aims to develop a reliable in vivo Range Verification System (RVS) for integration into a multi-ion gantry. The project includes researching, designing, and testing the system’s fundamental components. Based on RVS element performance, the ultimate goal is to design a full system that meets clinical requirements. Therefore, in this study, we present the performance evaluation of a small in-beam Positron Emission Tomography (PET) prototype for carbon ion irradiations. The experimental setup consists of 6 PET modules arranged in hexagonal geometry (3 vs 3 partial ring configuration), with a radius of 98 mm. Each detector block features 16×16 pixels, 3.2 mm pitch of segmented Lutetium Fine Silicate (LFS) scintillator crystals, coupled one-to-one to Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) matrices. Homogeneous phantoms were irradiated with two monoenergetic beams at different energies at CNAO (Italian National Center of Oncological Hadron Therapy). Data were acquired online during the irradiation. For this study, images are reconstructed from the irradiation in the pauses between beam spills (inter-spill). The performance analysis was focused on evaluating the stability of range difference estimation considering different subsets of coincidence events along the beam irradiation.
• BioTIME 2.0: Expanding and Improving a Database of Biodiversity Time Series. Dornelas, Maria; Antão, Laura H.; Bates, Amanda E.; Brambilla, Viviana; Chase, Jonathan M.; Chow, Cher F. Y.; Fontrodona‐Eslava, Ada; Magurran, Anne E.; Martins, Inês S.; Moyes, Faye; Sagouis, Alban; Adu‐Acheampong, Samuel; Acquah‐Lamptey, Daniel; Adam, Dušan; Ajani, Penelope A.; Albaina, Aitor; Almaraz, Pablo; An, Jeongseop; Anderson, Roger Sigismund; Anderson, Madelaine Jean Robertson; Antunes, Alexsander Z.; Arismendi, Ivan; Armbrecht, Linda; Aros‐Mardones, Pedro; Ashtamoorthy, Sreejith Kalpuzha; Ayyappan, Narayanan; Badihi, Gal; Bailey, Joseph J.; Baird, Andrew H.; Baird, Mark Edward; Balakrishnan, Sreekumar Vadakkethil; Barão‐Nóbrega, José António L.; Barash, Adi; Barbosa, Miguel; Barlow, Jos; Bässler, Claus; Beaumont, Matthieu; Beenaerts, Natalie; Begot, Tiago Octavio; Beiroz, Wallace; Beldade, Ricardo; Bell, David M.; Bellgrove, Alecia; Belmaker, Jonathan; Benedetti‐Cecchi, Lisandro; Benkwitt, Cassandra E.; Berkum, Pamela Medina‐van; Bestelmeyer, Brandon T.; Betts, Matthew G.; Billah, Maxwell Kelvin; Bjorkman, Anne D.; Błażewicz, Magdalena; Bloch, Christopher P.; Blowes, Shane A.; Bode, Antonio; Bogoni, Juliano A.; Bolger, Thomas; Bonebrake, Timothy C.; Bonsdorff, Erik; Bottarin, Roberta; Brokensha, Luke N.; Brooker, Rob W.; Brooks, Andrew J.; Bruelheide, Helge; Bueno, Thiago Almeida; Laguionie, Claire; Campagnoli, Mariana Lopes; Cant, James; Caramaschi, Erica Pellegrini; Caron, Alexandre; Carroll, Tadhg; Caruso, Tancredi; Carvajal‐Quintero, Juan; Castaldelli, Giuseppe; Castañeda‐Moya, Edward; Castilho, Pedro V.; Cechin, Sonia Zanini; Chaikin, Shahar; Chandrashekara, Uchangi Manjunatha; Chase, Tory J.; Chen, Chaolun Allen; Cherem, Jorge José; Choi, Sei‐Woong; Christensen, Erica M.; Christianini, Alexander V.; Chu, Jackson Wing Four; Coad, Peter; Van Colen, Carl; Comte, Lise; Cooper, Elisabeth J.; Cornelissen, J. 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• Developing a Secure and Transparent Blockchain System for Fintech with Fintrust Framework Singh, Avinash (N. Meghanathan, ed.) (2025). (Vol. 17) VDI Verlag.

  The rapid growth of Fintech has driven the adoption of blockchain technology for secure, efficient, and tamper-proof digital transactions. However, existing blockchain systems face challenges such as double spending attacks, inefficient consensus mechanisms, and limited trust management, which hinder their scalability and security. To overcome these issues, this research proposes the Fin Trust Blockchain Framework (FTBF), a multi-layered architecture designed to provide secure, scalable, and transparent solutions for Fintech applications. FTBF integrates Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) at its core to ensure continuous user, node, and transaction validation. To prevent double-spending attacks, the Dynamic Coin Flow Output Model (DCFOM) tracks unspent transaction outputs, ensuring the uniqueness of digital tokens. The framework also introduces a novel consensus mechanism, the Time Elapsed Stake Secure Algorithm (TESSA), which enhances scalability and energy efficiency. Additionally, the Fair Trust Rating Server (FTRS) dynamically calculates and updates trust scores for network participants, storing them on a trust score ledger for transparency and accountability. FTBF addresses key blockchain security, efficiency, and trust management limitations, paving the way for next-generation Fintech solutions with enhanced scalability, resilience, and transparency.
• Topological phase diagram of mercury cadmium telluride quantum wells. Bovkun, L. S.; Fürst, L.; Fuchs, C.; Marković, V.; Hofer, M.; Siebert, M.; Berger, C.; Bayer, F.; Beugeling, W.; Schreyeck, S.; Buhmann, H.; Molenkamp, L. W.; Kießling, T. (2025). 9(5) 054602.
• Warmer temperatures reinforce negative land-use impacts on bees, but not on higher insect trophic levels. Ganuza, Cristina; Redlich, Sarah; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Tobisch, Cynthia; Zhang, Jie; Benjamin, Caryl; Englmeier, Jana; Ewald, Jörg; Fricke, Ute; Haensel, Maria; Kollmann, Johannes; Riebl, Rebekka; Schiele, Susanne; Uhler, Johannes; Uphus, Lars; Müller, Jörg; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf (2025). 292(2046)
• Provirus deletion from Haloferax volcanii affects motility, stress resistance, and CRISPR RNA expression. Di Cianni, Nadia; Bolsinger, Simon; Brendel, Jutta; Raabe, Monika; König, Sabine; Mitchell, Laura; Bischler, Thorsten; Gräfenhan, Tom; Read, Clarissa; Erdmann, Susanne; Allers, Thorsten; Walther, Paul; Urlaub, Henning; Dyall-Smith, Mike; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm; Marchfelder, Anita (2025). 6

  Haloferax volcanii harbours four putative proviruses: Halfvol1, Halfvol2, Halfvol3, and Halfvol4. In this study, we successfully deleted all four provirus genomes, demonstrating, that they are not essential. Transcriptome comparison between this strain (∆Halfvol1-4) and a wild-type strain reveals an increase in archaella and chemotaxis gene expression, resulting in higher swarming motility in ∆Halfvol1-4. Furthermore, ∆Halfvol1-4 cells show an elongated cell shape and a higher resistance to H2O2 stress compared to the wild type. RNA-seq also revealed downregulation of CRISPR arrays in the provirus-free strain. Circularised genomes of Halfvol1, Halfvol2, and Halfvol3 were found in the culture supernatant of the wild-type strain. This confirms excision of the proviruses from the chromosome, which seems to happen more efficiently at low temperature (30°C). Electron microscopy revealed potential viral particles in the supernatant, and mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the presence of structural viral proteins of Halfvol1 and Halfvol3 in the isolated virus sample. These observations suggest that these proviruses are active and cause a chronic infection in H. volcanii.
• A shortcut to sample coverage standardization in metabarcoding data provides new insights into land-use effects on insect diversity. Kortmann, Mareike; Chao, Anne; Chiu, Chun-Huo; Heibl, Christoph; Mitesser, Oliver; Morinière, Jérôme; Bozicevic, Vedran; Hothorn, Torsten; Rothacher, Julia; Englmeier, Jana; Ewald, Jörg; Fricke, Ute; Ganuza, Cristina; Haensel, Maria; Moning, Christoph; Redlich, Sarah; Rojas-Botero, Sandra; Tobisch, Cynthia; Uhler, Johannes; Zhang, Jie; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Müller, Jörg (2025). 292(2046)
• Multi-Agent Design: Optimizing Agents with Better Prompts and Topologies. Zhou, Han; Wan, Xingchen; Sun, Ruoxi; Palangi, Hamid; Iqbal, Shariq; Vulić, Ivan; Korhonen, Anna; Arık, Sercan Ö. (2025).
• Exploring Design Choices for Autoregressive Deep Learning Climate Models. Gallusser, Florian; Hentschel, Simon; Krause, Anna; Hotho, Andreas (2025).
• Hybrid Attention Mechanisms in 3D CNN for Noise-Resilient Lip Reading in Complex Environments. Metipatil, Prabhuraj; SK, Pranav in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2025). (Vol. 1959) 190–202.
• Text Mining Customer Reviews for Aspect-Based Restaurant Rating. Cuizon, Jovelyn C.; Lopez, Jesserine; Jone, Danica Rose in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, M. Bouzeghoub, Z. Kedad, E. Métais (eds.) (2025). (Vol. 1959) 190–202.
• Modelling model uncertainties ontologically. Stappel, Mirjam; Mossakowski, Till; Neuhaus, Fabian; Berendes, Sarah C. Masolo (ed.) (2025).
• Semantic Dependency in Ontologies. Neuhaus, Fabian; Glauer, Martin; Mossakowski, Till; Gerlach, Lilly; Heidfeld, Colin C. Masolo (ed.) (2025).
• Bubble Nucleation Pulse-Width in Thermal Inkjet Actuators. Mallinson, S. G.; McBain, G. D.; Horrocks, G. D.; North, A. J.; Lakshmi, C. S.; Starke, T. H. K.; Lowe, G. W.; Barton, C. S.; Myers, S. (2025). 147(8) 081602.

  Thermal inkjet actuators operate by passing a current through an electrical resistor, the heater, in contact with a working liquid such as ink. This heats the liquid rapidly (dT/dt≈108−109 K/s), and once the liquid temperature exceeds the superheat limit, it flash-boils. The resultant high temperature (≈300 °C) and pressure (≈10 MPa) bubble expands, forcing the ink through a nozzle, forming a droplet which then travels through the print gap until it strikes the media. Here, we discuss the bubble nucleation criterion for thermal inkjet technology, using numerical and analytical models. The results from the different models, and data from bubble visualization and droplet weight experiments, are within approximately 10% of each other. The experimental data provide a useful benchmark for comparison against other theoretical models. The newly derived analytical model provides a simple method for the thermal inkjet designer to estimate the bubble nucleation pulse-width and the energy required for nucleation.
• Identifying Axiomatic Mathematical Transformation Steps using Tree-Structured Pointer Networks. Wankerl, Sebastian; Pfister, Jan; Dulny, Andrzej; Götz, Gerhard; Hotho, Andreas (2025).
• Modeling and Analyzing the Influence of Non-Item Pages on Sequential Next-Item Prediction. Fischer, Elisabeth; Zehe, Albin; Hotho, Andreas; Schlör, Daniel (2025).

  Analyzing sequences of interactions between users and items, sequential recommendation models can learn user intent and make predictions about the next item. Next to item interactions, most systems also have interactions with what we call non-item pages: these pages are not related to specific items but still can provide insights into the user’s interests, as, for example, navigation pages. We therefore propose a general way to include these non-item pages in sequential recommendation models to enhance next-item prediction. First, we demonstrate the influence of non-item pages on following interactions using the hypotheses testing framework HypTrails and propose methods for representing non-item pages in sequential recommendation models. Subsequently, we adapt popular sequential recommender models to integrate non-item pages and investigate their performance with different item representation strategies as well as their ability to handle noisy data. To show the general capabilities of the models to integrate non-item pages, we create a synthetic dataset for a controlled setting and then evaluate the improvements from including non-item pages on two real-world datasets. Our results show that non-item pages are a valuable source of information, and incorporating them in sequential recommendation models increases the performance of next-item prediction across all analyzed model architectures.
• ModernGBERT: German-only 1B Encoder Model Trained from Scratch. Ehrmanntraut, Anton; Wunderle, Julia; Pfister, Jan; Jannidis, Fotis; Hotho, Andreas (2025).
• Bibliography as a language communication tool. Gołda, Agnieszka; Tomaszczyk, Jacek (2024). 105 101657.

  In scientific inquiry and the dissemination of knowledge, bibliographies emerge as cornerstone elements within the expansive communication system, serving multifaceted roles indispensable to scholarly dialogue and the popularization of scientific findings. This study delves into the intrinsic significance and application of bibliographies, highlighting their roles in the communication process and retrieval of diverse entities, including books, articles, and electronic resources. The construction of bibliography entries utilizes a specialized bibliographic language characterized by its quasi-natural, uncontrolled vocabulary designed to facilitate communication. The strength of this bibliographic language is notably anchored in its grammar, imparting to it a universal communicative capacity that allows for the comprehension of meanings solely through the bibliographic scheme. This research examines bibliographies embedded within scientific texts to confirm references to existing sources, aiming to assert the universality of bibliographies as a language tool in scientific communication. Through an analysis of the functions and structure of bibliographic language, it is demonstrated that such bibliographies not only enhance the flow of information but also play a crucial role in conveying reliable and verifiable data, thereby fostering the advancement of scientific discovery.
• Einordnung wichtiger Ergebnisse der Bundeswaldinventur 2022 in Bezug auf waldpolitische Handlungsfelder. Bauhus, J; Dieter, M; Meyer, P; Knoke, T; Endres, E; Farwig, N; Weber-Blaschke, G; Lang, F; Kleinschmit, B; Hafner, A; Kätzel, R; Lindner, M; Müller, J; Schraml, U; Seeling, U (2024, December). 25.
• Generative AI and jobs: a global analysis of potential effects on job quantity and quality. Technical Report (96), Gmyrek, Pawel; Berg, Janine; Bescond, David (2023).

  This study assesses the potential global exposure of occupations to Generative AI, particularly GPT-4. It predicts that the overwhelming effect of the technology will be to augment occupations, rather than to automate them. The greatest impact is likely to be in high and upper-middle income countries due to a higher share of employment in clerical occupations. As clerical jobs are an important source of female employment, the effects are highly gendered. Insights from this study underline the need for proactive policies that focus on job quality, ensure fair transitions, and that are based on dialogue and adequate regulation.
• Who Is AI Replacing? The Impact of Generative AI on Online Freelancing Platforms. Demirci, Ozge; Hannane, Jonas; Zhu, Xinrong (2023, October 15).

  This paper studies the impact of Generative AI technologies on the demand for online freelancers using a large dataset from a leading global freelancing platform. We identify the types of jobs that are more affected by Generative AI and quantify the magnitude of the heterogeneous impact. Our findings indicate a 21% decrease in the number of job posts for automation-prone jobs related to writing and coding, compared to jobs requiring manual-intensive skills, within eight months after the introduction of Chat-GPT. We show that the reduction in the number of job posts increases competition among freelancers while the remaining automation-prone jobs are of greater complexity and offer higher pay. We also find that the introduction of Image-generating AI technologies led to a 17% decrease in the number of job posts related to image creation. We use Google Trends to show that the more pronounced decline in the demand for freelancers within automation-prone jobs correlates with their higher public awareness of ChatGPT's substitutability.
• Urban Mobility. Alessandretti, Laura; Szell, Michael (2022).

  In this chapter, we discuss urban mobility from a complexity science perspective. First, we give an overview of the datasets that enable this approach, such as mobile phone records, location-based social network traces, or GPS trajectories from sensors installed on vehicles. We then review the empirical and theoretical understanding of the properties of human movements, including the distribution of travel distances and times, the entropy of trajectories, and the interplay between exploration and exploitation of locations. Next, we explain generative and predictive models of individual mobility, and their limitations due to intrinsic limits of predictability. Finally, we discuss urban transport from a systemic perspective, including system-wide challenges like ridesharing, multimodality, and sustainable transport.
• Does the Winner Take it All? Towards an Understanding of why there might be no One-Size-Fits-All Gamification Design. Schöbel, Sofia; Söllner, Matthias; Mishra, Abhay Nath (2017).

  Despite the popularity of gamification, and the positive effects of games in daily life, many gamification projects fail. A possible explanation for this observation is that most projects follow a one-sizefits-all approach without considering what the intended users really want. Closely related to this, most approaches focus on the integration of competitive game structures even though several mechanisms are available. This applies especially for the learning context of the study. Consequently, we aim to investigate the effectiveness of multiple gamification configurations based on different underlying motivational structures of users. To achieve our goal, we combine social comparison and social interdependence theory. This integration of theories helps to identify reward structures. They serve to analyze differences in user needs concerning their motivation to learn. We develop hypotheses that expose four different reward structures: autonomous, competitive, cooperative, and co-competitive. Our researchin-progress paper closes with an outline of an upcoming experiment. Once our research is completed, we expect to be able to better understand how differences in the users’ motivational structures influence their motivation in the context of learning, and how gamification configurations can be adapted based on a user’s underlying motivational structures.
• The Impact of Procedural Scaffolding on Mobile Learning Outcomes. Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2017).

  Mobile learning, offering anytime and anywhere learning, is becoming increasingly important in various areas such as the training of blue-collar workers in organizations. However, mobile learning may overwhelm the learner since it is often used in rich physical environments and demands a high self-regulated learning ability. Therefore, research suggests the use of procedural scaffolds to guide the learner and to enhance learning outcomes. To investigate how different procedural scaffolds contribute to learning outcomes, we conducted a between-subject quasiexperiment with 333 Chinese blue-collar workers. Our results show that comprehensive tutorials at the beginning of the learning process have a positive influence on learning outcomes in contrast to instructional overlays during the learning process as well as a combination of both scaffolds. Consequently, we did not observe that procedural scaffolds per se have a positive impact on learning outcomes, but the right scaffold in the right context has the potential to increase learning outcomes.
• Towards Design Excellence for Context-Aware Services - The Case of Mobile Navigation Apps. Knote, Robin; Söllner, Matthias (2017).

  To satisfy service customers and create unique value in a digitized world, companies must strive for exceeding customers’ expectations of e-service experience by establishing high e-service quality. However, an increasing amount of e-services is performed by context-aware mobile technology, which is able to sense and react to changes in the user’s environment. Although these context-aware services are able to address our personal needs and already determine our everyday live, knowledge on how to develop such services is sparse. In our study, we qualitatively compare three mobile navigation apps based on their user reviews in order to elicit first requirements and design approaches for e-service quality oriented design. Results show that well known e-service quality models are not fully applicable to the case of mobile navigation services.
• Towards Requirement Patterns for Smart Physical Work Assistants. Knote, Robin; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2017).

  Although physical work is becoming increasingly automated, many tasks in manufacturing, assembly or quality assurance still require human expertise, skills and subjective evaluation. Therefore, digitization offers the possibility to support such physical tasks by smart assistant systems. Being part of a larger research project, the aim of this short paper is to present requirement patterns that have evolved during a case study at a German car component manufacturer. Guided by work design theory, our research reveals four requirement patterns that support requirements specification of smart physical work assistants with regard to autonomy, task variety, task identity and feedback from tasks.
• Third Time is a Charm – Determining the Required Number of Assessors when Using Peer Assessment in Large-Scale Lectures. Lehmann, Katja; Söllner, Matthias; Blohm, Ivo; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2017).

  Although peer assessment is a widely used didactical method in higher education, little is known about a) how many peer assessors are required to receive a stable assessment on a peer’s solution and b) how valid this assessment is compared to an expert assessment. To fill these gaps, we conducted a peer assessment in a large-scale lecture. Overall, 136 students participated in the peer assessment. Each student had to complete an assignment, which was then anonymously evaluated by five randomly selected peers, and three independent experts. We applied a bootstrap-based Monte Carlo simulation based on our data. The results show that a) three peer assessors are sufficient for a stable assessment, and b) the peer assessors are less critical compared to experts. We thus contribute to literature by providing insights on how many peer assessors are required when applying peer assessment, and how comparable peer assessment is with expert assessment.
• Yes You Can - Empowering Lecturers to Simulate Collaboration among Learners in the Disciplines of Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking Regardless of Class Size. Oeste-Reiß, Sarah; Bittner, Eva; Söllner, Matthias (2017).

  Fostering higher-level learning in the disciplines of problem-solving and critical thinking becomes important when educating knowledge workers. By taking part in collaborative learning (CL) activities, e.g., interactiv discussions, learners have the chance to develop, defend, and critique positions. However, implementing CL activities is often complex because this requires knowledge in designing effective collaboration. We build on insights from learning and collaboration engineering literature to develop an IT-based Collaborative-Learning-Pattern Approach (CLPA) that consists of two patterns, each describing a process design – one for training problem-solving, and the other for attaining critical thinking abilities. To evaluate the CLPA, we use simulations, walk-throughs among lecturers, and pilot-tests among students. Results show that the CLPA empowers lecturers to implement respective activities in the classroom, takes into account pedagogical demands, and satisfies lecturers as well as learners. We contribute several findings toward a design theory for empowering lecturers to implement CL activities in their classes.
• The Twofold Value of IT-Based Peer Assessment in Management Information Systems Education. Rietsche, Roman; Lehmann, Katja; Haas, Philipp; Söllner, Matthias (2017).

  Feedback is one of the most influential factor when it comes to learning success of students. Especially large-scale classes at universities often lack feedback caused by the scarcity of resources. Even though a lack of feedback is problematic across all domains, especially when educating future IS executives, who are supposed to lead team members by providing effective feedback. In this study, we use IT-based peer assessment (ITPA) in a large-scale class to support students with feedback during their learning-process. Specifically, our results show that participating in ITPA lead to an increase in knowledge on the content of the class of about 28% on average. Furthermore, students train their ability to provide feedback, measured twice, self-reported and as quality of the feedback received – increased significantly during the class.
• The obvious and hidden values of IT-based peer assessment in management education. Rietsche, Roman; Söllner, Matthias (2017).

  Feedback is one of the most influential factor when it comes to learning success of students. Especially large-scale classes at universities often lack feedback caused by the scarcity of resources. Even though a lack of feedback is problematic across all domains, it is especially crucial when aiming to educate future managers, who are supposed to lead team members by providing effective feedback. In this study, we use problem-based-learning and a constructivist learning environment using IT-based peer assessment (ITPA) in a large-scale class to support future managers with feedback during the teaching-learning process. By implementing ITPA, we ensure on the one hand that our students regularly receive feedback, and one the other hand, we additionally support our students in training their ability to provide constructive feedback. While the results of our research show that the conspicuous value of ITPA is the increase of the students learning success and the hidden value is that at the same time the students train their ability to provide feedback. Specifically, our results show that participating in ITPA could lead to an increase in knowledge on the content of the class of about 28% on average. Furthermore, the students’ ability to provide feedback – measured twice, self-reported and as quality of the feedback received – increased significantly during the semester.
• Digital formative learning assessment tool - Towards helping students to take ownership of their learning. Rietsche, Roman; Söllner, Matthias; Seufert, Sabine (2017).

  Over the last years, the number of students has constantly risen while the number of lecturers remained steady. To the consequence are large-scale classes with often hundreds of students. Large-scale classes have didactical challenges such as providing effective feedback for the students’ learning success. This is in particular problematic, since feedback belongs to the most influential factors for the student learning success. In order to overcome the challenges of providing feedback in large-scale classes, we suggest using an IT-based solution we label digital formative earning assessment tool (DFLAT). In this research-in-progress paper, we will show the development of this tool by using the method of action design research (ADR). More precisely, we will concentrate on the first part from the requirements gathering to the alpha-version. In order to collect the requirements, we conducted expert interviews with lecturers and students and also derived requirements from scientific literature. Based on the requirements, we will define the key design elements of the first version of DFLAT. The next steps in our research are then the intervention and evaluation of our alpha-version in a large-scale lecture. With our completed research, we aim to contribute to literature by developing a theory of design and action for providing individualized feedback for students in large-scale classes.
• More than the Sum of its Parts – Towards Identifying Preferred Game Design Element Combinations in Learning Management Systems. Schöbel, Sofia; Ernst, Sissy-Josefina; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2017).

  Gamification refers to the use and combination of game design elements in a nonentertainment-based context. Despite the preliminary success of gamification, nowadays the concept faces some criticism. Most gamification projects do not consider context characteristics and implement elements without considering user needs. This can be observed in the inconsistent combination of elements and the varying results of research studies. Consequently, we aim to identify which element combinations users of learning management systems prefer. To achieve our goal, we plan to use a conjoint analysis which allows us to evaluate different element combinations. Based on our results, we expect to better understand the meaning of elements, and therefore, how gamification motivates users. As a practical contribution, we provide insights on how to combine elements against the backdrop of user preferences and context characteristics. Our theoretical contribution is to be able to explain users’ motivational structures by analyzing specific elements and combinations.
• Spielende Kompetenzmessung im Projekt StaySmart. Söllner, Matthias; Oeste-Reiß, Sarah; Schöbel, Sofia (2017). (1) 18–19.
• Kompetenzen und Qualifikationen von Energieberatern - Eine qualitative Analyse des Energieberatungsmarktes Schöbel, Sofia; Lehmann, Katja; Oeste-Reiß, Sarah; Söllner, Matthias; Glavas, Marija; Hilbert, Lars; Kamsties, Sabrinas (W. Z. für Informationstechnik-Gestaltung (ITeG) an der Universität Kassel, ed.) (2016).
• Increasing Learner Interaction in Large-Scale Lectures by Using a Mobile-Learning Application. Lehmann, Katja; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco D. Parsons (ed.) (2016).

  Universities face increasing numbers of students leading to increasingly large lectures, and decreasing interaction and feedback, which are important factors for individual learning success and satisfaction. The use of IT can help in overcoming this challenge by increasing the interaction in large-scale lectures without massively increasing the workload of lecturers. This paper presents the design, use and evaluation of a mobile-learning application aiming to increase the interaction in large-scale lectures and the success of learners. For designing the application, the authors follow a design science research approach. The authors rely on insights from interaction theory as well as requirements gathered from lecturers and students in a focus group workshop. With the implementation, large-scale lecture related limitations can be overcome and the results help lecturers to face the according challenges. The results emphasize the potential of IT for university teaching and provide transferable insights for practical use in other learning scenarios.
• Development of a Peer-Creation-Process to Leverage the Power of Collaborative Knowledge Transfer. Oeste-Reiß, Sarah; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).

  The effective transfer of existing knowledge among employees becomes increasingly important for organizations in order to remain competitive on the market. Even though the digital age allows for new ways of team collaboration, there are still unsolved problems in terms of knowledge transfer. Thus, knowledge activities as well as aspects of tool support need to be analyzed. Hence, we develop a peer-creation-process (PCP) that provokes knowledge transfer in several ways. There is a transfer of knowledge from experts to novices and among the experts, resulting in a high-quality knowledge document. We ground our research on insights from collaborative learning and collaboration engineering to develop and evaluate the PCP. We contribute to theory and practice by providing a theory for design and action, with the PCP design leveraging the power of knowledge transfer. We illustrate that our PCP is applicable with, and without, IT-support and give differentiated implications.
• StaySmart – Individuelles und kompetenzorientiertes E-Learning im Zeitalter des demografischen Wandels. Schöbel, Sofia; Lehmann, Katja; Oeste-Reiß, Sarah; Söllner, Matthias (2016).

  Laut aktueller Prognosen werden im Jahr 2050 noch 29,6 Millionen Beschäftigte in Deutschland leben, wodurch das Angebot qualifizierter Fachkräfte abnimmt. Hiervon ist insbesondere die Energiebranche betroffen. Diesbezüglich sind bereits heute bis zu 45% der Belegschaft über 50 Jahre alt, Tendenz steigend. Mitarbeiter der Energiebranche stehen neben dem demografischen Wandel vor einer weiteren Herausforderung: die zunehmende Digitalisierung. Neue Technologien kommen immer schneller auf den Markt. Mitarbeiter sind gefordert ihre Fach- und ITKompetenzen stetig zu erweitern und aufrecht zu erhalten. Dies macht es notwendig, innovative Dienstleistungen auf dem Weiterbildungsmarkt anzubieten, damit Mitarbeiter der Energiebranche eigenständig im Arbeitsprozess sich notwendige Kompetenzen aneignen können. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt den Prototypen und den Aufbau eines Lernsystems, welches durch eine integrierte Workshop-Serie eine systematische Aufbereitung von nutzergeneriertem Wissen berücksichtigt. Kompetenzmessinstrumente erlauben weiterhin eine stetige individuelle Rückmeldung auf den Lernerfolg.
• From Requirement to Design Patterns for Ubiquitous Computing Applications. Knote, Robin; Baraki, Harun; Söllner, Matthias; Geihs, Kurt; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).
• How to Gamify Information Systems - Adapting Gamification to Individual User Preferences. Schöbel, Sofia; Söllner, Matthias (2016).

  Gamification refers to the use of game elements in a non-entertainment-based context, and is a wellknown approach to motivate users of information systems. Despite the positive effects of games in daily life, more gamification projects fail. A possible explanation for this observation is that game elements are often designed without considering the needs of different groups of users. Consequently, we aim to develop a gamification approach that allows us to adapt the gamification elements to the individual motivation structures of information system users. To achieve our goal, we rely on selfdetermination theory to design different specifications of game elements. We exemplarily developed four different specifications for each of the nine gamification elements we found in the literature. We are currently in the process of conducting a discrete choice experiment allowing us to match the motivation structures of system users and their preferences regarding the specifications of game elements. Based on our results, we expect to better understand how gamification can motivate users to use systems more regularly. In a subsequent step, we plan to rely on our results to design different gamification configurations for an information system, allowing us to adapt the gamification elements to individual preferences of the users.
• The Agony of Choice – Analyzing User Preferences regarding Gamification Elements in Learning Management Systems. Schöbel, Sofia; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).

  Gamification is an approach to motivate users of information systems by implementing game elements. Despite its potentials, the use of gamification in practice has also received criticism because most gamification elements are integrated into systems without considering the preferences of the respective users and without considering contextual aspects. Hence, we aim at identifying which elements users of learning management systems prefer. Furthermore, we want to identify their preferences regarding the amount and combination of gamification elements. To identify user preferences, we conducted a discrete choice task among learning management system users following the best-worst scaling method. Our results show that users prefer a bundle of four gamification elements: level, goals, status, and points. This is especially interesting since popular elements, such as a leaderboard or badges, are not most preferred. This highlights the need to consider user preferences and contextual aspects to ensure a successful implementation of gamification elements.
• A Longitudinal Perspective on Trust in IT Artefacts. Söllner, Matthias; Pavlou, Paul (2016).

  The importance of trust for IT adoption and diffusion has been shown in numerous studies throughout the IS discipline. Even though researchers agree that trust is not only relevant for one-time interactions, but develops gradually during an interaction and needs to be maintained, most studies rely on research designs that only capture a particular snapshot of this development. We aim to close this gap in IS trust literature, by conducting a five-wave longitudinal field study at a German university to investigate how trust in a new IT artefact – a new student information system – is established. Our results indicate that trust in a new IT artefact develops in three phases. First, the users seem to confirm whether their level of initial trust was correct and adapt their level of trust accordingly. Next – in our case after about 3 weeks – the users start to build trust, resembled by a linear growth in trust. Last – in our case after about another 6 weeks –trust stops to increase, and remains stable. Furthermore, this development does not vary comparing new and experienced users. Based on our results, we extend the trust lifecycle we derived from literature by a sixth phase called confirmation of initial trust. Keywords: Trust, Trust in IT Artefacts, Latent Growth Modelling, Five-wave Longitudinal Field Study, Piece-wise Growth, Trust Lifecycle, Confirmation of Initial Trust.
• Understanding the Development of Trust: Comparing Trust in the IT Artifact and Trust in the Provider. Söllner, Matthias; Pavlou, Paul; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).
• How Many Peer Assessors are Required for Assessment on Another Peer’s Work?. Lehmann, Katja; Söllner, Matthias; Blohm, Ivo; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).
• Design and Evaluation of an IT-based Peer Assessment to Increase Learner Performance in Large-Scale Lectures. Lehmann, Katja; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).

  In this study, we propose an IT-based peer assessment (ITPA) for enhancing interaction and feedback in universities’ large-scale lectures. These lectures often lack interaction and feedback, and focus on mainly imparting factual knowledge. Hence, these formats often cannot go beyond the basic cognitive levels of educational objectives. Using the ITPA within the learning process helps integrating assignments focusing on high cognitive levels to comprehensively acquire the learning content. We follow a design science research approach to develop and evaluate the ITPA. Thus, we first identify requirements from theory and derive a set of design elements afterwards. A pre-test shows that the ITPA is seen as useful and learners intend to use it. The subsequent quasiexperiment in a large-scale lecture shows that learners who participated in the ITPA performed better in the part of the final exam trained by the ITPA, whereas they did not perform better in the others parts.
• Marktunterstützung durch vertrauensunterstützende Dienste. Gebauer, Lysann; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco H. Krcmar, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, A. Sunyaev (eds.) (2016). 351–357.
• Rethinking Service Quality for Context-Sensitive Socio-Technical Systems. Knote, Robin; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).
• The Appropriation of Collaborative Learning – Qualitative Insights from a Flipped Classroom. Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).

  Collaborative learning is an important part of innovative learning scenarios such as flipped classrooms. However, little insights are available regarding the appropriation process of collaborative learning. Based on adaptive structuration theory, we derive insights on the appropriation process of collaborative learning by means of a qualitative approach. The results show that appropriation is characterized by initial appropriation and taskrelated discussions. Moreover, an analysis of the identified appropriation junctures indicates the crucial role of information technology in the learning process as well the impact of appropriation patterns on interaction. For one, the present paper theoretically contributes to the scientific discussion concerning collaborative learning appropriation and its evolving nature. Second, it also makes a practical contribution by deriving implications for collaborative learning in flipped classrooms.
• How Cultural Values Influence the Appropriation of Technology-Mediated Learning. Janson, Andreas; Ernst, Sissy-Josefina; Söllner, Matthias (2016).

  Information technology (IT) is an important enabler of innovative learning scenarios. Today, numerous IT-enabled learning scenarios – often referred to as technology-mediated learning (TML) – such as massive open online courses, are applied worldwide across different cultures. However, little insights are available regarding the appropriation of TML and how culture influences the appropriation process. Based on adaptive structuration theory and espoused cultural values, we develop and evaluate a theoretical model capturing the cultural effects in the context of TML appropriation. By means of structural equation modeling and a partial least squares approach, we research the moderating role of espoused cultural values and its influence on TML appropriation. The results show that faithfulness, comfort with technology, and collaborative learning appropriation significantly affect learning success as appropriation outcome. Moreover, the results indicate that espoused cultural values influence the appropriation of TML. The present paper thus theoretically contributes to the scientific discussion concerning TML appropriation and the impact of culture on the deployment of IT while also making a practical contribution by deriving implications for TML application across different cultures. Keywords: Appropriation, Technology-Mediated Learning, Espoused Cultural Values, Adaptive Structuration Theory.
• Vertrauensunterstützende Mehrwertdienste – Ein systematisches Vorgehen zur Förderung von Vertrauen im Cloud-Computing-Umfeld. Gebauer, Lysann; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco H. Krcmar, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, A. Sunyaev (eds.) (2016). 171–185.

  In diesem Kapitel wird ein Prozess zut Entwicklung vertrauensunterstützender Mehrwertdienste erarbeitet, um mit den daraus abgeleiteten Lösungen den Vertrauenspriblematiken im Cloud-Computing-Umfeld (deihe Kapitel 6) zu begegnen. Dazu wurde die Methode zur Entwicklung vertrauensunterstützender Komponenten für sozio-technische ubiquitäre Systeme nach Söllner et al.(2010a) auf den Cloud-Computing-Kontext übertragen und weiterentwickelt.
• Vertrauensproblematiken im Cloud-Computing-Umfeld. Gebauer, Lysann; Söllner, Matthias; Söllner, Jan Marco H. Krcmar, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, A. Sunyaev (eds.) (2016). 59–69.

  Vier jahre in Folge war Cloud-Computing, gemäβ der jährlich durchgeführten BITKOM-Umfrage„IT Trends des Jahres˝, das wichtigste Thema in der IKT-Branche (BITKOM 2010,2011,2012,2013). Cloud-Computing wird gehandelt als „long-held dream of computing as a utility˝ (Armbrust et al.2010, S.50), der sich endlich bewahrheitet. Es bietet Unternehmen eine Lösung, um hohe Wartungskosten zu senken, die internen Enerfieverbrauch zu verringern sowie agiler auf geänderte Geschäftsanforderungen zu reagieren (IDC 2011).
• It’s about Understanding Each Other’s Culture – Improving the Outcomes of Mobile Learning by Avoiding Culture Conflicts. Ernst, Sissy-Josefina; Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2016).

  Mobile learning enables learners to integrate learning activities into daily routines. Information systems research emphasizes that technology-mediated learning (TML) has to be adapted to cultural differences. Integrating a mobile learning application into a new context can cause conflicts as values embedded in the mobile learning application can conflict with values of the context in which it is introduced. With this paper, we propose a theory-driven design approach to avoid culture conflicts in mobile learning. Based on the implementation of a mobile learning application in Chinese vocational schools, we derive requirements from IT-culture conflict theory as well as practice, which are addressed with design elements and implemented in the application. Our results show that cultural adaptation leads to improved cognitive learning outcomes. As a practical contribution, we provide guidance on how to overcome culture conflicts; as a theoretical contribution, we contribute to the exploration of culture in the usage of TML.
• IT-Kulturkonflikttheorie und ihre Bedeutung für erfolgreiches Service Systems Engineering - Fallstudie eines Einführungsprojektes für mobile Lernanwendungen in China. Ernst, Sissy-Josefina; Janson, Andreas; Li, Mahei; Peters, Christoph; Söllner, Matthias (2016).

  Mobiles Lernen ist eine Möglichkeit in Lernumgebungen, welche durch eine hohe Anzahl an Lernenden geprägt sind, praktische Trainings zu unterstützen. Bei der Einführung einer mobilen Lernanwendung in ein bestehendes Servicesystem sind die bestehenden Servicesystemkontexte zu berücksichtigen, da vorhandene Wertvorstellungen in Konflikt mit Werten, die dem neuen Service entgegengebracht werden, treten können. Um diesen Konflikten entgegenzutreten, werden im folgenden Beitrag unter Einbeziehen der IT-Kulturkonflikttheorie potentielle Systemkonflikte am Beispiel eines Einführungsprojekts einer mobilen Lernanwendung an chinesischen Berufsschulen identifiziert. Es wird aufgezeigt, wie die IT-Kulturkonflikttheorie bei der systematischen Gestaltung von Services von Nutzen sein kann und wie Services konform dem vorhandenen Servicesystem bereitgestellt werden können.
• Towards a Holistic Understanding of Technology-mediated Learning Appropriation. Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  Information technology in the learning process is one major success factor for innovative learning scenarios. A necessary pre-condition is the faithful appropriation of technology-mediated learning (TML) to ensure learning outcomes. However, research still lacks insights concerning determinants and consequences of a faithful TML appropriation. Therefore, this research-in-progress paper presents a mixed-methods research approach to gain a holistic understanding of TML appropriation. First, based on the insights of adaptive structuration theory, a theoretical model is developed considering objective and subjective measures for TML appropriation as well as antecedents and consequences of TML appropriation. Second, the mixed-methods approach is presented in order to evaluate the theoretical model. Our expected contribution to theory includes an extension of both TML and adaptive structuration theory with an in-depth view of TML appropriation. Expected practical contributions include the derivation of design implications for TML services that are faithfully appropriated to ensure learning success of TML participants.
• Entwicklung eines Bewertungsinstruments zur Qualität von Lernmaterial am Beispiel Erklärvideo. Müller, Frederike; Oeste, Sarah; Söllner, Matthias (2015).

  Qualitativ hochwertiges Lernmaterial ist – neben weiteren Faktoren, wie z. B. qualifizierten Lehrenden und einer effektiven Kommunikation und Kooperation zwischen den Beteiligten – eine wichtige Voraussetzung um Wissen erfolgreich transferieren zu können. Lernmaterialien können dabei insbesondere im Kontext des Wissensmanagements zur Erhaltung von Wissen in Organisationen, vor allem des sogenannten Experten- und Erfahrungswissens beispielsweise in Form von Erklärvideos, eingesetzt werden. Mit voranschreitender Entwicklung von digitalen Technologien und des Web 2.0 können Lehrende heute auf ein breites Spektrum an Lernmaterialien zurückgreifen. Für den erfolgreichen Einsatz dieser Lernmaterialien ist es daher wichtig, deren Qualität zu erfassen und bewerten zu können. Diese Aufgabe stellt eine wesentliche Herausforderung für Lehrende dar und beinhaltet eine systematische Bewertung des vorliegenden Materials. In diesem Arbeitspapier wird die bestehende Forschungslücke an praktikablen und empirisch validierten Bewertungsinstrumenten zur Qualität von Lernmaterialien aufgegriffen. Das Ziel ist es ein Instrument zu entwickeln, das Lehrende bei der Qualitätsbewertung von verwendetem Lernmaterial unterstützt. Im Rahmen einer Literaturanalyse und eines Fokusgruppenworkshops werden zunächst Anforderungen an qualitativ hochwertiges Lernmaterial im Allgemeinen, aber auch im speziellen Fall von Erklärvideos aus Sicht des State-of-the-Art in der Theorie und Praxis identifiziert und anschließend in ein Scoring-Modell übertragen. Dieses Instrument wird schließlich mit einer kleinen Gruppe von Experten am Beispiel Erklärvideo überprüft. Dabei kann das theoretische Konstrukt von Lernmaterialqualität durch die Praxisexperten qualitativ weitgehend bestätigt werden. Die empirisch quantitative Untersuchung weist jedoch darauf hin das Messinstrument zu verfeinern, was Anknüpfungspunkte für weitere Forschungsarbeiten bietet. Des Weiteren wird empfohlen ein Beurteiler-Training durchzuführen, um das Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Anforderungen und somit die Effektivität des Messinstruments zu erhöhen.
• Digitale Geschäftsmodelle im Profisport - Eine Ist-Analyse am Beispiel der National Football League. Köhler, Benjamin; Söllner, Matthias (2015).

  Professionelle Sportorganisationen haben eine sehr große Anhängerschaft in Sozialen Netzwerken. Die Frage, wie dieser Popularitätsvorteil wirtschaftlich verwertet werden kann, bleibt jedoch größtenteils noch unbeantwortet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, eine Ist-Analyse der digitalen Aktivitäten der National Football League (NFL), der umsatzstärkste Liga der Welt, durchzuführen. Die Ergebnisse der Analyse werden mit Hilfe des Business Model Canvas strukturiert. Es werden erfolgsversprechende digitale Wertangebote identifiziert und Erkenntnisse über die Motive und das Verhalten von Fans im digitalen Zeitalter gewonnen. Diese erlauben Rückschlüsse darauf, wie Sportorganisationen ihr Geschäftsmodell im digitalen Zeitalter erweitern können, um den veränderten Erwartungen von digital aktiven Sportfans gerecht zu werden. Dies kann beispielsweise zu neuen bzw. erweiterten Einnahmequellen führen.
• Determinanten und Effekte sinngetreuer Nutzung von Learning Management Systemen. Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  IT-Unterstützung im Lernprozess ist ein Schlüsselfaktor für den Erfolg innovativer Lehr-/Lernszenarien. Notwendige Voraussetzung hierfür ist die sinngetreue Nutzung von Learning Management Systemen (LMS) durch den Lernenden, um den Lernerfolg in innovativen Lehr-/Lernszenarien sicherzustellen. Dennoch gibt es bislang kaum Erkenntnisse, was die sinngetreue Nutzung von LMS beeinflusst. Im ersten Schritt werden daher, aufbauend auf den Erkenntnissen der adaptiven Strukturationstheorie, Einflussfaktoren auf die sinngetreue Nutzung von LMS identifiziert und in ein theoretisches Modell eingebettet. Im zweiten Schritt wird dieses Modell als Strukturgleichungsmodell operationalisiert und evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die wahrgenommene IT-Unterstützung, Interaktivität und der Task Technology Fit die sinngetreue Nutzung eines LMS signifikant beeinflussen. Zudem zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die sinngetreue Nutzung ein signifikanter Prädiktor für die Qualität des Lernprozesses und den Lernerfolg darstellt. Damit leistet dieses Paper einen theoretischen Beitrag zur wissenschaftlichen Diskussion des IT-unterstützten Lernprozesses und einen praktischen Beitrag, indem Implikationen für den Einsatz von LMS abgeleitet werden.
• When in Rome, do as the Romans do – Overcoming Culture Conflicts in Mobile Learning. Ernst, Sissy-Josefina; Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  Mobile learning allows for the embedding of learning into daily routines by means of authentic learning scenarios. In this context, IS research emphasizes the importance of considering individual differences such as cultural differences when using IT in learning scenarios. First, culture is a critical variable that strongly influences IT acceptance and use. Second, teaching concepts differ heavily across cultures. With this research-inprogress paper, we propose a theory-driven design approach to overcome culture conflicts for mobile learning applications. We derive requirements from IT-culture conflict theory and practice, which are addressed by design elements and implemented in a mobile learning application that is now being adapted for China. As a practical contribution of our research, we provide systematic guidance to overcome culture conflicts; as a theoretical contribution, we enrich culture theory by considering and resolving conflicts for mobile learning applications.
• Der Wert von IT-gestütztem Peer Assessment zur Unterstützung des Lernens in einer Universitären Massenlehrveranstaltung. Lehmann, Katja; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  Steigende Studierendenzahlen prägen nach wie vor das Bild an deutschen Universitäten, wodurch in Massenlehrveranstaltungen auf einen Dozent weit über 100 Studierende kommen. Diese Lehrveranstaltungen sind durch mangelnde Interaktion zwischen allen Beteiligten und wenig Feedback für Studierende zu ihrem Lernstand gekennzeichnet. Das ist problematisch, da insbesondere diese Faktoren Prädiktoren für individuellen Lernerfolg und Zufriedenheit darstellen. Der Einsatz von IT-gestütztem Peer Assessment ist eine Möglichkeit, Interaktion und Feedback in den Lernprozess zu integrieren ohne den Dozenten zusätzlich zu belasten. Dabei beurteilen Lernende wechselseitig die Qualität der Arbeit von Anderen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, wie ITgestütztes Peer Assessment in eine Blended-Learning Massenlehrveranstaltung integriert werden kann. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Peer Assessment eine wichtige Rolle für wahrgenommenen Lernerfolg und Zufriedenheit spielt sowie von Studierenden als hilfreich empfunden wird. Der praktische Beitrag zeigt wie Massenlehrveranstaltungen ressourcenschonend bereichert werden können. Zudem wird als theoretischer Beitrag die Rolle der Einbindung von Peers in den Lernprozess betont.
• How to Empower Lecturers to Leverage the Benefits of Peer Learning - Theory-Driven Design of Collaborative Learning Patterns. Oeste, Sarah; Bittner, Eva; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  In the digital age, factual knowledge has become less important due to the rising ubiquity of information. Thus, teaching-learning scenarios in universities need to change to ensure highquality education of future employees. Today, it is increasingly important to foster learners’ soft skills and their ability to reflect information and apply knowledge. Interactive learning formats such as peer learning provide useful approaches for training these skills. However, these formats are known as complex and difficult to design. As a consequence, lecturers as domain experts but not necessarily experts in didactics and collaboration often face challenges when designing such formats. To support lectures, we combine insights from peer learning and collaboration research to develop and evaluate collaborative learning patterns (CLP) for peer discussion and peer review. We contribute to theory and practice by providing a theory for design and action empowering lecturers to design effective peer learning activities for their lectures.
• Redesigning University Large Scale Lectures: How To Activate The Learner. Oeste-Reiß, Sarah; Lehmann, Katja; Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015). (Vol. 2015)

  Universities are facing major challenges with increasing numbers of students and the requirement of cost savings. They intend to maintain international state-of-the-art research while providing future employees a high-quality education. In order to achieve these often conflicting goals of researching and teaching, innovative learning approaches need to be developed. We therefore propose a design of a flipped classroom for large-scale lectures that adopts a learner-centred approach and enables higher levels of interaction and learning outcomes. We therefore derive requirements from the theory of interaction and address them with design principles for large-scale flipped classrooms, which we implement in a large-scale information systems lecture. Our approach divides the teaching-learning process into a cycle of four successive phases: IT-supported phases for the acquisition and reflection of knowledge, as well as presence phases for the application and discussion of the acquired knowledge. We evaluated the concept by conducting structured interviews with lecture participants. We contribute to theory by deriving insights on how interaction and peer recognition account for the success of the flipped classroom approach. As a practical contribution, our paper gives advice on how large-scale lectures can be redesigned in order to meet future challenges of management education.
• Understanding Trust in Information Systems - The Impact of Trust in the System and in the Provider. Sollner, M. (2015). 2015 10159–10159.

  To provide value for businesses, information systems (IS) must be adopted and used by their intended users, no matter whether a company focuses on selling IS on the market (external users) or whether IS are used to keep the business going (internal users). One of the most important factors driving the adoption and use is trust. The goal of this paper is to provide a first evaluation of a conceptual piece claiming a) that users distinguish between their trust in an IS and the provider of this IS and b) that both kinds of trust are important for the success sustainable success of IS providers, and thus should be studied simultaneously. To evaluate the claims, a research model is developed and evaluated using data of 234 students during the introduction of a new IS at an university. The results provide empirical support for both claims, since the correlation between the two trust constructs is low, and the nomological networks are different. Regarding the importance of both constructs, trust in the IS is found to have an important impact of the use of the IS, whereas trust in the provider is a major driver of the users’ loyalty.
• Practical probabilistic programming with monads. Ścibior, Adam; Ghahramani, Zoubin; Gordon, Andrew D. in Haskell ’15 (2015). 165–176.

  The machine learning community has recently shown a lot of interest in practical probabilistic programming systems that target the problem of Bayesian inference. Such systems come in different forms, but they all express probabilistic models as computational processes using syntax resembling programming languages. In the functional programming community monads are known to offer a convenient and elegant abstraction for programming with probability distributions, but their use is often limited to very simple inference problems. We show that it is possible to use the monad abstraction to construct probabilistic models for machine learning, while still offering good performance of inference in challenging models. We use a GADT as an underlying representation of a probability distribution and apply Sequential Monte Carlo-based methods to achieve efficient inference. We define a formal semantics via measure theory. We demonstrate a clean and elegant implementation that achieves performance comparable with Anglican, a state-of-the-art probabilistic programming system.
• Kulturkonflikte vermeiden – Mobiles Lernen für China. Ernst, Sissy-Josefina; Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  Mobiles Lernen ist eine Möglichkeit authentisches Lernen in den Alltag zu integrieren. Dabei müssen bei der Gestaltung mobiler Applikationen individuelle Unterschiede, bspw. kultureller Art, berücksichtigt werden. Zum einen beeinflusst Kultur die Nutzung von IT, zum anderen unterscheiden sich Lehrkonzepte zwischen verschiedenen Kulturen wesentlich voneinander. Um diesen Unterschieden Rechnung zu tragen, werden im Beitrag Anforderungen aus der IT-Kulturkonflikttheorie abgeleitet, in Gestaltungsrichtlinien überführt und in einer mobilen Lernanwendung für den Einsatz in China umgesetzt.
• Verfassungsmäßigkeit des Mindestlohns Fischer-Lescano, Andreas; Preis, Ulrich; Ulber, Daniel in Schriften der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung (2015). Nomos, Baden-Baden.

  Mit dem allgemeinen gesetzlichen Mindestlohn hat der Gesetzgeber den Niedriglohnsektor in der Bundesrepublik neu gestaltet. Unangemessene Löhne sollen verhindert werden, unter anderem um die Sozialversicherung heute und in Zukunft zu stabilisieren und menschenwürdige Arbeitsbedingungen auszugestalten. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, hat der Gesetzgeber mit dem allgemeinen gesetzlichen Mindestlohn ein Instrument gewählt, das vielfältige verfassungsrechtliche Fragen aufwirft. Das betrifft das Verhältnis von staatlicher Gesetzgebung und Tarifautonomie ebenso wie die Arbeitsvertragsfreiheit. Der Gesetzgeber hat den Mindestlohn in seinem Anwendungsbereich sehr differenziert gestaltet. Durch Ausnahmeregelungen fallen mehrere Millionen Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer vollständig oder doch zeitweise aus seinem Anwendungsbereich heraus. In den vorliegenden Gutachten werden die Verfassungsmäßigkeit des allgemeinen gesetzlichen Mindestlohns und die Zulässigkeit gesetzlicher Ausnahmen unter völker-, europa- und verfassungsrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten untersucht.
• ”What We Do Well and What Should We Do Better?” – Conceptualizing and Measuring ‘IS Use’ by the Synthesis of the Work of the Giants. Gebauer, Lysann; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2015).

  Economic effects of information systems (IS) can only be achieved if they are used. Investigating why people use IS is a main research area. However, a variety of conceptualizations for ‘IS use’ exist. Furthermore, many of the measurement approaches are susceptible to common method variance (CMV), which limits the reliability and generalizability of the results. Consequently, the aim is to synthesize existing research to provide a holistic measurement approach for future research. Therefore, we doing a literature review to: 1) analyze the conceptualizations to categorize the characteristics in sub-dimensions, 2) examine how susceptible are these sub-dimensions to CMV, and 3) develop a holistic measurement approach low susceptible to CMV. We found four sub-dimensions of ‘IS use’ which are rarely studied together, indicating a lack of common understanding. Most studies measure these sub-dimensions highly susceptible to CMV. Finally, we developed a holistic measurement approach for ‘IS use’ low susceptible to CMV.
• System Evaluation. Behrenbruch, Kay; Kieselmann, Olga; Schuldt, Michaela; Söllner, Matthias; Schmidt, Ludger K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 297–319.

  Ubiquitous applications are complex systems, and need to be evaluated with respect to their social compatibilitysocial compatibilityin an encompassing and interdisciplinary approach. Interdisciplinary work bears the challenge of maintaining the strengths and specialities of each discipline while yielding consistent results at the same time. Also, the evaluation should be well-matched with other activities in the process of development. The presented system evaluation is designed to fulfill these goals as part of the VENUS Development MethodVENUS Development Method. The system evaluation brings a development circle to a conclusion, and generates consistent results that facilitate decisions for next steps. The evaluation also yields suggestions for possible, further improvements. System evaluation unites four disciplines: usability engineeringusability engineering, trust engineeringtrust engineering, legal compatible technology designlegal compatible technology design, and security analysissecurity analysis. This chapter describes the starting points of each discipline, and derives an interdisciplinaryinterdisciplinaryapproach which encompasses a concerted operating plan as well as contentual interdisciplinary cooperation. The system evaluation provides joint solutions for empirical work, but also leaves room for disciplinary analyses.
• Blueprint-driven Telemedicine Process Modeling - The Interdisciplinary Development and Evaluation of a Modeling Language for Telemedical Services. Peters, Christoph; Elm, Christian; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).

  Service process modeling faces domain-specific challenges. Telemedicine, understood as a service system, requires adequate representation for multi-stakeholder service scenarios, technical infrastructures as well as customer interaction levels. This is due to both its world nature, i.e. telemedicine integrates solely technical parts, as well as explicitly person-oriented parts. This design science paper uses action research in order to develop the Blueprint-driven Telemedicine Process Modeling (BTPM) language, a modeling language for telemedicine services (TMSs) and processes that are based on BPMN and service blueprinting. We present how the action research setting guided us through the workshop-informed, iterative design and evaluation of BTPM. It inherits the well-known BPMN-concept of pools and lanes which allows for modular stakeholder-extensions, i.e. adding new pools for new stakeholders. Also, it integrates blueprinting-specific elements, e.g. the line of interaction or the line of visibility, in order to represent both, value-creating face-to-face momenta as well as on-stage and backstage activities. Furthermore, BTPM explicitly considers telemedical devices and distinguishes between stakeholders using color coding. In addition, we show how BTPM meets the telemedicine-specific requirements which have been elicited in case studies performed earlier and have been redefined in the workshops. We also provide a proof-of-concept using a telemonitoring service. Thereby, we contribute to practice by presenting a modeling language that is adequate for telemedicine as it respects the particularities of this service system. It explicitly assists providers to model their service experience scenarios. The theoretical contribution lies in the iterative design and evaluation of the artifact, the BTPM, and the interdisciplinary research setting for the domain-specific language development.
• Theory-Driven Design of a Mobile-Learning Application to Support Different Interaction Types in Large-Scale Lectures. Lehmann, Katja; Söllner, Matthias (2014).

  Universities face increasing numbers of students leading to increasingly large lectures, and decreasing interaction and collaboration, which are important factors for learning success and satisfaction. The use of IT can help overcoming this challenge by increasing the interaction in large-scale lectures without massively increasing the workload of lecturers. In this research-in-progress paper, we present the design and pre-test of a mobile-learning application aiming to increase the interaction in large-scale lectures and the learning success of learners. For designing our application, we follow a design science research approach. We rely on insights from interaction theory as well as requirements gathered from lecturers and students in a focus group workshop. A pre-test of our application showed high values for Perceived Usefulness, User Satisfaction, and Perceived Presentation Quality for the overall application and moreover high values for Performance Expectancy and Intention to Use of all but one functions. The results show that the application is ready for being used in large-scale lectures. As a next step, the application will be used in one of our large-scale lectures aiming to evaluate whether using our application has a positive impact on interaction, satisfaction and learning success.
• Accounting for Interdisciplinary Requirements in Socio‐technical Systems Design. Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).
• The Impact of the Individual – Relating Cultural Differences to the Appropriation Process of Technology-mediated Learning Services. Söllner, Matthias; Janson, Andreas; Peters, Christoph; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).

  Technology-mediated learning services are increasingly important in today's globalized business world to ensure an appropriate training of employees all around the world. Nevertheless, research suggests that for the global application of these services, individual cultural differences should be taken into account. Drawing on the adaptive structuration theory, this research-in-progress paper examines how individual cultural differences impact the learning process. We therefore formulate a research model that investigates the appropriation process of technology-mediated learning services with the consideration of espoused national cultural values. We contribute to theory by considering of espoused national cultural values in the appropriation process of technology-mediated learning services and by providing insights on the impact of individual cultural differences in the context of these services. Our expected practical contributions include design implications that enable practitioners to design culturally sensitive technology-mediated learning services.
• Understanding the Formation of Trust. Söllner, Matthias; Hoffmann, Axel; Hoffmann, Holger; Wacker, Arno; Leimeister, Jan Marco K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 39–58.

  Ubiquitous computing systems often take the role of a trustee in a trust relationship between users and ubiquitous computing systems. The goal of this chapter is to increase the understanding of the formation of trust in such trust relationships. Instead of using the predominant theoretical foundation of interpersonal trust, we use the theoretical foundation of trust in automation from the HCI discipline. Since we aim at creating insights on the formation of trust and its dimensions, we develop a formative first-order, formative second-order measurement model for trust. To evaluate the impact of the single indicators and dimensions on trust, we conduct a free simulation experiment. Our results show that the dimensions performance, process and purpose have a comparable impact on trust, and that indicators related to user data are especially important. The results complement existing insights, deepening the understanding of the formation of trust in ubiquitous computing systems. (The complete version of this chapter has been presented at the 33rd International Conference on Information Systems 2012 in Orlando, FL, USA, and is also published in the proceedings of the conference as: Söllner, M., A. Hoffmann, H. Hoffmann, A. Wacker, and J.M. Leimeister, Understanding the Formation of Trust in IT Artifacts, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) 2012: Orlando, Florida, USA.)
• Support-U: Designing an Ambient Assisted Living System Using Interdisciplinary Development Patterns. Voigtmann, Christian; Söllner, Matthias; David, Klaus; Leimeister, Jan Marco K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 277–294.

  Software development has proven to be a challenge. To address this challenge, there are quite many interesting approaches how to develop software---starting from the waterfall approach, up to recently quite popular agile software development techniques. Another already some years old approach was described by the Gang of Four and proposes the usage of design patterns to provide a general reusable solution to commonly occurring problems in software development. Although design patterns have been around for a long time, their usability is still promising. To the best of our knowledge ``interdisciplinary patterns'' to address challenges in the development of context aware application in ubiquitous environments have not been described in literature so far. Hence, this chapter proposes and also evaluates concrete interdisciplinary software development patterns. To provide an application example the proposed patterns are used to address two use cases that commonly occur in the development process of context aware applications: providing transparency to the user and ensuring a user's self-determination. For the demonstration of the patterns Support-U a context aware application that provides elderly people to live autonomously is used.
• Deriving Trust Supporting Components for Ubiquitous Information Systems. Söllner, Matthias (2014). 1
• Engineering Peer-to-Peer Learning Processes for Generating High Quality Learning Materials. Oeste, Sarah; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).

  Organizations are facing the challenge of transferring knowledge from experienced to novice employees and are seeking for solutions that avoid the loss of knowledge with retiring experts. A possible way for overcoming this challenge is having employees develop learning materials for their novice colleagues. Based on insights from both, education and collaboration research, designing structured collaborative peer-creation-processes seems a promising approach due to several reasons. Within a peer-creation-process participants are guided to knowledge acquisition, transfer as well as documentation for others. By developing learning materials through collaboration with people at different level of knowledge, e.g., the tacit knowledge of the expert gets codified and is ready for being used by novices. Furthermore, the collaborative creation will create learning effects even among participants and should further increase their knowledge, and the quality of the learning materials. Unfortunately, little research has addressed reusable didactically driven processes of systematically documenting knowledge that can be used by others as learning material. In order to bridge this gap we identify requirements from educational and collaboration literature and conceptualize educationally driven changes in the layer model of collaboration, e.g., to consider learning objectives in the goals layer or to integrate peer review as mechanisms for quality control in the procedures layer. This paper opens up a promising field for collaboration research and provides future research directions for reusable structured peer-creation-processes with focus on learning. This research-in-progress paper closes with a conceptual framework with requirements of a collaborative peer creation process.
• Meet-U: Mobile Social Network. Niemczyk, Stefan; Kniewel, Romy; Schulz, Thomas; Söllner, Matthias K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 247–260.

  A major challenge for ubiquitous system design is to create applications that are legal compatible and accepted by their intended users. Today's European data protection principles especially contradict the ideas of ubiquitous computing. Additionally, users have to deal with unconventional interaction concepts that create unknown usage situations. Resulting uncertainties leads to a low amount of trust and acceptance in such systems. We apply the VENUS Development Method to develop a ubiquitous smartphonesmartphoneapplication, called Meet-U. The application supports users during the organization of meetings. We present our results from the development process. Furthermore, a laboratory experiment with 283 undergraduate students was performed to evaluate different disciplinary and multidisciplinary aspects.
• Vertrauensleitfaden für Cloud-Computing-Dienste: Ein Leitfaden zur Förderung von Vertrauen durch die Gestaltung der Online-Produktpräsentation Leimeister, Jan Marco; Söllner, Matthias; Gebauer, Lysann (2014).

  Im Sinne des Dienstleistungsengineerings und -managements unterstützt der Leitfaden die vertrauensförderliche Gestaltung von Dienstleistungen. Der Leitfaden richtet sich an Unternehmen, die Cloud- Computing-Dienste anbieten und das Vertrauen der Kunden in den Dienst als auch in den Anbieter selbst über die Online-Produktpräsentation aktiv fördern möchten. Das Vertrauen soll hierbei sowohl in den Anbieter als auch in die zu Grunde liegende Technik, also Cloud- Computing, gestärkt werden. Der Leitfaden wurde auf Grundlage eines wissen- schaftlichen Vorgehens zur systematischen Vertrauensförderung entwickelt, welches sich bereits zur Vertrauensförderung bei verschiedenen IT-Systemen bewährt hat.
• Examining the Effect of Common Method Variance in Technology-mediated Learning Research. Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Bitzer, Philipp; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).

  Extended Abstract Purpose: This paper examines the effects of common method variance with respect to the empirical evaluation of technology mediated learning (TML). We argue that the use of self-reported data for the major dependent variable of TML, learning success, is insufficient and a major validity threat of past research results; thus, we examine the effect of common method variance in TML. Design/methodology/approach: We are currently conducting a study on the antecedents of learning success measured by three different approaches. We conduct this study with participants of software trainings and collected data on independent and dependent variables of our research model. In addition, we are provided with the objective learning success measures by the provider of the software training. By analyzing the data we are able to investigate how different measurement approaches to learning success impact research findings.
• Examining the effect of different measurements of learning success in technology-mediated learning research research-in-progress. Janson, Andreas; Söllner, Matthias; Bitzer, Philipp; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).

  This research-in-progress paper examines the effects of different measurement methods for learning success with respect to the empirical evaluation of technology-mediated learning (TML). We argue that the use of self-reported data for the major dependent variable of TML, learning success, is insufficient and a major validity threat of past research results; thus, we examine the effect of employed measurement methods in TML against the background of common method variance. We are currently conducting a study on the antecedents of learning success measured by three different approaches that include self-reported learning and objective learning success. By analyzing the data, we are able to investigate how different measurement approaches to learning success impact research findings. Our contribution to theory and practice is an assessment of the validity of self-reported learning success measures and the impact of different measurement approaches for the relationships in a TML model.
• Requirement Patterns to Support Socio-Technical System Design. Hoffmann, Axel; Söllner, Matthias; Hoffmann, Holger; Leimeister, Jan Marco K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 191–209.

  The rise of socio-technical ubiquitous systems integrated into peoples' lives call for the consideration of requirements originating from different domains during requirements engineering. Important aspects are fostering the systems legal compatibility, its usability and users' trust, and hence their acceptance of, the system. To spare requirements analysts from incorporating different experts or interpreting socio-technical literature, we provide a pattern-based approach for the collection of socio-technical requirements. In this chapter we show how requirements analysts can use requirement patterns within the socio-technical system development to consider normative requirements. Therefore, we show a process, and provide advantages and explore under which circumstances requirement patterns can help.
• Successfully funded! - Welche Geschäftsmodelle machen crowdfinanzierte Cloud-Startups erfolgreich?. Gierczak, M.; Söllner, M.; Leimeister, J. M. (2014).

  In den vergangenen Jahren haben Cloud-Anbieter verschiedene Ansätze verfolgt, um die wahrgenommenen Unsicherheiten von Kunden gegenüber Cloud-Lösungen zu verringern und die Akzeptanz dieser zu fördern. Dennoch bestehen weiterhin Unsicherheiten, die durch negative Ereignisse, wie die aktuelle Datenspäh-Affäre, zu sinkendem Vertrauen in Cloud-Lösungen und einer geringeren Adaption dieser führen. In dieser Forschungsarbeit sollen anhand der Geschäftsmodell-Logik CloudLösungen von crowdfinanzierten Startups untersucht werden, um Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen erfolgreichen und erfolglosen Projekten identifizieren zu können. Erste Erkenntnisse erfolgreicher Projekte zeigen, dass die Bündelung von Hard-, Software und Service ein geeigneter erster Schritt zur Steigerung der Akzeptanz von Cloud-Lösungen sein kann. Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung sollen dabei helfen zu verstehen, wie die Adaption von Cloud-Lösungen gefördert werden kann.
• User Model. Behrenbruch, Kay; Söllner, Matthias; Schuldt, Michaela; Schmidt, Ludger K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 59–70.

  The acceptanceacceptanceof ubiquitous systems differs between individuals. This chapter presents research results on this topic in the form of a user modeluser modelthat systematically describes the influence of personality factorspersonalityon the acceptance of Ubiquitous Computing (UC). In addition to the traditional factors of acceptance, trusttrustand the perceived legal certaintyperceived legal certaintyare considered in the model. The result connects user characteristics with the determinants of the acceptance for UC. The findings are based on surveys conducted with the application Meet-UMeet-U. Potentialities for using the results to design acceptable applications are derived.
• Connect-U: A System for Enhancing Social Networking. Atzmueller, Martin; Behrenbruch, Kay; Hoffmann, Axel; Kibanov, Mark; Macek, Bjoern-Elmar; Scholz, Christoph; Skistims, Hendrik; Söllner, Matthias; Stumme, Gerd K. David, K. Geihs, J. M. Leimeister, A. Roßnagel, L. Schmidt, G. Stumme, A. Wacker (eds.) (2014). 261–275.

  The application of ubiquitous and social computational systems shows a rapidly increasing trend in our everyday environments: Enhancing social interactions and communication in both online and real-world settings is an important issue in a broad range of application contexts. This chapter describes the development of ubiquitous and social software for enhancing social networking. The Connect-U demonstrator features a class of such applications. In particular, it comprises the Conferator and MyGroup applications for enabling smarter social interactions in the context of conferences and working groups. We describe the applied socio-technical design process, and discuss experiences and lessons learned.
• Investigating the Impact of Different Research Designs on Empirical Results. Söllner, Matthias; Voss, Amanda; Niemczyk, Stefan; Geihs, Kurt; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2014).

  Understanding why people use or refuse to use information systems (IS) is a major research area of the IS field. To study related research questions, a plethora of different research designs has been applied in the past. Some studies rely on vignettes or a series of screenshots as treatments before data collection, others have their participants use more or less complete versions of IS in experimental settings. To-date, the results generated from the different studies are usually generalized without actually investigating whether the different research design have an impact on the results. To address this gap, we aim at comparing four different research designs. In detail, we investigate how the degree of active control and the closeness to the actual usage context impact the results of two IS models. Therefore, we develop a 2x2 experimental design including four treatments resembling different specifications of these two dimensions. Our benchmark is a free-simulation experiment, in which participants are supposed to have a high degree of active control as well as are very close to the actual usage context. The other three treatments include a GoPro-video of the free-simulation experiment (low active control), a Click-dummy version of the IS (low closeness to the actual usage context), and a video of a participant using the Click-dummy (low active control and low closeness to the actual usage context). After the collection of our data, we aim at investigating the impact of the different research designs on the collected data. In this research-in-progress paper, we present our motivation, the theoretical background, our hypotheses as well as our research design.
• What We Really Know About Antecedents of Trust: A Critical Review of the Empirical Information Systems Literature on Trust. Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco D. Gefen (ed.) (2013). 127–155 (ISBN: 978.

  The importance of trust for information systems research has been shown in different domains such as e-commerce, virtual communities, and generally in the adoption of new technologies. Due to its importance, a plethora of studies has identified numerous antecedents helping to build trust. However, a recent study pointed out that measurement model mis-specification questions the reliability of empirical results published in the information systems field. Since trust is supposed to be increasingly in demand due to the increasing complexity technological progress will cause, it is important to investigate the current body of knowledge on trust regarding its reliability to guide future research. To achieve this goal, this chapter is guided by two research questions: a) What different antecedents of trust have been identified in the information systems literature? and b) how reliable are the reported results in terms of measurement model specification? To answer the two research questions, we conducted a literature review among the eight journals of the AIS senior scholars‘ basket of journals, and reviewed all trust-related articles published between 1995 and 2012. To assessing the reliability of the reported results, we rely on the insights on measurement model specification. Regarding research question 1, we identified a plethora of different antecedents that have been identified for different trust relationships in different contexts in the literature. Regarding research question 2, we found that measurement model mis-specification issues might be a serious issue in information systems trust research. The most common issue we identified is the use of formative indicators in reflective measurement models. As a result, the identified structural relationships between trust and its antecedents in these studies might actaally be insignificant, due to Type I errors. Nevertheless, we identified some recent articles that addressed this problem and used correctly specified measurement models. However, other recent articles still suffer from measurement model mis-specification, and we thus what to highlight again the importance of specifying correct measurement models to increase the reliability of the information systems knowledge base on trust. To the best of our knowledge this chapter is the first literature review on information systems trust research especially focusing on the reliability of the published results in terms of methodological rigor.
• Understanding Diversity -- The Impact of Personality on Technology Acceptance. Behrenbruch, Kay; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco; Schmidt, Ludger P. Kotzé, G. Marsden, G. Lindgaard, J. Wesson, M. Winckler (eds.) (2013). 306–313.

  Technology is becoming increasingly automated, aiming to ease the life of its users. However, besides the advantages of this trend, users are also faced with increasing risks, e.g., regarding their privacy. Examples are seamless online payments that come with the requirement to provide sensitive, e.g., credit card information, or social networks trying to elicit private information for its users. Research on technology acceptance identified two important factors for the individual decision to accept such kinds of risk: trust and personality traits. In this paper we present a model that integrates research findings for personality traits and for trust in the context of technology acceptance. We show that specific personality traits have a distinct direct or moderating effect. We, e.g., found that two personality traits moderate the relationship between perceived ease of use and intention to use. This moderation could explain the inconsistent findings on this relationship in prior research.
• Vertrauenswürdige Gestaltung von ubiquitären Systemen – Potentiale des Einsatzes von Methoden des NeuroIS. Söllner, Matthias; Behrenbruch, Kay; Hoffmann, Holger; Leimeister, Jan Marco E. Brandenburg, L. Doria, A. Gross, T. Günzler, H. Smieszek (eds.) (2013). 127–135.

  In den letzten Jahrzehnten war es in empirischen Studien disziplinübergreifend akzeptiert, sich fast ausschließlich auf Daten zu verlassen, die subjektive Einschätzung der Probanden widerspiegeln – z.B. Erheben durch Fragebögen oder Interviews. Die Einschränkung, dass subjektive Meinungsäußerungen von Probanden nicht zwangsweise identisch mit dem tatsächlichen Verhalten oder den wirklichen Emotionen sind, wurde weitgehend akzeptiert. In den letzten Jahren war jedoch das Aufkommen einer Vielzahl neuer methodischer Möglichkeiten zu beobachten, die es ermöglichen, die subjektiven Einschätzungen der Probanden durch objektive Daten anzureichern oder zu ersetzen. In der Wirtschaftsinformatik wird eines der zentralen Teilgebiete, das sich mit diesen Methoden befasst, als NeuroIS bezeichnet. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es am Beispiel des ubiquitären Systems MyGroup darzustellen, welche Potentiale der Einsatz von Methoden des NeuroIS für die vertrauenswürdige Gestaltung von ubiquitären Systemen bietet. Konkret fokussiert sich dieser Beitrag auf das Potential des Einsatzes von Eye-Tracking, videobasierter Emotionserkennung und physiologischen Messungen zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit existierender und Identifikation neuer Designkomponenten.
• Towards a Productivity Measurement Model for Technology Mediated Learning Services. Bitzer, Philipp; Söllner, Matthias (2013).

  Technology-mediated Learning Services (TMLS) increasingly play an important role in the vocational training service industry. However, TMLS success is assessed inconsistently within literature. To assess TMLS success, this study focuses on a TMLS productivity perspective, i.e. a systematic inspection of the input, process and output perspective. Consequently, we will develop a TMLS productivity measurement model to assess TMLS from a holistic perspective. In this paper, we present the recent status, comprising TMLS constructs from an input-, throughput and output perspective. They were derived and developed from (1) literature, from an (2) expert workshop and from a (3) q- sort-pre-test. To bridge the existing research gap in TMLS assessment, we thereby develop a productivity measurement model that seeks to measure TMLS productivity from a holistic perspective. It contains tangible as well as intangible TMLS factors, both from a customer and a service provider perspective. We propose to evaluate the model by means of a factor analysis to enrich TMLS research in terms of systematic evaluation and assessment. Furthermore, we provide practitioners with a tool to measure the productivity of their TMLS using both tangible and intangible indicators.
• Evaluating the Quality of Technology-Mediated Learning Services. Bitzer, Philipp; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2013).

  Technology-mediated Learning Services (TMLS) play an increasingly important role in the learning services industry. Despite the fact that the importance of a holistic evaluation of TMLS quality has been highlighted in the literature to derive transferable research results on multiple dimensions, it has not yet been examined. To address this gap, we first synthesize the existing insights on structure, recipients’ predisposition, process and results quality of TMLS and develop a comprehensive approach to measure TMLS quality. Afterwards, we develop our research model and examine the importance of the different constructs of TMLS quality. We rely on findings in the body of literature, a focus group workshop and a card-sorting exercise to develop our TMLS quality model. Thereafter, we collect data from 163 participants of TMLS software-training to empirically evaluate our scale and research model. Our core results are a TMLS quality model, including a newly developed TMLS process dimension.
• Towards Understanding the Formation of Continuous IT Use. Gebauer, Lysann; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2013).

  The benefit of IT comes from the continuing use, not its initial adoption. Compared to the amount of research done on IT adoption, insights on why users continue to use IT systems are sparse. Nevertheless, there are publications with promising ideas and findings aiming to explain continuous use. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current research to examine whether a combination of previous results will lead to a better understanding on the formation of continuous IT use. Further, the current theoretical and methodological shortcomings are exposed and addressed by the derived research design. As study context, we use the implementation of a web based application for students. We focus on a longitudinal study that includes three measurements over an eleven week period. To measure the actual usage of participants, we combine self-reported and computer-recorded data. The study is currently running, with over 300 participants registered. © (2013) by the AIS/ICIS Administrative Office. All rights reserved.
• Exploring Business Models for IT-enabled Product-Service-Systems. Gierczak, Michael; Söllner, Matthias; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2013).

  Offering customer-oriented bundles of products and services – product-service systems (PSS) – can create additional customer value in comparison to offering all components individually. PSS allow providers to create a long-term customer relationship, market success, and has the potential to support differentiation from competitors. Offering bundles solving customer problems will have several effects on internal and external activities, and thus the providers’ business model (BM). However, until now, theoretical and empirical insights regarding this impact are sparse. Therefore, we aim to explore the impact of the rise of PSS on the providers BMs, especially focusing on how value is created. This helps IT decision-makers to identify appropriate IT-enabled PSS their businesses could provide and subsequent changes that need to be made in their BM. Consequently, businesses are supported in the innovation process of their products. To achieve this goal, we plan to review at least 20 successful BMs of the most valuable enterprise tech companies in the world. We focus on IT-enabled PSS, since IT is a key driver of PSS, economic growth and profitability. In this researchin-progress paper, we present the theoretical foundations, develop a definition of BMs for ITenabled PSS, and provide details concerning the methodology of our planned review.
• Understanding Trust in IT Artifacts – A new Conceptual Approach. Söllner, Matthias; Pavlou, Paul; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2013).

  To add value to companies, IT artifacts – such as information systems – need to be adopted and used. Research and practice have shown that designing IT artifacts in a way that they are readily adopted and used is not trivial. To support designers, research has identified a plethora of factors driving the adoption and use of IT artifacts, with trust being one of the most important factors. Despite this knowledge, research on trust in IT artifact struggles to leverage its potential for IT artifact design, due to several disagreements among scholars. The goal of our paper is to present and reconcile the different competing arguments, and to provide a new conceptual approach to study trust in IT artifacts. The core argument of our approach is that trust is a suitable concept for studying relationships between humans and IT artifact, but trust in an IT artifact should not be studied without examining trust in the provider of the IT artifact. Whereas interpersonal trust theory is suitable to assess trust in the provider of the IT artifact, we propose a new conceptualization for trust in the IT artifact itself. Separately investigating trust in the provider of the IT artifact and trust in the IT artifact itself, will allow researchers to gather a deeper understanding of the nature of trust in IT artifacts and how it can be built. This knowledge will support designers in designing IT artifacts that are more readily adopted and used, and thus can provide the desired value to companies.
• Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe’s principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization. Fraise, Adam P.; Maillard, J.-Y; Sattar, Syed (2013).
• Two simple examples for understanding posterior \(p\)-values whose distributions are far from unform. Gelman, Andrew (2013). 7 2595–2602.

  Posterior predictive p-values do not in general have uniform distributions under the null hypothesis (except in the special case of ancillary test variables) but instead tend to have distributions more concentrated near 0.5. From different perspectives, such nonuniform distributions have been portrayed as desirable (as reflecting an ability of vague prior distributions to nonetheless yield accurate posterior predictions) or undesirable (as making it more difficult to reject a false model). We explore this tension through two simple normal-distribution examples. In one example, we argue that the low power of the posterior predictive check is desirable from a statistical perspective; in the other, the posterior predictive check seems inappropriate. Our conclusion is that the relevance of the Math Processing Errorp-value depends on the applied context, a point which (ironically) can be seen even in these two toy examples.
• Fostering Initial Trust in Applications – Developing and Evaluating Requirement Patterns for Application Websites. Hoffmann, Axel; Hoffmann, Holger; Söllner, Matthias (2013).

  When users first encounter an application, or decide which application from a number of options to use, their initial trust in this application is a determinant for their willingness to adopt it. At this time, users have not yet had a chance to interact with the application, and hence their perceptions are based on the application presentation on the website rather than on the application’s actual performance. To help providers select supporting measures for the website to improve the perceived trustworthiness of their application, we propose a set of requirement patterns. Patterns are used in requirements engineering to recognize important and recurring issues, thus reducing the effort during requirements specification. We developed them from trust theory, following the design-science based evaluation framework for patterns. To evaluate the feasibility of our approach, 17 teams used the patterns to specify a website for a mobile application. The results indicate that the teams frequently used ten of our proposed patterns. A subsequent survey regarding pattern quality shows an overall acceptance and that the team members rated the patterns as comprehensible, understandable and helpful. We hence conclude that our approach to incorporating trust-based requirements to foster initial trust in application website specifications is feasible.
• Handbook of Markov chain Monte Carlo Brooks, Steve; Gelman, Andrew; Jones, Galin; Meng, Xiao-Li in Chapman & Hall/CRC handbooks of modern statistical methods (2011). CRC Press, Boca Raton.

  Since their popularization in the 1990s, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have revolutionized statistical computing and have had an especially profound impact on the practice of Bayesian statistics. Furthermore, MCMC methods have enabled the development and use of intricate models in an astonishing array of disciplines as diverse as fisherie
• A Bayesian formulation of exploratory data analysis and goodness-of-fit testing. Gelman, Andrew (2003). 71(2) 369–382.

  Exploratory data analysis (EDA) and Bayesian inference (or, more generally, complex statistical modeling)—which are generally considered as unrelated statistical paradigms—can be particularly effective in combination. In this paper, we present a Bayesian framework for EDA based on posterior predictive checks. We explain how posterior predictive simulations can be used to create reference distributions for EDA graphs, and how this approach resolves some theoretical problems in Bayesian data analysis. We show how the generalization of Bayesian inference to include replicated data yrep and replicated parameters θrep follows a long tradition of generalizations in Bayesian theory.
• Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice Gilks, W. R.; Richardson, S.; Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1996). Chapman & Hall, London.
• A probabilistic powerdomain of evaluations. Jones, C.; Plotkin, Gordon D. (1989). 186–195.

  A probabilistic power domain construction is given for the category of inductively complete partial orders. It is the partial order of continuous